Bedlam Burial Project Design CRL1-XRL-Z-RGN-CRG03-50002 Rev 2

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Bedlam Burial Project Design CRL1-XRL-Z-RGN-CRG03-50002 Rev 2.

Contents 1 Project outline ...... 3 1.1 Background: ...... 3 1.2 Aim of the project: ...... 3 1.3 Method: ...... 3 1.4 Primary sources:...... 4 1.5 Secondary Sources:...... 5 1.6 The scope of the project: ...... 5 1.7 Outcome: ...... 5 2 Project management ...... 6 2.1 Volunteer recruitment: ...... 6 2.2 Volunteer supervision:...... 6 2.3 Overall Project management: ...... 6 2.4 Data management and output: ...... 6 3 List of Parishes ...... 10 3.1 City of London ...... 10 3.2 Without the City walls ...... 13 3.3 Middlesex and Surrey ...... 13 3.4 Westminster ...... 14 3.5 Other (not shown on the map) ...... 14 4 Bibliography ...... 14 4.1 Secondary literature on Bedlam burial ground/New Churchyard: ...... 14 4.2 Death and the City in Post-Medieval Europe: ...... 15 5 Figures and Photos ...... 18 6 Appendices ...... 21

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1 Project outline

1.1 Background:

The Bedlam burial ground or ‘New Churchyard’ was established in 1569 by Lord Mayor Thomas Rowe, as an ‘overflow’ cemetery to help the parishes in the City cope with the overcrowding of their churchyards, due to outbreaks of the plague. The burial ground is well- known, because it was located next to Bethlem hospital for the mentally ill. Even though the hospital moved to Moorgate in 1676, the burial ground remained in use until sometime in the first quarter of the 18th century. The present location of the burial ground is below the Western End of Liverpool Street (Fig. 2&3). The Crossrail project is going to connect east and west London with a 21 km long train tunnel running underneath the city. A new Crossrail ticket hall at Liverpool Street will require an excavation of a large part of the Bedlam burial ground in the beginning of 2015. Parts of this burial ground have already been excavated in 1985 (Fig. 4) and more recently in 2012. The 2015 excavation shall be carried out by Crossrail working with Museum of London Archaeology (MoLA) and is expected to recover around 3000 interments from this post-medieval burial ground.

1.2 Aim of the project:

The identification of interred individuals is difficult, because the Bedlam burial ground was an extra-parochial burial ground and therefore did not have its own parish register and burial record. The individual parishes recorded the burial of their parishioners in their own records, even if they were buried somewhere else (Fig. 5). The excavations in 1985 and 2012 have also found few surviving grave markers or readable coffin plates to aid the identification process (Fig. 6). Hence, this project aims to compile a burial register for the Bedlam burial ground in order to find out who was buried there and where they came from. The knowledge generated from this project will be a useful source of reference for future excavation and research. Furthermore, this is a great opportunity for people to become involved in the archaeological excavations brought about by the Crossrail project.

1.3 Method:

The project is proposed to be a crowd-sourced volunteer project led by the archaeology team intern at Crossrail. The project will bring together people, who are interested and motivated to study the various parish records for references to the Bedlam Burial ground/New Churchyard. Working together will not only make the task less daunting, it will also give people the opportunityLearning to learn from each otherLegacy about relevant research Document areas such as history, archaeology, genealogy, palaeography etc. Volunteers will not need any prior knowledge to participate in this research project, as they will receive guidance and introductory training on important aspects such as working with manuscripts, palaeography, the use of databases etc. There will be an online forum on the Crossrail website, where the volunteers can enter their findings into the database, discuss

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Bedlam Burial Project Design CRL1-XRL-Z-RGN-CRG03-50002 Rev 2. issues and get in touch with each other. (https://comms.crossrail.co.uk/connect.ti/CrossrailBedlamBurialRegister) Excel forms and hardcopies of the database will also be available to the volunteers in case they would like to work offline. These can be posted to Marit Leenstra at Desk R1/15, Floor 29, 25 Canada Square, London E14 5LQ or e-mailed to [email protected]. It is envisioned that each volunteer will focus on a number of parish records, which he/she will study in detail for references to the Bedlam burial ground/New Churchyard. The parishes will be divided fairly in discussion with the volunteers, as some may want to experience working in the different London archives and others might prefer working from home using the Ancestry.com website. The volunteers are encouraged to further explore the data and use it for additional research if they please eg. Trace ancestors, cross-reference the Bethlem hospital records with the bedlam burial database, study wills, Vestry minutes etc. The results can be sent to Crossrail where they can be used by the team who will analyse the excavation data to add valuable detail to the final reports.

1.4 Primary sources:

Most London parish records are held by the London Metropolitan Archives (LMA) in Clerkenwell. It is free to apply for a history card to access the LMA. Moreover, the LMA cooperates with Ancestry.co.uk and has scanned most of its manuscripts. Ancestry.co.uk is available for free use on-site in the LMA and for a subscription fee off-site. For volunteers, who are not able to access the LMA, Crossrail will be able to fund a month’s subscription to Ancestry, so that they can work from home as well. Manuscripts that have not been scanned are available on microfilm at the LMA. The Harleian Society has transcribed and published many of London’s parish records and some of these are now digitised and freely available online (http://www.heraldry- online.org.uk/HarleianPublications2.htm). The ones that have not been digitised are available in book form at the LMA in their reference section. Some of the records for Westminster parishes are held by the Westminster Archive Centre (WAC) and are available on microfilm. It is also free to sign up for the Westminster Libraries and Archives. The burial records of the City of Westminster before 1800 have not been digitised and hence the manuscripts/microfilm can only be consulted from the WAC. The LMA, Ancestry.com and WAC will be the main sources for accessing the parish burial records. The National Archives, British Library and Wellcome Trust might hold relevant information on burial practices and general background information on the site, but we will only consult these sources if the research leads there. It is very important to consistently reference the sources we use, not only to make sure we canLearning retrace and check our data, Legacybut also to give recognition Document to the libraries and archives that were used for this project.

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1.5 Secondary Sources:

The volunteers are encouraged to read some secondary literature about the Bedlam burial ground to familiarise themselves with the topic of the project. A bibliography can be found below with important titles emphasised in bold. A very interesting and informative read is ‘The Dead and the Living in Paris and London, 1500-1670’ by Vanessa Harding. Two copies of her book are available in the reference section of the Guildhall library. Vanessa Harding is a professor specialising in London’s History at Birkbeck College. She has also written several papers of interest to this project listed at http://www.bbk.ac.uk/history/our-staff/full-time- academic-staff/professor-vanessa-harding.

1.6 The scope of the project:

The Bedlam burial ground was an extra-parochial burial ground, created to relieve the overcrowded parish burial grounds within the city. Hence, this means that the main focus of this project will be on the City of London’s registers. However, parishes in the City of Westminster, the Covent Garden and Soho area may also have used this burial ground, as they were in need of more space to bury their dead. Most parishes outside the walls such as those North of the walls (Clerkenwell, Hackney, Islington) and those South of the river (Southwark and Bermondsey), probably had enough space to bury their dead and were not in need of the Bedlam burial ground. However, we will look at some of these areas to see if this is correct. Figure 1 is a map of the London parishes around 1664 and is a good guideline for this research. The list with all the parishes included in this study is presented below Fig.1. This list has been composed on the basis of the relevance of the location and burial records of the parishes. However, this list is also a guideline and the volunteers are welcome to add to this list if they think certain parish, church or workhouse records needs to be explored, as some non- conformist registers are also available from Ancestry.com, the LMA and WAC.

1.7 Outcome:

The outcome will be a comprehensive burial database of the Bedlam burial ground, accessible to anyone who is interested. The database will also be useful tool for MoLA during the excavation and post-excavation stage of the Bedlam burial ground. A successful outcome of this pilot crowd-sourcing scheme will possibly lead to more of these activities in the future.

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2 Project management

2.1 Volunteer recruitment:

Volunteers will be recruited primarily through the Crossrail CSD database. This database holds the external, non-business contacts of Crossrail. Some contacts have already indicated that they are interested in hearing about new archaeology projects. Crossrail’s archaeology team intern will draft up the announcement with the help of events co-ordinator and publication officer. Marit will manage the responses through an e-mail account, dedicated to the project. Crossrail head of Marketing and the events coordinator will aid her in these tasks.

2.2 Volunteer supervision:

The archaeology intern will oversee the project and is the primary contact person for the volunteers. The volunteers receive the training and information they need during a training session on the 4th of June in 25 Canada Square, Canary Wharf. Moreover, The archaeology intern will validate the volunteers’ results by checking their sources and tracking possible mistakes/inconsistencies in the database. Office hours will be Monday to Wednesday from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. The intern will receive the assistance of Crossrail’s events co-ordinator to organise meeting spaces for the training session and a final thank you event.

2.3 Overall Project management:

Crossrail’s project archaeologist will oversee the progress of the project and will supervise the intern for the duration of the project. The project archaeologist is the primary contact person and in charge of insuring the project is run according to Crossrail’s guidelines and regulations.

2.4 Data management and output:

The data collected by the volunteers needs to be managed and eventually published in an appropriate format. The archaeology intern will be in charge of verifying the data and the maintenance of the database. Sources will be referenced correctly in order to make the finished database publicly available online. Crossrail’s new media officer will help to launch the database online in an appropriate format. The Bedlam burial database needs to be archived after the conclusion of the project; advice from MoLA and LAARC will be sought on this matter. Learning Legacy Document

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st th Project Design 5 31 of 5 of May AI Weeks March ‘14 ‘14

th th Crowd sourcing 2 29 of 16 of AI/PA/EC/PO Phase 1: Weeks April ‘14 May ‘14 contacting potential volunteers

Crowd sourcing 5 Days 17th of 21st of AI/PA/EC

Phase 2: May ‘14 May ‘14 selecting volunteers Preparing 4 12th of 4th of AI Volunteer Weeks May ‘14 June ‘14 Training

Volunteer 2 4th of 4th of AI/PA Training Hours June ’14 June ’14 Session 15:00 17:00

Project 10 ½ 4th of 16th of AI Execution Weeks June ‘14 August ‘14

Data 3 16th of 19st of AI Verification and months August December Finalising ‘14 ‘14 Database

th st Initial analysis 4 27 of 31 of AI of the data Weeks October December ‘14 ‘14

Database N/A 2nd of MO launch February

‘15

LearningThank You 2 Legacy9th of DocumentAI/PA/C502 Event hours March ‘15

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Agents:  Archaeology intern (AI)  Project Archaeologist (PA)  Events Co-ordinator (EC)  Publications Officer (PO)  Media Officer (MO)  C502

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3 List of Parishes

London parishes 16th and 17th century (based on John Strype’s ‘A Survey of the Cities of London and Westminster’ and Vanessa Harding’s ‘the Dead and the Living in Paris and London’) 3.1 City of London

1. All Hallows Barking (by the Tower) 2. All Hallows Bread Street 3. All Hallows Gracechurch (Lombard Street) 4. All Hallows the Great 5. All Hallows Honey Lane 6. All Hallows the Less 7. All Hallows London Wall 8. All Hallows Staining 9. Grey Friars/Christ Church Newgate Street 10. Holy Trinity the Less 11. St Alban Wood Street 12. St Alphage 13. St Andrew Hubbard 14. St Andrew Undershaft 15. St Andrew by the Wardrobe 16. St Anne Aldersgate (St Anne and Agnes) 17. St Anne Blackfriars 18. St Antholin 19. St Augustine Watling Street 20. St Bartholomew Exchange 21. St Benet Fink 22. St Benet Gracechurch St 23. St Benet Paul's Wharf 24. Learning St Benet Sherehog Legacy Document 25. St Botolph Billingsgate 26. St Christopher le Stocks 27. St Clement Eastcheap 28. St Dionis Backchurch 29. St Dunstan in the East (by the Tower) Page 10 of 22 Document uncontrolled once printed. All controlled documents are saved on the CRL Document System

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30. St Edmund Lombard Street 31. St Ethelburga 32. St Faith 33. St Gabriel Fenchurch 34. St George Botolph Lane 35. St Gregory 36. St Helen Bishopsgate 37. St James Duke's Place 38. St James Garlickhithe 39. St John the Evangelist 40. St John Walbrook 41. St John Zachary 42. St Katherine Coleman Street 43. St Katherine Cree 44. St Lawrence Jewry 45. St Lawrence Pountney 46. St Leonard Eastcheap 47. St Leonard Foster Lane 48. St Magnus the Martyr 49. St Margaret Lothbury 50. St Margaret Moses 51. St Margaret Bridge Street (New Fish Street) 52. St Margaret Pattens 53. St Martin Ironmonger Lane 54. St Martin Ludgate 55. St Martin Orgar 56. St Martin Outwich 57. St Martin in the Vintry 58. St Mary Abchurch 59. St Mary Aldermanbury 60. Learning St Mary Aldermary Legacy Document 61. St Mary at Hill 62. St Mary Bothaw 63. St Mary Colechurch 64. St Mary le Bow

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65. St Mary Magdalen Milk Street 66. St Mary Magdalen Old Fish Street 67. St Mary Mounthaw 68. St Mary Somerset 69. St Mary Staining 70. St Mary Woolchurch 71. St Mary Woolnoth 72. St Matthew Friday Street 73. St Michael Bassishaw 74. St Michael Cornhill 75. St Michael Crooked Lane 76. St Michael le Querne 77. St Michael Paternoster (Royal) 78. St Michael Queenhithe 79. St Michael Wood Street 80. St Mildred Bread Street 81. St Mildred Poultry (Walbrook) 82. St Nicholas Acon 83. St Nicholas Cole Abbey 84. St Nicholas Olave 85. St Olave Hart Street (Crutched Friars, Mark Lane, by the Tower) 86. St Olave Jewry 87. St Olave Silver Street 88. St Pancras Soper Lane 89. St Peter Cornhill 90. St Peter le Poor 91. St Peter Paul's Wharf 92. St Peter Westcheap (Wood Street) 93. St Stephen Coleman Street 94. St Stephen Walbrook 95. Learning St Swithin Legacy Document 96. St Thomas the Apostle 97. St Vedast Foster Lane

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3.2 Without the City walls

98. St Andrew Holborn (Camden) 99. St Bartholomew the Great 100. St Bartholomew the Less 101. St Bride's Fleet St 102. Bridewell precinct 103. St Botolph Aldersgate 104. St Botolph Aldgate 105. St Botolph Bishopsgate 106. St Dunstan in the West 107. St George Southwark 108. St Giles Cripplegate 109. St Olave Southwark 110. St Saviour Southwark 111. St Sepulchre (Christ Church) Newgate 112. St Thomas Southwark 113. Holy Trinity Minories

3.3 Middlesex and Surrey

114. St Giles in the Fields (Camden) 115. St John at Hackney 116. St James Clerkenwell 117. St Katherine by the Tower 118. Lambeth parish 119. St Leonard Shoreditch 120. St Mary Magdalen Bermondsey 121. St Mary Newington 122. Learning St Mary Islington Legacy Document 123. St Mary Whitechapel 124. Rotherhithe parish 125. Stepney parish

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3.4 Westminster

126. St Clement Danes 127. St Paul Covent Garden 128. St Martin in the Fields 129. St Mary Lutheran Church of the Savoy 130. St Margaret Westminster

3.5 Other (not shown on the map)

St Anne Soho St Mary le Strand St Paul's Cathedral St Peter ad Vincula (Tower) St Pancras Old Church Savoy Chapel Temple

4 Bibliography

4.1 Secondary literature on Bedlam burial ground/New Churchyard:

Carver, J. (2012). London Crossrail: The New Churchyard AD1569 to AD1714. Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Cultural Heritage and New Technologies. Vienna. Harding, V. (1989). "And one more may be laid there": the location of burials in early modern London. London Journal, 14, 112-29. ______, (1992). Burial choice and burial location in later medieval London. In S. Bassett, Death in Towns, Urban responses to the dying and the dead, 100-1600 (pp. 119- 35). Leicester: Leicester University Press. ______, (1998). Burial on the margin: distance and discrimination in the early modern city. In M. Cox, Grave Concerns: death and burial in England, 1700-1850 (Vol. Research Report 113, pp.Learning 54-64). York: CBA. Legacy Document ______, (1998). Mortality and the mental map of London: Richard Smyth's Obituary. In R. Myers, & M. Harris, Medicine, mortality and the book trade (pp. 49-71). Cheam: St Paul's Bibliographies. ______, (2000). Death in the City: mortuary archaeology to 1800. In I. Haynes, H. Sheldon, & L. Hannigan, London under ground: The Archaeology of London (pp. 272-83). Oxford: Oxbow

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Bedlam Burial Project Design CRL1-XRL-Z-RGN-CRG03-50002 Rev 2. Books.

______, (2000). Memento mori: la peur de l'agonie, de la mort et des morts a Londres au XVIIe siecle. Histoire Urbaine, 2, 39-57. ______, (2002). The dead and the living in Paris and London, 1500-1670 . Cambridge University Press. ______, (2003). Choices and changes: death, burial and the English Reformation. In R. Gilchrist, & D. Gaimster, The Archaeology of Reformation, 1480-1580 (pp. 386-98). Maney Publishing for Society for Medieval Archaeology. ______, (2005). Les vivants et les morts dans les métropoles de l'époque modern. Histoire, Economie, & Société, 1, 89-107. ______, (2013). The last gasp: death and the family in early modern London. In J. Kelly, & M. Lyons, Death and dying in Ireland, Britain, and Europe. Historical perspectives (pp. 77-94). Irish Academic Press. Hunting, P.E. (1991). Broadgate and Liverpool Street Station. London: Rosehaugh Stanhope Developments plc.

4.2 Death and the City in Post-Medieval Europe:

Beier, A., & Finlay, R. (1986). London 1500-1700: the making of the metropolis. London and New York: Longman group Ltd. Champion, J. (1993). Epidemic disease in London. Centre for Metropolitan History Working Papers Series, No.1, 35-52 London: Centre for Metropolitan History. Gordon, B., & Marshall, P. (2000). The place of the dead: Death and remembrance in late medieval and early modern Europe. Cambridge University Press. Hack Tuke, D. (1882). Chapters in the History of the Insane in the British Isles (2012 ed.). Fairford: Echo Library Ed. Harding, V. (1990). The population of Early Modern London: a review of the published evidence. London Journal, 15, 11-28. ______, (1993). Epidemic disease in London. In J. Champion, Epidemic disease in London (Vol. Working Paper Series 1, pp. 53-64). Centre for Metropolitan History. ______, (1995). Medieval documentary sources for London and Paris: a comparison. In J. Boffey, & P. King, London and Europe in the later Middle Ages (pp. 35-54). Centre for Medieval and Renaissance Studies, Queen Mary and Westfield College. ______, (1995). Twenty years of writing on London History, 1975-1995: Early modern London, 1550-1700. London Journal, 20, 34-45. ______,Learning (1998). Research priorities: Legacy an historian's perspective. Document In M. Cox, Grave Concerns: death and burial in England, 1700-1850 (Vol. Research Report 113, pp. 205-12). York: CBA. ______, (1999). Citizen and mercer: Sir Thomas Gresham and the social and political world of the city of London. In F. Ames-Lewis, Sir Thomas Gresham and Gresham College (pp. 24- 37). Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing Ltd.

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Bedlam Burial Project Design CRL1-XRL-Z-RGN-CRG03-50002 Rev 2. ______, (2000). Whose body? A study of attitudes towards the dead body in early modern Paris. In B. Gordon, & P. Marshall, The place of the dead: Death and remembrance in late medieval and early modern Europe (pp. 170-87). Cambridge University Press. ______, (2001). City, Capital and Metropolis: the Changing Shape of Seventeenth Century London. In J. Merrit, Imagining Early Modern London: Perceptions and Portrayals of the City from Stow to Strype, 1598-1720 (pp. 117-143). Cambridge University Press. ______, (2001). Controlling a complex metropolis, 1650-1750. Politics, parishes and powers. London Journal, 26, 29-37. ______, (2002). Real Estate: Space, Property and Propriety in Urban England. Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 32, 549-69. Harding, V., & Keene, D. (1985). A Survey of documentary sources for the history of London before the Great Fire (Vol. 22). London Record Society. Hobley, B. (1975). Charles Roach Smith (1807-1890) ‘Pioneer Rescue Archaeologist'. London Archaeology, 2, 328-33. Houlbrooke R (1998) Death, Religion, and the Family in England, 1480–1750. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Kelly, J., & Lyons, M. (2013). Death and dying in Ireland, Britain and Europe. Historical Perspectives. Irish Academic Press. Mays, S. (2005). Guidance for best practice for treatment of human remains excavated from Christian burial grounds in England. London: English Heritage. Miles, A., & Connell, B. (2012). New Bunhill Fields burial ground, Southwark Museum of London Archaeology (Vol. Archaeology Studies Series 24). London: Museum of London. Miles, A., Powers, N., & Wroe Brown, R. (2008). St Marylebone Church and burial ground in the 18th and 19th centuries (Vol. MOLAS Monograph 46). London: Museum of London. Rappaport, S. (1989). World within Worlds: structures of life in sixteenth century London. . Cambridge University Press. Strype, J. (1720). A Survey of London. HRI online. Secondary Sources on Bethlem hospital: Allderidge, Patricia (1995). The Bethlem Royal Hospital : an illustrated history. Beckenham: Bethlem and Maudsley NHS Trust. Allderidge, Patricia (1997). The Bethlem Hospital 1247-1997 : a pictorial record. Chichester : Phillimore Andrews, J., Briggs, A., Porter, R., Tucker, P., & Waddington, K. (1997). The History of Bethlem. London: Routledge. Andrews J and Scull A (2001) Undertaker of the Mind. John Monro and Mad-Doctoring in Eighteenth-Century England. Berkeley and London: University of California Press. ______,Learning (2003) Customers and Legacy Patrons of the Mad-Trade. Document The Management of Lunacy in Eighteenth-Century London, with the Complete Text of John Monro’s 1766 Case Book. Berkeley and London: University of California Press. Arnold, Catherine (2009). Bedlam : London and its mad. London : Pocket. Bowen, T. (1783). An Historical Account of the Origins, Progress and Present State of Bethlem Hospital. London.

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Chambers, Paul (2009.) Bedlam : London's hospital for the mad. Hersham : Ian Allan Boulton, J. and Black, J. (2011). ‘Those, that die by reason of their madness’: dying insane in London, 1629-1830. History of Psychiatry, 23, 27-39. Gale, C. and Howard, R. (2003). Presumed curable : an illustrated casebook of Victorian psychiatric patients in Bethlem Hospital. Petersfield : Wrightson Biomedical. Murphy E (2001a) Mad farming in the metropolis. Part 1: A significant service industry in East London. History of Psychiatry 12 : 245–282. ______, (2001b) Mad farming in the metropolis. Part 2: The administration of the old poor law of insanity in the City and East London 1800–1834. History of Psychiatry 12: 405–430. O'Donohue, E. G. (1914). The Story of Bethlehem Hospital from its foundation in 1247. New York. Russell, David (1997). Scenes from Bedlam : a history of caring for the mentally disordered at Bethlem Royal Hospital and the Maudsley. London : Baillière Tindall. Smith L (2007) Lunatic Hospitals in Georgian England, 1750–1830. London: Routledge. Stevenson, C. (1996) Robert Hooke's Bethlem. Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians, 55, 254-275. Webster J (1843) Statistics of Bethlem Hospital, with remarks on Insanity. Medico-Chirurgical Transactions 26: 374–416. White, J.G. (1899). Short history of Bridewell and Bethlem Royal Hospitals. London : C. E. Gray. (printed for private circulation)

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5 Figures and Photos

Figure 1: Extract Agas map of London 1553. Crossrail works are in blue. (Carver 2012, p.3)

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Figure 2: Extract of Fairthorne and Newcourt's map of London 1658. (Carver 2012, p. 4)

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Photo 1: Burials found during the Liverpool Street excavations in 1985. Site code: LSS85. (MoLA)

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Photo 2: Record of Sarah Long's burial in the parish records of St. Giles Cripplegate (London Metropolitan Archives, St Giles Cripplegate, Composite register, 1667 - 1672, P69/GIS/A/002/MS06419, Item 007)

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Photo 3: Gravemarker found during 2012 Liverpool Street Excavations. Sarah Long wife of Sefton Long died in 1672. ( MoLA)

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6 Appendices

The history of burial records from parishregister.co.uk: (http://www.parishregister.co.uk/about/history) A burial record is any type of record or certificate that states the date and place an individual was buried. These records are available from 1538 onwards, and are recorded in Parish Registers. They are an invaluable resource for research because the census and official records of birth, marriage and death do not go back further than 1837. History of Parish Registers In 1538, Thomas Cromwell ordered that every baptism, marriage and burial should be recorded. As we have seen, both Civil Registration and Census Returns run out when you get back to 1837, and rarely provide information relevant before 1800. At this stage you need to turn to Parish Records; these date back to 1538 when Cromwell, at the Court of Henry VIII, ordered that every wedding, baptism and burial should be recorded. Early records were made on paper but from 1558 parchment was used, and the older records were supposed to have been copied, although some never were and have been lost. From 1597 a second copy had to be made and sent to the Bishop - these transcripts are often in better condition and written more legibly. There may be gaps in Parish Registers between 1553 and 1558 and the Catholic Mary Tudor was on the throne and between 1642 and 1660 during the English Civil War and Commonwealth. Calendar Changes Researchers of the 18th Century will probably come across the confusion caused by the change of dating system. In 1751 England and Wales were still using the old style, Julian calendar, which began each year on March 25th. Most of Europe has changed to the new style, Gregorian calendar, and so England also decided to change. This meant that 1751 commenced on March 25th and ended on December 31st, and was only nine months long. Many register entries before and during this period made between January 1st and March 24th have a double entry (e.g. Jan 1st 1750 may be shown as Jan 1st 1750/51.) TimeLine 1500s 1538 Cromwell, from the court of Henry VIII, ordered that every wedding, baptism and burial was to be recorded. 1553 There may be gaps in Parish Registers between 1553 and 1558 and the Catholic Mary Tudor was on the throne. 1558 Learning Legacy Document Although early records were made on paper, in 1558 parchment was used, and the older records were supposed to have been copied (although some never were and have been lost). 1597 A second copy of the records had to be made and sent to the Bishop.

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Bedlam Burial Project Design CRL1-XRL-Z-RGN-CRG03-50002 Rev 2.

1600s 1642 There may be gaps in the records during the English Civil War and Commonwealth (1642- 1660), as records were poorly kept or hidden, and some have been lost. 1678 Between 1678 and 1814 an affidavit was required to be sworn that when buried, the deceased was buried in wool or a fine of £5 was given. 1700s 1751 Calendar changes - One calendar year became Jan 1st to 31st December, rather than having each year start on March 25th. 1783 A stamp duty of 3 pence was imposed on every entry, although paupers were exempt. Tax evasion naturally occurred, and the Act was repealed in 1794, and declared unsuccessful. 1800s 1812 Baptisms, marriages and burials were entered in separate, specially printed books, eight entries per page and including more information. 1837 Civil registration is introduced

Learning Legacy Document

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