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PLANT GUM EXUDATES of the WORLD Sources, Distribution, Properties, and Applications

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PLANT GUM EXUDATES OF THE WORLD Sources, Distribution, Properties, and Applications Amos Nussinovitch (Ltfi) CRC Press \V J Taylor & Francis Croup Boca Raton London New York CRC Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Croup, an informa business Contents Preface xix Acknowledgments xxiii The Author xxv 1 Role and Sources of Exudate Gums 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Definitions 3 1.3 Gum Yields 8 1.4 Agricultural Issues 9 1.5 Physical Properties of Gums 12 1.5.1 Color 12 1.5.2 Size and shape 13 1.5.3 Taste and smell 14 1.5.4 Hardness and density 15 1.5.5 Polarization 16 1.5.6 Solubility 16 1.5.7 Viscosity and mouthfeel 17 1.6 Chemical Properties 19 1.7 Commercial Assessments of Gums 19 1.8 Industrial and Other Uses 19 References 20 2 Physiological Aspects of Polysaccharide Formation in Plants 23 2.1 Introduction 23 2.2 Stress Factors, Ethylene and Gummosis 23 2.3 Borers and Gum Formation 30 2.4 Gum Ducts 31 2.5 Gummosis in Fruit Trees 32 2.6 Induced Inoculation and Gum Yield 34 References 35 3 Major Plant Exudates of the World 39 3.1 Introduction 39 3.2 Gum Arabic and Other Acacia Gums 39 VII viii • Contents 3.2.1 Acacia FABACEAE (SUBFAMILY: MIMOSOIDEAE) 39 3.2.1.1 Taxon: Acacia Senegal (L.) Willd 39 3.2.1.2 Taxon: Acacia seyalDe\i\e 42 3.2.1.3 Taxon: Acacia abyssinica Hochst. ex Benth. subsp. calophylla Brenan 43 3.2.1.4 Taxon: Acacia bakeri Maiden 43 3.2.1.5 Taxon: Acacia benthamii Meisn 43 3.2.1.6 Taxon: Acacia binervata DC 43 3.2.1.7 Taxon: Acacia catechu (L. f.) Willd 43 3.2.1.8 Taxon: Acacia dealbata Link 45 3.2.1.9 Taxon: Acacia decurrens Willd 45 3.2.1.10 Taxon: Acacia drepanolobium Harms ex Y. Sjostedt 46 3.2.1.11 Taxon: Acacia elata A. Cunn. ex Benth 46 3.2.1.12 Taxon: Acacia farnesiana (L.) Willd 46 3.2.1.13 Taxon: Acacia ferruginea DC 47 3.2.1.14 Taxon: Acacia harpophyllaF. Muell. ex Benth 47 3.2.1.15 Taxon: Acacia jacquemontii Benth 47 3.2.1.16 Taxon: Acacia karroo Hayne 47 3.2.1.17 Taxon: Acacia kirkii Oliv 47 3.2.1.18 Taxon: Acacia laeta R. Br. ex Benth 48 3.2.1.19 Taxon: Acacia leiophylla Benth 48 3.2.1.20 Taxon: Acacia leucophloea (Roxb.) Willd 48 3.2.1.21 Taxon: Acacia maidenii F. Muell 49 3.2.1.22 Taxon: Acacia mellifera (Vahl) Benth 49 3.2.1.23 Taxon: Acacia modesta Wall 49 3.2A.24 Taxon: Acacia oerfota (Forssk.) Schweinf. 49 3.2.1.25 Taxon: Acacia oswaldii F. Muell 50 3.2.1.26 Taxon: Acaciapendula A. Cunn. ex G. Don 50 3.2.1.27 Taxon: Acaciapenninervis Sieber ex DC 50 3.2.1.28 Taxon: Acaciapycnantha Benth 51 3.2.1.29 Taxon: Acacia retinodes Schltdl 51 3.2.1.30 Taxon: Acacia salicina Lindl 51 3.2.1.31 Taxon: Acacia sieberiana DC 51 3.2.1.32 Taxon: Acacia stuhlmanii Taub 51 3.2.1.33 Taxon: Acacia vernicifiua A. Cunn 52 3.2.1.34 Taxon: Acacia xanthophloea Benth 52 3.2.2 Faidherbia FABACEAE (SUBFAMILY: MIMOSOIDEAE) 52 3.2.2.1 Taxon: Faidherbia albida (Delile) A. Chev. 52 3.3 Gum Tragacanth and Similar Gums 52 3.3.1 Astragalus FABACEAE (SUBFAMILY: FABOIDEAE) 52 3.3.1.1 Taxon: Astragalus gummifer Labill 52 3.3.1.2 Taxon: Astragalus brachycalyx Fisch 55 3.3.1.3 Taxon: Astragalus heratensis Bunge 56 3.3.1.4 Taxon: Astragalus kurdicus Boiss 56 3.3.1.5 Taxon: Astragalus microcephalus Willd 57 3.3.1.6 Taxon: Astragalus verus Olivier 57 Contents • ix 3.3.2 Sterculia MALVACEAE (SUBFAMILY: STERCULIOIDEAE) 57 3.3.2.1 Taxon: Sterculia urens Roxb 57 3.3.2.2 Taxon: Sterculia foetida L 60 3.3.2.3 Taxon: Sterculia guttata Roxb 61 3.3.2.4 Taxon: Sterculia quadrifida R. Br 62 3.3.2.5 Taxon: Sterculia scaphigera Wall 62 3.3.2.6 Taxon: Sterculia setigera Delile 63 3.3.2.7 Taxon: Sterculia tragacantha Lindl 64 3.3.2.8 Taxon: Sterculia villosa Roxb 64 3.3.3 Brachychiton MALVACEAE (SUBFAMILY: STERCULIOIDEAE) 64 33.3A Taxon: Brachychiton acerifolius (A. Cunn. ex G. Don) Macarthur 64 3.3-4 Firmiana MALVACEAE (SUBFAMILY: STERCULIOIDEAE) 65 3.3.4.1 Taxon: Firmiana simplex (L.) W. Wight 65 3.3.5 Hildegardia MALVACEAE (SUBFAMILY: STERCULIOIDEAE) 65 3.3.5.1 Taxon: Hildegardia barteri (Mast.) Kosterm 65 3.3-6 Cochlospermum BIXACEAE 65 3.3.6.1 Taxon: Cochlospermum religiosum (L.) Alston 65 3.4 Important Indian or Asiatic Gums and Their Botanical Sources 66 3.4.1 Aegle RUTACEAE (SUBFAMILY: AURANTIOIDEAE) 66 3.4.1.1 Taxon: Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa 66 3.4.2 Albizia FABACEAE (SUBFAMILY: MIMOSOIDEAE) 68 3.4.2.1 Taxon: Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth 68 3.4.2.2 Taxon: Albizia odoratissima (L. f.) Benth 69 3.4.2.3 Taxon: Albiziaprocera (Roxb.) Benth 69 3.4.2.4 Taxon: Albizia chinensis (Osbeck) Merr 71 3.4.2.5 Taxon: Albizia amara (Roxb.) Boivin 72 3.4.3 Aleurites EUPHORBIACEAE (SUBFAMILY: CROTONOIDEAE) 73 3.4.3.1 Taxon: Aleurites moluccanus (L.) Willd 73 3.4.4 Anogeissus COMBRETACEAE 76 3.4.4.1 Taxon: Anogeissus latifolia (Roxb. ex DC.) Wall, ex Guill. & Perr 76 3.4.5 Bauhinia FABACEAE (SUBFAMILY: CAESALPINIOIDEAE) 79 3.4.5.1 Taxon: Bauhiniapurpurea L 79 3.4.5.2 Taxon: Bauhinia roxburghiana Voigt 80 3.4.5.3 Taxon: Bauhinia variegata L 81 3.4.6 Buchanania ANACARDIACEAE 82 3.4.6.1 Taxon: Buchanania lanzan Spreng 82 3.4.6.2 Taxon: Buchanania latifolia Roxb 82 3.4.7 Toona MELIACEAE 83 3.4.7A Taxon: Toona ciliata M. Roem 83 3.4.8 Chloroxylon RUTACEAE 84 3.4.8.1 Taxon: Chloroxylon swietenia DC 84 3.4.9 Delonix FABACEAE (SUBFAMILY: CAESALPINIOIDEAE) 84 3.4.9.1 Taxon: Delonix regia (Bojer ex Hook.) Raf. 84 3.4.10 Elaeodendron CELASTRACEAE (SUBFAMILY: CELASTROIDEAE) 86 3.4.10.1 Taxon: Elaeodendron glaucum (Rottb.) Pers 86 Contents 3.4.11 Limonia RUTACEAE (SUBFAMILY: AURANTIOIDEAE) 89 3.4.11.1 Taxon: Limonia acidissima L 89 3-4.12 Mangifera ANACARDIACEAE 90 3.4.12.1 Taxon: Mangifera indica L 90 3.4.13 Azadirachta MELIACEAE 93 3-4.13-1 Taxon: Azadirachta indica A. Juss 93 3.4.14 Prosopis FABACEAE (SUBFAMILY: MIMOSOIDEAE) 95 3.4.14.1 Taxon: Prosopis cineraria (L.) Druce 95 3.4.14.2 Taxon: Prosopis juliflora (Sw.) DC 95 3.4.15 Sesbania FABACEAE (SUBFAMILY: FABOIDEAE) 98 3.4.15.1 Taxon: Sesbania grandiflora (L.) Pers 98 3.4.16 Spondias ANACARDIACEAE 98 3.4.16.1 Taxon: Spondias dulcis Sol. ex Parkinson 98 3.4.16.2 Taxon: Spondiaspinnata (J. Koenig ex L. f.) Kurz 100 3.4.17 Terminalia COMBRETACEAE 101 3.4.17A Taxon: Terminalia bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb 101 3.5 Gums of The New World 104 3.5.1 Anacardium ANACARDIACEAE 104 3.5.1.1 Taxon: Anacardium humile A. St.-Hil 104 3.5.1.2 Taxon: Anacardium nanumk. St.-Hil 104 3.5.1.3 Taxon: Anacardium occidentakh 104 3.5.2 Anadenanthera FABACEAE (SUBFAMILY: MIMOSOIDEAE) 105 3.5.2.1 Taxon: Anadenanthera colubrina (Veil.) Brenan var. cebil (Griseb.) Altschul 105 3.5.2.2 Taxon: Anadenanthera colubrina (Veil.) Brenan var. colubrina 106 3.5.3 Caesalpinia FABACEAE (SUBFAMILY: CAESALPINIOIDEAE) 106 3.5.3.1 Taxon: Caesalpinia coriaria (Jacq.) Willd 106 3.5.4 Parkinsonia FABACEAE (SUBFAMILY: CAESALPINIOIDEAE) 107 3.5.4.1 Taxon: Parkinsoniapraecox (Ruiz & Pav.) J. A. Hawkins subsp. praecox 107 3.5.5 Parapiptadenia FABACEAE (SUBFAMILY: MIMOSOIDEAE) 108 3.5.5.1 Taxon: Parapiptadenia rigida (Benth.) Brenan 108 3-5-6 Puya BROMELIACEAE 108 3.5.6.1 Taxon: Puya chilensis Molina 108 3.5-7 Jheobroma MALVACEAE (SUBFAMILY: BYTTNERIOIDEAE) 110 3.5.7-1 Taxon: Theobroma cacao L 110 3.5.8 Laguncularia COMBRETACEAE 110 3.5.8.1 Taxon: Laguncularia racemosa (L.) C. F. Gaertn 110 3.5.9 Pithecellobium FABACEAE (SUBFAMILY: MIMOSOIDEAE) Ill 3.5.9.1 Taxon: Pithecellobium dulce (Roxb.) Benth Ill 3.5.10 Samanea FABACEAE (SUBFAMILY: MIMOSOIDEAE) Ill 3.5.10.1 Taxon: Samaneasaman (Jacq.) Merr Ill 3-5.11 Enterolobium FABACEAE (SUBFAMILY: MIMOSOIDEAE) 113 3.5-11.1 Taxon: Enterolobium cyclocarpum (Jacq.) Griseb 113 3.5.12 Chloroleucon FABACEAE (SUBFAMILY: MIMOSOIDEAE) 115 3.5-12.1 Taxon: Chloroleucon mangense (Jacq.) Britton & Rose 115 Contents • xi 3.5.13 Leucaena FABACEAE (SUBFAMILY: MIMOSOIDEAE) 115 3.5.13.1 Taxon: Leucaena collinsii Britton & Rose 115 3.5.14 Lysiloma FABACEAE (SUBFAMILY: MIMOSOIDEAE) 116 3.5.14.1 Taxon: Lysiloma acapulcense (Kunth) Benth 116 3.5.15 Lnga FABACEAE (SUBFAMILY: MIMOSOIDEAE) 116 3.5.15.1 Taxon: lnga stipularis DC 116 3.5.16 Rhizophora RHIZOPHORACEAE 117 3.5.16.1 Taxon: Rhizophora mangle!, 117 3-5.17 Melicoccus SAPINDACEAE (SUBFAMILY: SAPINDOIDEAE) 117 3.5.17.1 Taxon: Melicoccus bijugatus Jacq 117 3.5.18 Ceiba MALVACEAE (SUBFAMILY: BOMBACOIDEAE) 118 3.5.18.1 Taxon: Ceiba speciosa (A. St.-Hil.) Ravenna 118 3-5.19 Thespesia MALVACEAE (SUBFAMILY: MALVOIDEAE) 118 3.5.19.1 Taxon: Thespesiapopulnea (L.) Sol. ex Correa 118 3.5.20 Cylindropuntia CACTACEAE (SUBFAMILY: OPUNTIOIDEAE) 120 3.5.20.1 Taxon: Cylindropuntia fulgida (Engelm.) F. M. Knuth 120 3.5.21 Manilkara SAPOTACEAE 121 3-5.21.1 Taxon: Manilkara zapota (L.) P.
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    Recovery Plan for Graptophyllum reticulatum Prepared by A. Jasmyn J. Lynch 1 Recovery Plan for Graptophyllum reticulatum Prepared by: A. Jasmyn J. Lynch © The State of Queensland, Environmental Protection Agency, 2007 Copyright protects this publication. Except for purposes permitted by the Copyright Act, reproduction by whatever means is prohibited without the prior written knowledge of the Environmental Protection Agency. Inquiries should be addressed to PO Box 15155, City East. QLD 4002. Copies may be obtained from the: Executive Director Conservation Services Queensland Parks and Wildlife Service PO Box 15155 City East. Qld 4002 Disclaimer: The Australian Government, in partnership with the Environmental Protection Agency/ Queensland Parks and Wildlife Service, facilitates the publication of recovery plans to detail the actions needed for the conservation of threatened native wildlife. The attainment of objectives and the provision of funds may be subject to budgetary and other constraints affecting the parties involved, and may also be constrained by the need to address other conservation priorities. Approved recovery actions may be subject to modification due to changes in knowledge and changes in conservation status. Publication reference: Lynch, A.J.J. 2007. Recovery Plan for Graptophyllum reticulatum. Report to Department of the Environment and Water Resources, Canberra. Queensland Parks and Wildlife Service, Brisbane. Cover photograph: Graptophyllum reticulatum (reticulated holly) scan © EPA - Queensland Herbarium 1992. 2 Contents Executive Summary 4 1. General information 5 1.1 Background information 5 1.2 Conservation status 5 1.3 International obligations 5 1.4 Affected interests 5 1.5 Consultation with Indigenous people 5 1.6 Benefits to other species or communities 5 1.7 Social and economic impacts 6 2.
  • Post-Fire Recovery of Woody Plants in the New England Tableland Bioregion

    Post-Fire Recovery of Woody Plants in the New England Tableland Bioregion

    Post-fire recovery of woody plants in the New England Tableland Bioregion Peter J. ClarkeA, Kirsten J. E. Knox, Monica L. Campbell and Lachlan M. Copeland Botany, School of Environmental and Rural Sciences, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, AUSTRALIA. ACorresponding author; email: [email protected] Abstract: The resprouting response of plant species to fire is a key life history trait that has profound effects on post-fire population dynamics and community composition. This study documents the post-fire response (resprouting and maturation times) of woody species in six contrasting formations in the New England Tableland Bioregion of eastern Australia. Rainforest had the highest proportion of resprouting woody taxa and rocky outcrops had the lowest. Surprisingly, no significant difference in the median maturation length was found among habitats, but the communities varied in the range of maturation times. Within these communities, seedlings of species killed by fire, mature faster than seedlings of species that resprout. The slowest maturing species were those that have canopy held seed banks and were killed by fire, and these were used as indicator species to examine fire immaturity risk. Finally, we examine whether current fire management immaturity thresholds appear to be appropriate for these communities and find they need to be amended. Cunninghamia (2009) 11(2): 221–239 Introduction Maturation times of new recruits for those plants killed by fire is also a critical biological variable in the context of fire Fire is a pervasive ecological factor that influences the regimes because this time sets the lower limit for fire intervals evolution, distribution and abundance of woody plants that can cause local population decline or extirpation (Keith (Whelan 1995; Bond & van Wilgen 1996; Bradstock et al.
  • Xxx-Xxx, Xxxx

    Xxx-Xxx, Xxxx

    PSRU Journal of Science and Technology 5(3): 74-96, 2020 ความหลากหลายของพรรณพืชในวัดป่าเขาคงคา อ าเภอครบุรี จังหวัดนครราชสีมา PLANT DIVERSITY IN KHAO KHONG KHA FOREST MONASTERY KHON BURI DISTRICT, NAKHON RATCHASIMA PROVINCE เทียมหทัย ชูพันธ์* นาริชซ่า วาดี ศรัญญา กล้าหาญ สุนิษา ยิ้มละมัย และ สุวรรณี อุดมทรัพย์ Thiamhathai Choopan*, Narissa Wadee, Saranya Klahan, Sunisa Yimlamai and Suwannee Udomsub คณะวิทยาศาสตร์และเทคโนโลยี มหาวิทยาลัยราชภัฏนครราชสีมา Faculty of Science and Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima Rajabhat University *corresponding author e-mail: [email protected] (Received: 27 July 2020; Revised: 8 October 2020; Accepted: 9 October 2020) บทคัดย่อ การวิจัยครั้งนี้เป็นการศึกษาความหลากหลายของพรรณพืชในวัดป่าเขาคงคา อ าเภอครบุรี จังหวัดนครราชสีมา ด้วยการสุ่มวางแปลงตัวอย่าง จ านวน 18 แปลง ขนาด 2020 เมตร เพื่อส ารวจ ไม้ต้น และขนาด 55 เมตร เพื่อส ารวจไม้พื้นล่างร่วมกับการส ารวจตามเส้นทางศึกษาธรรมชาติ ผลการศึกษาพบว่ามีไม้ต้น จ านวน 38 วงศ์ 83 สกุล 98 ชนิด โดยไม้ต้นชนิดที่พบมากที่สุด ได้แก่ ติ้วเกลี้ยง (Cratoxylum cochinchinense (Lour.) Blume) รองลงมา คือ เสี้ยวป่า (Bauhinia saccocalyx Pierre) และแดง (Xylia xylocarpa (Roxb.) W. Theob. var. kerrii (Craib & Hutch.) I.C. Nielsen) ตามล าดับ ส่วนไม้ต้นชนิดที่มีค่าดัชนีความส าคัญสูงที่สุด คือ เสี้ยวป่า ติ้วเกลี้ยง และแดง ตามล าดับ ค่าดัชนี ความหลากหลายของไม้ต้น มีค่าเท่ากับ 3.6656 ค่าความสม่ าเสมอในการกระจายตัว มีค่าเท่ากับ 0.7995 ค่าความหลากหลาย มีค่าเท่ากับ 39.0785 นอกจากนั้นพบว่ามีไม้พื้นล่าง จ านวน 61 วงศ์ 137 สกุล 145 ชนิด ไม้พื้นล่างชนิดที่พบมากที่สุด ได้แก่ พลูช้าง (Scindapus officinalis
  • WA Limestone Yanchep M70-1325 Mining Proposal 2014-05

    WA Limestone Yanchep M70-1325 Mining Proposal 2014-05

    LEVEL 2 FLORA AND VEGETATION SURVEY OF THE YANCHEP RIDGES SURVEY AREA Prepared for WA LIMESTONE Prepared by Mattiske Consulting Pty Ltd May 2014 WAL1301/057/13 Disclaimer and Limitation This report has been prepared on behalf of and for the exclusive use of WA Limestone, and is subject to and issued in accordance with the agreement between WA Limestone and Mattiske Consulting Pty Ltd. Mattiske Consulting Pty Ltd accepts no liability or responsibility whatsoever for it in respect of any use of or reliance upon this report by any third party. This report is based on the scope of services defined by WA Limestone, budgetary and time constraints imposed by WA Limestone, the information supplied by WA Limestone (and its agents), and the method consistent with the preceding. Copying of this report or parts of this report is not permitted without the authorisation WA Limestone or Mattiske Consulting Pty Ltd. DOCUMENT HISTORY Prepared Reviewed Submitted to WA Limestone Report Version By By Date Copies Internal Review V1 DM JC - - Draft Report released for Client Review V2 DM/JC JC/EMM 05/02/2014 Email Final Report V3 JC EMM 31/05/2014 Email Mattiske Consulting Pty Ltd TABLE OF CONTENTS Page 1. SUMMARY ........................................................................................................................................ 1 2. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................... 3 2.1 Location and Scope of Proposal ..................................................................................................