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PLANT GUM EXUDATES of the WORLD Sources, Distribution, Properties, and Applications

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PLANT GUM EXUDATES of the WORLD Sources, Distribution, Properties, and Applications PLANT GUM EXUDATES OF THE WORLD Sources, Distribution, Properties, and Applications Amos Nussinovitch (Ltfi) CRC Press \V J Taylor & Francis Croup Boca Raton London New York CRC Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Croup, an informa business Contents Preface xix Acknowledgments xxiii The Author xxv 1 Role and Sources of Exudate Gums 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Definitions 3 1.3 Gum Yields 8 1.4 Agricultural Issues 9 1.5 Physical Properties of Gums 12 1.5.1 Color 12 1.5.2 Size and shape 13 1.5.3 Taste and smell 14 1.5.4 Hardness and density 15 1.5.5 Polarization 16 1.5.6 Solubility 16 1.5.7 Viscosity and mouthfeel 17 1.6 Chemical Properties 19 1.7 Commercial Assessments of Gums 19 1.8 Industrial and Other Uses 19 References 20 2 Physiological Aspects of Polysaccharide Formation in Plants 23 2.1 Introduction 23 2.2 Stress Factors, Ethylene and Gummosis 23 2.3 Borers and Gum Formation 30 2.4 Gum Ducts 31 2.5 Gummosis in Fruit Trees 32 2.6 Induced Inoculation and Gum Yield 34 References 35 3 Major Plant Exudates of the World 39 3.1 Introduction 39 3.2 Gum Arabic and Other Acacia Gums 39 VII viii • Contents 3.2.1 Acacia FABACEAE (SUBFAMILY: MIMOSOIDEAE) 39 3.2.1.1 Taxon: Acacia Senegal (L.) Willd 39 3.2.1.2 Taxon: Acacia seyalDe\i\e 42 3.2.1.3 Taxon: Acacia abyssinica Hochst. ex Benth. subsp. calophylla Brenan 43 3.2.1.4 Taxon: Acacia bakeri Maiden 43 3.2.1.5 Taxon: Acacia benthamii Meisn 43 3.2.1.6 Taxon: Acacia binervata DC 43 3.2.1.7 Taxon: Acacia catechu (L. f.) Willd 43 3.2.1.8 Taxon: Acacia dealbata Link 45 3.2.1.9 Taxon: Acacia decurrens Willd 45 3.2.1.10 Taxon: Acacia drepanolobium Harms ex Y. Sjostedt 46 3.2.1.11 Taxon: Acacia elata A. Cunn. ex Benth 46 3.2.1.12 Taxon: Acacia farnesiana (L.) Willd 46 3.2.1.13 Taxon: Acacia ferruginea DC 47 3.2.1.14 Taxon: Acacia harpophyllaF. Muell. ex Benth 47 3.2.1.15 Taxon: Acacia jacquemontii Benth 47 3.2.1.16 Taxon: Acacia karroo Hayne 47 3.2.1.17 Taxon: Acacia kirkii Oliv 47 3.2.1.18 Taxon: Acacia laeta R. Br. ex Benth 48 3.2.1.19 Taxon: Acacia leiophylla Benth 48 3.2.1.20 Taxon: Acacia leucophloea (Roxb.) Willd 48 3.2.1.21 Taxon: Acacia maidenii F. Muell 49 3.2.1.22 Taxon: Acacia mellifera (Vahl) Benth 49 3.2.1.23 Taxon: Acacia modesta Wall 49 3.2A.24 Taxon: Acacia oerfota (Forssk.) Schweinf. 49 3.2.1.25 Taxon: Acacia oswaldii F. Muell 50 3.2.1.26 Taxon: Acaciapendula A. Cunn. ex G. Don 50 3.2.1.27 Taxon: Acaciapenninervis Sieber ex DC 50 3.2.1.28 Taxon: Acaciapycnantha Benth 51 3.2.1.29 Taxon: Acacia retinodes Schltdl 51 3.2.1.30 Taxon: Acacia salicina Lindl 51 3.2.1.31 Taxon: Acacia sieberiana DC 51 3.2.1.32 Taxon: Acacia stuhlmanii Taub 51 3.2.1.33 Taxon: Acacia vernicifiua A. Cunn 52 3.2.1.34 Taxon: Acacia xanthophloea Benth 52 3.2.2 Faidherbia FABACEAE (SUBFAMILY: MIMOSOIDEAE) 52 3.2.2.1 Taxon: Faidherbia albida (Delile) A. Chev. 52 3.3 Gum Tragacanth and Similar Gums 52 3.3.1 Astragalus FABACEAE (SUBFAMILY: FABOIDEAE) 52 3.3.1.1 Taxon: Astragalus gummifer Labill 52 3.3.1.2 Taxon: Astragalus brachycalyx Fisch 55 3.3.1.3 Taxon: Astragalus heratensis Bunge 56 3.3.1.4 Taxon: Astragalus kurdicus Boiss 56 3.3.1.5 Taxon: Astragalus microcephalus Willd 57 3.3.1.6 Taxon: Astragalus verus Olivier 57 Contents • ix 3.3.2 Sterculia MALVACEAE (SUBFAMILY: STERCULIOIDEAE) 57 3.3.2.1 Taxon: Sterculia urens Roxb 57 3.3.2.2 Taxon: Sterculia foetida L 60 3.3.2.3 Taxon: Sterculia guttata Roxb 61 3.3.2.4 Taxon: Sterculia quadrifida R. Br 62 3.3.2.5 Taxon: Sterculia scaphigera Wall 62 3.3.2.6 Taxon: Sterculia setigera Delile 63 3.3.2.7 Taxon: Sterculia tragacantha Lindl 64 3.3.2.8 Taxon: Sterculia villosa Roxb 64 3.3.3 Brachychiton MALVACEAE (SUBFAMILY: STERCULIOIDEAE) 64 33.3A Taxon: Brachychiton acerifolius (A. Cunn. ex G. Don) Macarthur 64 3.3-4 Firmiana MALVACEAE (SUBFAMILY: STERCULIOIDEAE) 65 3.3.4.1 Taxon: Firmiana simplex (L.) W. Wight 65 3.3.5 Hildegardia MALVACEAE (SUBFAMILY: STERCULIOIDEAE) 65 3.3.5.1 Taxon: Hildegardia barteri (Mast.) Kosterm 65 3.3-6 Cochlospermum BIXACEAE 65 3.3.6.1 Taxon: Cochlospermum religiosum (L.) Alston 65 3.4 Important Indian or Asiatic Gums and Their Botanical Sources 66 3.4.1 Aegle RUTACEAE (SUBFAMILY: AURANTIOIDEAE) 66 3.4.1.1 Taxon: Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa 66 3.4.2 Albizia FABACEAE (SUBFAMILY: MIMOSOIDEAE) 68 3.4.2.1 Taxon: Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth 68 3.4.2.2 Taxon: Albizia odoratissima (L. f.) Benth 69 3.4.2.3 Taxon: Albiziaprocera (Roxb.) Benth 69 3.4.2.4 Taxon: Albizia chinensis (Osbeck) Merr 71 3.4.2.5 Taxon: Albizia amara (Roxb.) Boivin 72 3.4.3 Aleurites EUPHORBIACEAE (SUBFAMILY: CROTONOIDEAE) 73 3.4.3.1 Taxon: Aleurites moluccanus (L.) Willd 73 3.4.4 Anogeissus COMBRETACEAE 76 3.4.4.1 Taxon: Anogeissus latifolia (Roxb. ex DC.) Wall, ex Guill. & Perr 76 3.4.5 Bauhinia FABACEAE (SUBFAMILY: CAESALPINIOIDEAE) 79 3.4.5.1 Taxon: Bauhiniapurpurea L 79 3.4.5.2 Taxon: Bauhinia roxburghiana Voigt 80 3.4.5.3 Taxon: Bauhinia variegata L 81 3.4.6 Buchanania ANACARDIACEAE 82 3.4.6.1 Taxon: Buchanania lanzan Spreng 82 3.4.6.2 Taxon: Buchanania latifolia Roxb 82 3.4.7 Toona MELIACEAE 83 3.4.7A Taxon: Toona ciliata M. Roem 83 3.4.8 Chloroxylon RUTACEAE 84 3.4.8.1 Taxon: Chloroxylon swietenia DC 84 3.4.9 Delonix FABACEAE (SUBFAMILY: CAESALPINIOIDEAE) 84 3.4.9.1 Taxon: Delonix regia (Bojer ex Hook.) Raf. 84 3.4.10 Elaeodendron CELASTRACEAE (SUBFAMILY: CELASTROIDEAE) 86 3.4.10.1 Taxon: Elaeodendron glaucum (Rottb.) Pers 86 Contents 3.4.11 Limonia RUTACEAE (SUBFAMILY: AURANTIOIDEAE) 89 3.4.11.1 Taxon: Limonia acidissima L 89 3-4.12 Mangifera ANACARDIACEAE 90 3.4.12.1 Taxon: Mangifera indica L 90 3.4.13 Azadirachta MELIACEAE 93 3-4.13-1 Taxon: Azadirachta indica A. Juss 93 3.4.14 Prosopis FABACEAE (SUBFAMILY: MIMOSOIDEAE) 95 3.4.14.1 Taxon: Prosopis cineraria (L.) Druce 95 3.4.14.2 Taxon: Prosopis juliflora (Sw.) DC 95 3.4.15 Sesbania FABACEAE (SUBFAMILY: FABOIDEAE) 98 3.4.15.1 Taxon: Sesbania grandiflora (L.) Pers 98 3.4.16 Spondias ANACARDIACEAE 98 3.4.16.1 Taxon: Spondias dulcis Sol. ex Parkinson 98 3.4.16.2 Taxon: Spondiaspinnata (J. Koenig ex L. f.) Kurz 100 3.4.17 Terminalia COMBRETACEAE 101 3.4.17A Taxon: Terminalia bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb 101 3.5 Gums of The New World 104 3.5.1 Anacardium ANACARDIACEAE 104 3.5.1.1 Taxon: Anacardium humile A. St.-Hil 104 3.5.1.2 Taxon: Anacardium nanumk. St.-Hil 104 3.5.1.3 Taxon: Anacardium occidentakh 104 3.5.2 Anadenanthera FABACEAE (SUBFAMILY: MIMOSOIDEAE) 105 3.5.2.1 Taxon: Anadenanthera colubrina (Veil.) Brenan var. cebil (Griseb.) Altschul 105 3.5.2.2 Taxon: Anadenanthera colubrina (Veil.) Brenan var. colubrina 106 3.5.3 Caesalpinia FABACEAE (SUBFAMILY: CAESALPINIOIDEAE) 106 3.5.3.1 Taxon: Caesalpinia coriaria (Jacq.) Willd 106 3.5.4 Parkinsonia FABACEAE (SUBFAMILY: CAESALPINIOIDEAE) 107 3.5.4.1 Taxon: Parkinsoniapraecox (Ruiz & Pav.) J. A. Hawkins subsp. praecox 107 3.5.5 Parapiptadenia FABACEAE (SUBFAMILY: MIMOSOIDEAE) 108 3.5.5.1 Taxon: Parapiptadenia rigida (Benth.) Brenan 108 3-5-6 Puya BROMELIACEAE 108 3.5.6.1 Taxon: Puya chilensis Molina 108 3.5-7 Jheobroma MALVACEAE (SUBFAMILY: BYTTNERIOIDEAE) 110 3.5.7-1 Taxon: Theobroma cacao L 110 3.5.8 Laguncularia COMBRETACEAE 110 3.5.8.1 Taxon: Laguncularia racemosa (L.) C. F. Gaertn 110 3.5.9 Pithecellobium FABACEAE (SUBFAMILY: MIMOSOIDEAE) Ill 3.5.9.1 Taxon: Pithecellobium dulce (Roxb.) Benth Ill 3.5.10 Samanea FABACEAE (SUBFAMILY: MIMOSOIDEAE) Ill 3.5.10.1 Taxon: Samaneasaman (Jacq.) Merr Ill 3-5.11 Enterolobium FABACEAE (SUBFAMILY: MIMOSOIDEAE) 113 3.5-11.1 Taxon: Enterolobium cyclocarpum (Jacq.) Griseb 113 3.5.12 Chloroleucon FABACEAE (SUBFAMILY: MIMOSOIDEAE) 115 3.5-12.1 Taxon: Chloroleucon mangense (Jacq.) Britton & Rose 115 Contents • xi 3.5.13 Leucaena FABACEAE (SUBFAMILY: MIMOSOIDEAE) 115 3.5.13.1 Taxon: Leucaena collinsii Britton & Rose 115 3.5.14 Lysiloma FABACEAE (SUBFAMILY: MIMOSOIDEAE) 116 3.5.14.1 Taxon: Lysiloma acapulcense (Kunth) Benth 116 3.5.15 Lnga FABACEAE (SUBFAMILY: MIMOSOIDEAE) 116 3.5.15.1 Taxon: lnga stipularis DC 116 3.5.16 Rhizophora RHIZOPHORACEAE 117 3.5.16.1 Taxon: Rhizophora mangle!, 117 3-5.17 Melicoccus SAPINDACEAE (SUBFAMILY: SAPINDOIDEAE) 117 3.5.17.1 Taxon: Melicoccus bijugatus Jacq 117 3.5.18 Ceiba MALVACEAE (SUBFAMILY: BOMBACOIDEAE) 118 3.5.18.1 Taxon: Ceiba speciosa (A. St.-Hil.) Ravenna 118 3-5.19 Thespesia MALVACEAE (SUBFAMILY: MALVOIDEAE) 118 3.5.19.1 Taxon: Thespesiapopulnea (L.) Sol. ex Correa 118 3.5.20 Cylindropuntia CACTACEAE (SUBFAMILY: OPUNTIOIDEAE) 120 3.5.20.1 Taxon: Cylindropuntia fulgida (Engelm.) F. M. Knuth 120 3.5.21 Manilkara SAPOTACEAE 121 3-5.21.1 Taxon: Manilkara zapota (L.) P.
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