DOCSLIB.ORG

IBP1111-12 Maximizing Reservoir Exposure with Proactive Well

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
IBP1111-12 Maximizing Reservoir Exposure with Proactive Well IBP1111_12 MAXIMIZING RESERVOIR EXPOSURE WITH PROACTIVE WELL PLACEMENT IN HIGH GEOLOGICAL COMPLEXITY FIELD OF VENEZUELAN ORINOCO BELT. 1 2 3 Luis Castaneda , Maryesther Leon , Antoine Meunier , 4 5 6 Manuel Lara , Yoanna Herrera , Miguel Granado Copyright 2012, Brazilian Petroleum, Gas and Biofuels Institute - IBP This Technical Paper was prepared for presentation at the Rio Oil & Gas Expo and Conference 2012 , held between September, 17- 20, 2012, in Rio de Janeiro. This Technical Paper was selected for presentation by the Technical Committee of the event according to the information contained in the final paper submitted by the author(s). The organizers are not supposed to translate or correct the submitted papers. The material as it is presented, does not necessarily represent Brazilian Petroleum, Gas and Biofuels Institute’ opinion, or that of its Members or Representatives. Authors consent to the publication of this Technical Paper in the Rio Oil & Gas Expo and Conference 2012 Proceedings. Abstract In 2010, Petrolera Indovenezolana S.A. (PIV), a joint venture between Corporación Venezolana del Petróleo (CVP) and the Indian company ONGC Videsh Limited (OVL), started planning for two horizontal wells in the Norte Zuata (San Cristóbal) field in the Orinoco belt of eastern Venezuela. The focus for this campaign was to evaluate the productivity of horizontal wells in thin sands and avoid areas of complex geology because of the high uncertainty in the structural behavior, applying technology that provided absolute control of the drilling process into the Oficina formation. Within the Oficina formation, thin sand reservoirs with variations in thickness and dip, geologically facies changes and subseismic faults presented the main challenge to geosteering a horizontal well. Because the project faced high geological uncertainties, a pilot hole was drilled as the first stage in the first well to verify the structural levels and the continuity of the sand bodies. To achieve the above challenges, the combination of a rotary steerable system (RSS) “point-the-bit” and a deep azimuthal electromagnetic resistivity tool (DAEMR) was used. The measurements provided accurate information to the well-placement engineers for proactive decisions in real time, mitigating the possible loss of the target by these geologic uncertainties. High-quality and valuable data for real time geological model update were the expected results obtained from the effort made by PIV in the Norte Zuata (San Cristóbal) field, and the data showed the oil-producing potential of one of the main reservoir (Sand F,G). This application of high-tier technologies demonstrated that drilling and data measurements can be improved and optimized to yield added value for reservoir development and 100% net to gross (NTG) targets. This reduces operational cost, makes it possible to drill in the right place the first time, and pushes forward the limit of the achievable in terms of reservoir exposure. 1. Introduction: Background The Orinoco Oil belt encompasses an area of 55,314 km2 and is the world’s largest source of liquid hydrocarbon reserves — an estimated 1,360 billion bbl oil originally in place (PDVSA Ministry of Energy and Petroleum, 2006). The area under development (11,593 km2) is located along the southern margin of the eastern Venezuelan basin, parallel to and north of the Orinoco River, and extends across the Guárico, Anzoátegui, and Monagas states. This oil province is divided, from west to east, into four regions—Boyacá, Junín, Ayacucho, and Carabobo—and is segmented into 29 blocks of approximately 500 km2 each and two additional block areas: Boyacá Norte and Junín Norte. In the development area, Petróleos de Venezuela (PDVSA) considers that, of the 513 billion bbl of oil in place estimated by the United States Geological Survey (USGS) in 2010, 316 billion bbl is recoverable (Schenk et al., 2009). ______________________________ 1 Mechanical Engineer – Schlumberger 2 Civil Engineer – Schlumberger 3 Master, Geological Engineering – Schlumberger 4 Petroleum Engineer – Petrolera Indovenezolana S.A. 5 Geological Engineering – Petrolera Indovenezolana S.A. 6 Geological Engineering – Petrolera Indovenezolana S.A. Rio Oil & Gas Expo and Conference 2012 To recover such reserves, multiple companies and diverse nations in joint agreement with PDVSA have participated in exploration and production (E&P) in the 31 blocks. The joint venture company Petrolera Indovenezolana has a share distribution of 60% CVP and 40% OVL. In 2006, OVL was the second company that started operations in Faja, in an area of 160.18 km2 from the 799 km2 of the Norte Zuata (San Cristóbal) field, located in the Junín Norte area. In April 2008 the CVP and OVL signed the contract for the joint venture company Petrolera Indovenezolana S.A. The Norte Zuata (San Cristóbal) field has eight (8) reservoirs, corresponding to the sands D, E, F, G and H (Oficina Formation), I (Merecure Formation) and J/K (Temblador Group). The range of API gravity is on the order of 10 °API to 18 ° API. Nowadays the field has 64 horizontal producing wells by a progressive cavity pumping system. The main challenges encountered by PIV in the development and exploration of the Norte Zuata (San Cristóbal) field, is the drilling of horizontal wells in a structural and sedimentological complex frame which is why its main reserves are associated with thin sand bodies of large lateral heterogeneity. Because of these challenges it requires drilling horizontal wells in an effective way to optimize and achieve the maximum production of the reservoirs, associated with lower drilling costs based on minor drilling times. In the Orinoco Oil belt, 30% to 40 % of the oil in place is located in thin deltaic sand units of less than 20 ft in thickness, which are difficult to explore with conventional technology (Machado et al., 2009). For this kind of sand lenses it is necessary to cross through long lengths of net pay thickness in the horizontal section of the well, optimizing the recovery due to factors such as variable gross thickness, lower horizontal permeability to vertical permeability ratio and a lower conductivity. The oil production in these thin and discontinuous layers needs more complex well designs to be economically profitable. On the other hand, the Geological Models has limited information, because the low density of drilled wells and the heterogeneity of the reservoirs. Therefore, for the reservoir characterization it is necessary to drill pilot holes to identify geological elements such as lateral continuity of the sands, pinchout zones, fault location and local dip variations that are not detectable in the seismic data. Besides, the ramp profile present in the sand resistivity, requires for exploration and development in the field a technology able to achieve absolute drilling control and continuous mapping of the reservoir boundaries (top and base) for precise positioning from 3 to 7 ft below the top of the reservoir. The borehole assembly used in these two wells was composed of three innovative technologies: a rotary steerable system (RSS) to create a uniform borehole without tortuosity, improve the rate of penetration (ROP) and measure the inclination close to the bit; a deep azimuthal electromagnetic resistivity tool (DAEMR) to provide enhanced well placement by mapping reservoir boundaries in real time so as to proactively steer the well; and a high-data- transmission measurement-while-drilling (MWD) tool to improve the telemetry capacity for real-time MWD capability. This technology was used in two horizontal wells by Petrolera Indovenezolana which has been the key to improve the efficiency of drilling (decrease drilling time overall 2 to 3 days) in the desired zone and allowed achievement of the objectives in terms of improved reservoir contact regardless of formation characteristics. Figure 1.Venezuelan Orinoco Oil belt. Norte Zuata (San Cristóbal) field is located in the Junín Norte block. 2 Rio Oil & Gas Expo and Conference 2012 2. Reservoir Model Knowledge The Sand G of the Norte Zuata (San Cristóbal) field in the Junín Norte block (Figure 1) geologically belongs to the Oficina formation, South flank of the Venezuelan Oriental Basin. These sand beds occur in the basal part of the Oficina formation, deposited in a braided fluvial setting as fluvial bar systems of braided plains/multistacked channels and channel-fill bars. The sand G is constituted by three (3) sand bodies separated by thin shale layers, coalescent in the East area, associated to the Deposit OFIG NZZ0035. The OFIG NZZ0035 reservoir (Figure 2), discovered in 1981, encompasses an area of 50 km2 and contains an estimated 734 million bbl oil reserves in place, of which 153 million bbl are considered recoverable oil. Until July 2011, 24 billion bbl (~ 3 %) has been produced; 129 million bbl remain. Twenty-nine wells have been drilled and are active producers. NZZ - 269 NZZ - 268 - OH Figure 2.OFIN ZZ0035 structural map. The reservoir characteristics are as follows: • thickness: ~ 49 ft • porosity: ~ 22% • permeability: ~ 1,014 mD • oil saturation: ~ 80% • original pressure ~ 1,290 psi at 2,680 ft • current pressure: ~ 900 psi • reservoir temperature: ~ 155 deg F. The preferential sedimentation direction is SW-NE and the sediments are principally sands, which are represented by a flooding zone and channels, separated by thin claystone layers of interdistributary bay environment. It has been interpreted that the sediments corresponding to the G sand are from a Low Deltaic plain/interdistributary bay environments, where CU sequences (coarsening upwards) represent probably deltas and brakeage fans. The sandstone bodies that are separated by thin shale layers and FU sequences (fining upwards) could be interpreted as distributaries channels, with a sandstone degradation East-West till finer sediments, from interdistributary bay environments, are reached. The reservoirs are framed by structural - stragraphic traps. The structural regime is extensive and corresponds to a homocline with a low dip angle to the N-NE that increases to the South. This homocline has an internal normal fault system, with general E-W trend.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Preface 1 Introduction
    NOTES Preface 1. R. Evan Ellis, China: The Whats and Wherefores (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2009). 2. Ibid. 3. R. Evan Ellis, The Strategic Dimension of China’s Engagement with Latin America (Washington, DC: Center for Hemispheric Defense Studies, 2013). 1 Introduction 1. Direction of Trade Statistics Quarterly (Washington, DC: International Monetary Fund, September 2013), 23. 2. Ibid. 3. Indeed, China’s diplomatic initiatives toward Latin America at this time may have been motivated, in part, by its desire to secure entry into the WTO. See Alex E. Fernandez Jilberto and Barbara Hogenboom, “Latin America and China: South-South Relations in a New Era,” in Latin America Facing China: South-South Relations Beyond the Washington Consensus, eds., Alex. E. Fernandez Jilberto and Barbara Hogenboom (New York: Berghahn Books, 2012). 4. Latin America scholar Dan Erikson argues that it was from this moment that China’s expansion into Latin America began to attract “wide- spread notice” in the United States. Daniel P. Erikson, “Conflicting U.S. Perceptions of China’s Inroads in Latin America,” in China Engages Latin America: Tracing the Trajectory, eds., A. H. Hearn and José Luis León Marquez (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2011), 121. See also “Foreign Minister Li Zhaoxing Comments on the Fruitful Results of President Hu Jintao’s Trip to Latin America,” Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic of China. November 26, 2004. http://www.fmprc .gov.cn/eng/topics/huvisit/t172349.htm. 5. Alejandro Rebossio, “La mayor economía de Asia continental se expande fuera de su territorio y de a poco aparecen las verdaderas inver siones chinas,” La Nación, November 14, 2004.
    [Show full text]
  • SUMMARY RECORDS of the PROCEEDINGS of the 127Th IPU ASSEMBLY
    SUMMARY RECORDS OF THE PROCEEDINGS OF THE 127th IPU ASSEMBLY Québec City (Canada) 21-26 October 2012 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 3 Inaugural ceremony · Speech by Mr. Noël A. Kinsella, Speaker of the Senate of Canada ..................................... 4 · Speech by Ms. Chris Charlton, Member of the Parliament of Canada ................................. 4 · Message of the United Nations Secretary-General, delivered by Mr. Peter Launsky-Tieffenthal, United Nations Under-Secretary-General for Public Information ...................................................................................................... 4 · Speech by Mr. Abdelwahad Radi, President of the Inter-Parliamentary Union ..................... 5 · Speech by Mr. David Lloyd Johnston, Governor General of Canada ………………............. 6 Special address · Mr. John Baird, Minister of Foreign Affairs of Canada ……………………………………… ... 7 Organization of the work of the Assembly · Election of the President and Vice-Presidents of the 127th Assembly .................................... 7 · Consideration of requests for the inclusion of an emergency item in the Assembly agenda ……………………………………………………………………….… 11 · Final Assembly Agenda .................................................................................................... 12 Plenary debate on the emergency item: The institutional and security situation in Mali .................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Venezuela and Petróleos De Venezuela SA (PDVSA)
    Country Report: Venezuela and Petróleos de Venezuela S.A. (PDVSA) Carlos A. Molina, Associate Professor at IESA Business School Associate Professor at IESA Business School in Venezuela since 2005, Carlos Molina was previously Assistant Professor at the Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile and the University of Texas at San Antonio. Carlos earned his Ph.D. in Finance (2002) from the University of Texas at Austin, MBA (1994) from IESA, and BS in Civil Engineering from the Universidad Católica Andrés Bello (1990) in Caracas. As a country, Venezuela has one of the largest oil reserves in the world; new discoveries, like the Orinoco oil belt fields, may mean it will someday ascend to the #1 spot. Like most countries with large oil reserves, Venezuela’s oil assets are managed by a state- owned company. This energy brief focuses on the recent history of oil production and investment within Venezuela, as well as its opportunities and challenges. History and Founding of PDVSA Before 1976, oil exploration companies, such as Creole, Shell, and others, were dedicated to the exploration, production, and refinement of oil in Venezuela, while the State limited itself to receiving taxes and royalties for those activities. However, after the increases in oil prices from $4 to $12 a barrel in the early 1970s, the Venezuelan government decided to nationalize the oil industry, and Petróleos de Venezuela S.A. (PDVSA) was born as a vertically-oriented merger of foreign oil companies with operations in Venezuela at that time. After the nationalization, PDVSA privately undertook all oil activities in Venezuela until 1992.
    [Show full text]
  • The Orinoco Oil Belt - Update
    THE ORINOCO OIL BELT - UPDATE Figure 1. Map showing the location of the Orinoco Oil Belt Assessment Unit (blue line); the La Luna-Quercual Total Petroleum System and East Venezuela Basin Province boundaries are coincident (red line). Source: http://geology.com/usgs/venezuela-heavy-oil/venezuela-oil-map-lg.jpg Update on extra heavy oil development in Venezuela 2012 is likely to be a crucial year for the climate, as Venezuela aims to ramp up production of huge reserves of tar sands-like crude in the eastern Orinoco River Belt.i Venezuela holds around 90% of proven extra heavy oil reserves globally, mainly located in the Orinoco Belt. The Orinoco Belt extends over a 55,000 Km2 area, to the south of the Guárico, Anzoátegui, Monagas, and Delta Amacuro states (see map). It contains around 256 billion barrels of recoverable crude, according to state oil company PDVSA.ii Certification of this resource means that, in July 2010, Venezuela overtook Saudia Arabia as the country with the largest oil reserves in the world.iii Petróleos de Venezuela SA (PDVSA), the state oil company, is also now the world’s fourth largest company.iv Development of the Orinoco Belt is the keystone of the Venezuelan government’s future economic plans – oil accounts for 95% of the country’s export earnings and around 55% of the federal budget.v The government has stated that it is seeking $100 billion of new investment to develop the Belt.vi President Chavez announced at the end of 2011 that the country intended to boost its oil output to 3.5 million barrels a day by the end of 2012.
    [Show full text]
  • Developments in the Venezuelan Hydrocarbon Sector
    Law and Business Review of the Americas Volume 15 Number 3 Article 4 2009 Developments in the Venezuelan Hydrocarbon Sector Larry B. Pascal Follow this and additional works at: https://scholar.smu.edu/lbra Recommended Citation Larry B. Pascal, Developments in the Venezuelan Hydrocarbon Sector, 15 LAW & BUS. REV. AM. 531 (2009) https://scholar.smu.edu/lbra/vol15/iss3/4 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Law Journals at SMU Scholar. It has been accepted for inclusion in Law and Business Review of the Americas by an authorized administrator of SMU Scholar. For more information, please visit http://digitalrepository.smu.edu. DEVELOPMENTS IN THE VENEZUELAN HYDROCARBON SECTOR Larry B. Pascal* I. VENEZUELA A. INTRODUCTION TO VENEZUELAN ENERGY SECTOR ENEZUELA, a founding member of the Organization of Petro- leum Exporting Countries ("OPEC"), is one of the most impor- tant energy producers in the world. It has the largest proven oil reserves in South America1 and the seventh largest in the world,2 is the seventh largest petroleum exporter in the world,3 and is the fourth largest net exporter.4 Venezuela also has Latin America's largest natural gas reserves and the eighth largest gas reserves in the world.5 It is also the home of the world's most important refining complex (Paraguandi) and the second largest hydroelectric complex (Radl Leoni).6 The national oil company, Petr6leos de Venezuela, S.A. ("PDVSA"), is indisputably one of the most important oil companies in the world. Finally, the oil and gas sector accounts for more than three-quarters of total Venezuelan export *Larry B.
    [Show full text]
  • Reviewing the Strategies for Natural Gas Buenos Aires, 5 - 9 October 2009
    24th World Gas Conference The Global Energy Challenge: Reviewing the Strategies for Natural Gas Buenos Aires, 5 - 9 October 2009 THE GAS POTENTIAL OF THE SUB-ANDEAN BASINS; THE CURRENT EXPLORATION STATUS AND THE FUTURE PROSPECTIVITY AS AN ENERGY RESOURCE FOR THE REGIONAL MARKET Authors: Marcelo Rosso*, Patricio Malone*, Gustavo Vergani* *Geoscience Department, PLUSPETROL SA. Keywords: Sub-Andean basins; non-associated Gas, basin, Exploration Abstract This paper aims to review the Gas potential of the Sub-Andean basins in South America. Based on the exploration work carried out and the gas fields already discovered, the authors assess the remaining potential of this energy resource in the region. Due to the particular geological characteristics of the Intracratonic and the Active and Passive margin basins of South America, they are not included within the scope of this study. The sub-Andean Basins cover an area of about 2.6 million km2 extending south from Venezuela to Tierra del Fuego in the southernmost part of Argentina and Chile. These basins contain about 4% and 9 % of the total world gas and oil proven reserves respectively. This paper briefly describes the Petroleum Systems in place, the exploration maturity of the Sub- Andean Basins and the possibilities for new exploration. Finally, a succint description of the main challenges the industry is facing in the region for the gas prospection, the necessary exploration works to be carried out and the present status of the gas as an energy supply for the southern cone is given. The Gas Potential of the Sub Andean Basins 1 24th World Gas Conference, 5-9 October 2009 GEOLOGICAL SETTING: The South America basement (Pre-Cambrian) outcrops in the entire central region of the continent encompassing eastern and northern Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay, southern Venezuela, eastern Colombia, Ecuador, Perú, Bolivia and central-southern Argentina.
    [Show full text]
  • Investor Meeting
    Non-Deal Roadshow London 5 October 2012 10.10.2012 Important Notice The information contained herein has been prepared by the Company. The opinions presented herein are based on general information gathered at the time of writing and are subject to change without notice. The Company relies on information obtained from sources believed to be reliable but does not guarantee its accuracy or completeness. These materials contain statements about future events and expectations that are forward-looking statements. Any statement in these materials that is not a statement of historical fact is a forward-looking statement that involves known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors which may cause our actual results, performance or achievements to be materially different from any future results, performance or achievements expressed or implied by such forward looking statements. We assume no obligations to update the forward-looking statements contained herein to reflect actual results, changes in assumptions or changes in factors affecting these statements. This presentation does not constitute an offer or invitation to sell, or any solicitation of any offer to subscribe for or purchase any securities and nothing contained herein shall form the basis of any contract or commitment whatsoever. No reliance may be placed for any purposes whatsoever on the information contained in this presentation or on its completeness, accuracy or fairness. The information in this presentation is subject to verification, completion and change. The contents of this presentation have not been verified by the Company. Accordingly, no representation or warranty, express or implied, is made or given by or on behalf of the Company or any of its shareholders, directors, officers or employees or any other person as to the accuracy, completeness or fairness of the information or opinions contained in this presentation.
    [Show full text]
  • Ngo Documents 2011-05-30 00:00:00 Marginal Oil : What Is Driving Oil Companies Dirtier
    Marginal Oil What is driving oil companies dirtier and deeper? Aerial view of the oil on the sea surface, originating from the leaking of the Deepwater Horizon wellhead disaster, slowly approaching the coast of Louisiana East of the mouth of the Mississippi river. The BP leased oil platform exploded April 20, 2010 and sank after burning, leaking an estimate of more than 200,000 gallons of crude oil per day from the broken pipeline into the sea. © Daniel Beltrá / Greenpeace Front cover: Left: Fen and the Boreal Forest near McClelland Lake , north of Fort McMurray, Alberta, Canada. This area has been leased for future oil sands development. Right: Syncrude Aurora Oil Sands Mine, north of Fort McMurray, Canada. © Peter Essick 2009. All rights reserved Preface Boreal forest of spruce, poplar and aspen, east of Peace River in northern Alberta, Canada. © Jiri Rezac / Greenpeace With conventional oil production in decline, the global oil In November 2010 we therefore jointly organised a industry is investing heavily in dirtier and riskier forms of networking and strategy meeting for civil society activists from unconventional oil such as heavy crude, tar sands, and oil North America, Europe, Africa, and Latin America. The aim shale. These investments pose a challenge to the climate, the was to share information and experiences and better coordinate environment, and local communities. One new frontier for tar global efforts to fight marginal oil investments and promote a sands development is sub-Sahara Africa, a region that is highly clean and sustainable energy future globally. dependent on the export of raw materials, but at the same time is highly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change and the To this end we will also work with decision makers both in the subsequent suffering due to the effects of extractive industries’ European Union and globally to ensure that the right policies are projects.
    [Show full text]
  • Orinoco Heavy Oil and Tar Belt Assessment Unit 60980104
    Orinoco Heavy Oil and Tar Belt Assessment Unit 60980104 65 60 15 Caribbean Atlantic Sea Ocean Barbados Grenada Trinidad Caracas and Tobago Valencia ÚÊ ÚÊ 10 # # #### # # # # ÚÊ Georgetown Venezuela Guyana ÚÊ 5 0 100 200 300 400 500 KILOMETERS Orinoco Heavy Oil and Tar Belt Assessment Unit 60980104 East Venezuela Basin Geologic Province 6098 USGS PROVINCE: East Venezuela Basin (6098) GEOLOGIST: C.J. Schenk TOTAL PETROLEUM SYSTEM: Querecual (609801) ASSESSMENT UNIT: Orinoco Heavy Oil and Tar Belt (60980104) DESCRIPTION: This assessment unit encompasses the four major areas of the Orinoco heavy oil and tar belt, including the Machete, Hamaca, Cerro Negro, and Zuata. The Orinoco belt is considered the largest single hydrocarbon accumulation in the world, with as much as 1.8 trillion barrels in place. SOURCE ROCKS: The main source rocks are mudstones of the Upper Cretaceous Querecual Formation, a stratigraphic equivalent of the La Luna Formation. MATURATION: Mudstones of the Querecual Formation matured in the lower Tertiary (Oligocene) in the northern part of the basin. MIGRATION: Migration of Querecual oil from the northern part of the basin involved long- distance migration (~300 km), and is considered the classic example of long-distance migration. Migration was mainly through Upper Cretaceous through Miocene sandstones that served as long-distance conduits before major structures developed in the foreland. RESERVOIR ROCKS: Reservoir rocks are mainly Lower Miocene fluvial deltaic channel sandstones of the Ofacina Group. Reservoirs in this area are generally considered viable if net thickness is greater than 50 m. TRAPS AND SEALS: Much of the Orinoco heavy oil is trapped by stratigraphic pinch out of the Miocene Ofacina sandstones against basement lithologies of the Guyana shield.
    [Show full text]
  • Peak Oil and the Evolving Strategies of Oil Importing and Exporting Countries Facing the Hard Truth About an Import Decline for the OECD Countries
    JOINT TRANSPORT RESEARCH CENTRE Discussion Paper No. 2007-17 December 2007 Peak Oil and the Evolving Strategies of Oil Importing and Exporting Countries Facing the hard truth about an import decline for the OECD countries Kjell ALEKLETT Uppsala University Uppsala, Sweden SUMMARY ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................... 4 1. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................... 5 1.1 Mission ............................................................................................................. 5 1.2 Major articles by Uppsala Hydrocarbon Depletion Study Groupe. .................. 6 1.3 Peak oil and today’s society ............................................................................. 8 1.4 References 1. ................................................................................................. 11 2. FUTURE DEMAND FOR OIL ............................................................................... 13 2.1 Future oil demand forecasts by IEA and EIA ................................................. 13 2.2 Oil intensity driven demand ............................................................................ 13 2.4 References 2 .................................................................................................. 17 3. HOW MUCH OIL HAVE WE FOUND AND WHEN DID WE FIND IT? ................ 18 3.1 Resources and reserves ...............................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Chemical and Stable Isotope Composition
    Geologica Acta: an international earth science journal ISSN: 1695-6133 ISSN: 1696-5728 [email protected] Universitat de Barcelona España Boschetti, T.; Angulo, B.; Quintero, F.; Volcán, J.; Casalins, A. Chemical and stable isotope composition (18O/16O, 2H/1H) of formation waters from the Carabobo Oilfield, Venezuela Geologica Acta: an international earth science journal, vol. 16, no. 3, 2018, July-September, pp. 257-264 Universitat de Barcelona España DOI: https://doi.org/10.1344/GeologicaActa2018.16.3.2 Available in: https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=50558854002 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System Redalyc More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America and the Caribbean, Spain and Journal's webpage in redalyc.org Portugal Project academic non-profit, developed under the open access initiative Geologica Acta, Vol.16, Nº 3, September 2018, 257-264, I-III DOI: 10.1344/GeologicaActa2018.16.3.2 T. Boschetti, B. Angulo, F. Quintero, J. Volcán, A. Casalins, 2018 CC BY-SA Chemical and stable isotope composition (18O/16O, 2H/1H) of formation waters from the Carabobo Oilfield, Venezuela T. BOSCHETTI1 B. ANGULO2 F. QUINTERO2 J. VOLCÁN3 A. CASALINS4 1Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma Parco Area delle Scienze, 43124, Parma, Italy. Boschetti E-mail: [email protected] 2Departamento de Investigación Estratégica en Exploración. Instituto Tecnológico Venezolano del Petróleo (INTEVEP), Petróleos de Venezuela S.A. (PDVSA) Apartado 76343, Caracas 1070-A, Los Teques, Venezuela 3Instituto de Ciencias de la Tierra. Universidad Central de Venezuela Apartado 3895, Caracas 1010-A, Venezuela 4Estudios Integrados, Petrolera Sinovensa Torre BVC, Barcelona 6001, Venezuela ABS TR A CT In this short note, we present the first data on stable isotope composition of the oilfield waters from Carabobo area of the Faja Petrolífera del Orinoco “Hugo Chávez” (Orinoco Oil Belt).
    [Show full text]
  • Of Formation Waters from the Carabobo Oilfield, Venezuela
    Geologica Acta, Vol.16, Nº 3, September 2018, 257-264, I-III DOI: 10.1344/GeologicaActa2018.16.3.2 T. Boschetti, B. Angulo, F. Quintero, J. Volcán, A. Casalins, 2018 CC BY-SA Chemical and stable isotope composition (18O/16O, 2H/1H) of formation waters from the Carabobo Oilfield, Venezuela T. BOSCHETTI1 B. ANGULO2 F. QUINTERO2 J. VOLCÁN3 A. CASALINS4 1Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma Parco Area delle Scienze, 43124, Parma, Italy. Boschetti E-mail: [email protected] 2Departamento de Investigación Estratégica en Exploración. Instituto Tecnológico Venezolano del Petróleo (INTEVEP), Petróleos de Venezuela S.A. (PDVSA) Apartado 76343, Caracas 1070-A, Los Teques, Venezuela 3Instituto de Ciencias de la Tierra. Universidad Central de Venezuela Apartado 3895, Caracas 1010-A, Venezuela 4Estudios Integrados, Petrolera Sinovensa Torre BVC, Barcelona 6001, Venezuela ABS TR A CT In this short note, we present the first data on stable isotope composition of the oilfield waters from Carabobo area of the Faja Petrolífera del Orinoco “Hugo Chávez” (Orinoco Oil Belt). From a chemical point of view, the formation waters show a main Na-Cl level (TDS up to 30g/l) with a dilution trend toward Na-HCO3 composition (down to 1g/l). Until now, such a clear net chemical compositional trend was ascribed to a meteoric dilution (fresh/ brackish bicarbonate) of the seawater endmember (the saltiest chloride). The isotope results of this study reveal that the seawater mother water was modified during a high-temperature thrusting event (120–125°C), forming 18O-enriched diagenetic water (up to +4‰), which was diluted in recent times by glacial meltwater and present- day meteoric water.
    [Show full text]