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Transforming Harmful Gender Norms in Solomon Islands: a Study of the Oxfam Safe Families Program Published October 2019

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Transforming Harmful Gender Norms in Solomon Islands: a Study of the Oxfam Safe Families Program Published October 2019 Transforming Harmful Gender Norms in Solomon Islands: A study of the Oxfam Safe Families Program Published October 2019. www.equalityinstitute.org/ www.monash.edu/medicine/sphpm/units/global-and-womens-health www.oxfam.org.au Suggested citation Homan, S., Honda, T., Leung, L., Fulu, E. & Fisher, J. Transforming Harmful Gender Norms in Solomon Islands: A study of the Oxfam Safe Families Program. The Equality Institute, Monash University, and Oxfam Australia, Melbourne, October. 2019. Cover image: Kim Litera/Oxfam CONTENTS Acknowledgements 3 Executive summary 4 Abbreviations and glossary 8 Abbreviations 8 Glossary 8 1. Background on Solomon Islands and Safe Families program 10 1.1 Solomon Islands 10 1.2 Violence against women and family violence in Solomon Islands 10 1.3 The Safe Families program 11 1.4 A study of the Safe Families program 12 2. Research scope and methodology 13 2.1 Research aims 13 2.2 Research sites and participants 13 2.3 Research tools 14 2.4 Data collection 14 2.5 Ethics 14 2.6 Strengths and limitations of the study 14 3. FINDINGS: Gender norms in Solomon Islands 15 3.1 Social norms and how they drive family and sexual violence 15 3.2 The disconnect between violence against women and discipline 17 3.3 Bride price 18 3.3.1 People’s understanding of bride price is changing 18 3.3.2 Tying bride price to gender roles and discipline 19 3.4 Community understandings of different forms of violence 20 3.5 Community understanding of the causes of violence 20 3.5.1 Infidelity and jealousy 21 3.5.2 Alcohol 21 3.5.3 Violence as a result of women’s transgressions 22 3.6 Legislation against family violence 22 A STUDY OF THE OXFAM SAFE FAMILIES PROGRAM 1 4. FINDINGS: Promising results from the Safe Families program 24 4.1 Changes in awareness, attitude, and behaviour of community members 24 4.2 Self-reflection and transformation of community engagement facilitators 25 4.3 Improved capacity and self-esteem 26 4.4 Strengthening local response to family violence 26 4.5 A decrease in violence? 27 5. FINDINGS: Effective (and less effective) elements of the Safe Families program 28 5.1 Effective elements of the Safe Families program 28 5.1.1 Driving personal transformation 28 5.1.2 Adapting practice to local context 29 5.1.3 Holistic approach in project design 30 5.1.4 Multiple component approach 30 5.2 Less effective elements of the Safe Families program 32 5.2.1 ‘Only talk’ approach 32 5.2.2 Involvement of youth 32 5.2.3 Donor-led design 32 5.2.4 Temporary delays in program implementation 32 5.2.5 Distortion of program message 33 6. Recommendations 34 7. References 36 8. Appendix 37 2 TRANSFORMING HARMFUL GENDER NORMS IN THE SOLOMON ISLANDS Acknowledgements Research reported in this study was supported by the Sexual Violence Research Initiative hosted by the South African Medical Research Council. Its contents are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official views of the SAMRC. The Safe Families program in Solomon Islands is implemented by Oxfam with funding from Australia’s Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (DFAT). The principal investigator and authors of this report would like to thank the following people for their participation in, or support of, the research in Solomon Islands: The women and men of Auki, Kunu, Oibola and Siwai in Malaita province, and Minerv, Minevi, and Nemba in Temotu province, who took part in interviews and focus group discussions. Their invaluable contributions underpin the findings in this research. The Oxfam Safe Families program teams in Malaita province, Temotu province and Honiara who were interviewed as part of this research and who arranged interviews and focus group discussions with community members. Solomon Islands research team: Kiri Dicker, Oxfam Solomon Islands; Julianne Wickham, Oxfam Solomon Islands; Solomon Alufo`oa, Samantha Kereka Poloso, Angella Evon Salo, William Ekotau, Ryno Kaitu`u, William Menaplo, Grace Dagi, Patrick Lano, James Ber and Barnabas Tawake. Doris Puiahi, Oxfam Solomon Islands; Kiri Dicker, Oxfam Solomon Islands; and Debbie Lukisi for translation and transcription of audio interview data. Current and former staff from Oxfam Australia and Oxfam Solomon Islands who participated in validating preliminary findings and reviewing the draft report: Doreen Fernando, Doris Puiahi, Kiri Dicker, Lavinia Dakei, Dolores Devesi, Jo Podlesak, Tanushree Soni, Eleanor Jackson, and Maud Mukova-Moses. Authorship This report was authored by Dr Sarah Homan, The Equality Institute; Dr Tomoko Honda, Monash University, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine; Loksee Leung, The Equality Institute; Dr Emma Fulu, The Equality Institute; and Professor Jane Fisher, Monash University, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine. A STUDY OF THE OXFAM SAFE FAMILIES PROGRAM 3 Executive Summary Introduction age of 15. The same study found that bride price was a factor that increased the risk of intimate partner violence. Progress This report outlines the findings from a qualitative study and in addressing this violence has been made with the recent process evaluation to assess the implementation of Oxfam’s gazettal of the Family Protection Act 2014, however access to Safe Families program in Solomon Islands. The study sought to justice for survivors of violence remains poor. There are very understand the processes of shifting harmful social norms that few specialist support services outside the country’s capital, drive family and sexual violence in Solomon Islands. making it difficult for women to access formal support. Despite having some of the highest rates of violence against Implemented by Oxfam, the Safe Families program (also known women globally, there is very little evidence in the Pacific on as the Let’s Make Our Families Safe program) was part of a 10- the effectiveness of interventions aimed at stopping violence year strategic initiative, supported by Australia’s Department against women (VAW) before it starts. With funding from the of Foreign Affairs and Trade (DFAT), to prevent and respond to Sexual Violence Research Initiative (SVRI) through the SVRI World family and sexual violence in Solomon Islands. The first phase Bank Group Development Marketplace Award 2017, research was implemented in six communities in Malaita and Temotu partners Oxfam, the Equality Institute (EQI), and Monash provinces for just over three years (2015-2018). The goal of the University jointly designed and implemented the research in Safe Families program was to shift local attitudes and norms so Solomon Islands. In addition to examining how to shift harmful that family violence would no longer be considered acceptable. gender norms, this research examines factors that helped or This was done through the following strategies: hindered the implementation of the program. This will be used to inform continued implementation of the Safe Families program 1. Mobilising communities to prevent and respond to family and in phase two. sexual violence. Alongside forthcoming research and evaluations of prevention 2. Enabling and resourcing collective action by coalitions interventions underway in Fiji, Kiribati, Papua New Guinea and (service providers such as health services, police, women’s Tonga, this study will contribute to the emerging evidence organisations, church groups – formed into provincial around what works to end VAW and build the practise knowledge alliances). regarding violence prevention activities in the Pacific region. 3. Building evidence and knowledge about family violence through research and evaluation. Background 4. Strengthening national women’s institutions, laws and policies. Solomon Islands is a Pacific nation encompassing over 900 An evaluation of the previous iteration of the Safe Families islands spread across 1,500 kilometres of ocean. It is ranked 152 program (Standing Together Against Violence – STAV) showed out of 189 on the United Nation’s Human Development Index and evidence that the program approach was promising. Designed the population of approximately 560,000 people mostly live a rural to build on these findings, this study aims to generate fine- lifestyle supported by subsistence agriculture and fishing 1. grained evidence on the effective components of programs to Independence from the British was gained in 1978, however reduce violence in resource-constrained, remote communities modern times have tested the limits of the country’s resilience, and post-conflict settings, such as Solomon Islands, where with Solomon Islanders feeling the burden of climate change, prevalence of violence is high. food insecurity and natural disasters such as cyclones and floods. A prolonged period of social unrest (1998-2003) debilitated Research scope and methodology government and significantly delayed development progress. Research aims and tools were jointly developed by the EQI and While diverse, Solomon Island cultures are predominantly Monash University in close collaboration with Oxfam Solomon patriarchal. Implicit within these cultures are a complex array of Islands staff. All data collection in the provinces was conducted gender norms that maintain strict social hierarchies dominated in pijin, the official language of Solomon Islands. by men. As a result, Solomon Island women experience vast and persistent gender inequality, which is also reflected in Data collection took place in May 2018 in nine sites in the extremely high rates of physical and sexual VAW and girls. provinces of Malaita, Temotu and the capital Honiara. Data was The Family Health And Safety Study in 2009 found that 64% acquired through 33 in-depth interviews and 15 focus group of ever-partnered women in Solomon Islands had experienced discussions (FGDs), with women and men segregated when physical or sexual violence by an intimate partner since the appropriate. A team of ten local male and female research 1 The World Bank Open Data: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/ny.gdp.pcap.cd, Accessed February 2018. 4 TRANSFORMING HARMFUL GENDER NORMS IN THE SOLOMON ISLANDS THE CLIMATE CRISIS AND THE PACIFIC 4 assistants were recruited and brought to Honiara for research for women and men.
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