Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication (79Th, Anaheim, CA, August 10-13, 1996)
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DOCUMENT RESUME ED 401 570 CS 215 578 TITLE Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication (79th, Anaheim, CA, August 10-13, 1996). Status of Women and Minorities and Communication Division. INSTITUTION Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication. PUB DATE Aug 96 NOTE 370p.; For other sections of these proceedings, see CS 215 568-580. PUB TYPE Collected Works Conference Proceedings (021) EDRS PRICE MFO1 /PC15 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Abortions; Advertising; American Indians; Asian Americans; Case Studies; *Females; *Journalism; *Mass Media Effects; *Mass Media Role; *Minority Groups; Moral Values; News Media; Periodicals; Public Opinion; Sex Bias; Sexual Harassment IDENTIFIERS African Americans; *Gender Issues; Native Americans; Oregon; Spiral of Silence Theory; *Women Journalists \ABSTRACT The Status of Women and Minorities and Communication section of the proceedings contains the following 14 papers: "Who Harasses Women Journalists? A Qualitative Look at Sexual Harassment among U.S. Newswomen" (Kim Walsh-Childers and others); "Not There Yet--Coverage of Women in Foreign News: A 1995 Multi-National Study" (Anat First and Donald L. Shaw); "'Somewhere between Average and Perfect': Women's Magazines and the Construction of Feminine Identity" (Susan Snyder); "Job Satisfaction in Advertising: A Gender Perspective" (James V. Pokrywczynski and John H. Crowley); "The Spiral of Silence and Its Impact on Feminist Voices in Public Opinion: A Case Study" (Sarah Wright Plaster); "Abortion, Moral Maturity, and Civic Journalism" (Maggie Jones Patterson and Megan Williams Hall); "Personal Comfort and Personal Care Products: A Survey of Women's Dependency on Advertising" (Sally J. McMillan and Debra Merskin); "Feminization of Asian (American) Men in U.S. Society and the Mass Media: An Analysis of 'The Ballad of Little Jo" (Chiung Hwang Chen); "Power of the Press: How Newspapers in Four Communities Erased Thousands of Chinese from Oregon History" (Herman B. Chiu); "'Womanliness is an Attribute, Not a Condition': Conceptions of Civic Womanhood in the 'Woman's Era,' 1894-1897" (Janet M. Cramer); "Sending Up Signals: A Study of How Native Americans Use and Are Represented in the Mass Media" (Debra Merskin); "Negro-Appeal Radio Stations Using a Rhythm-and-Blues Music Format, 1947-1963" (Jack L. Ortizano); "Media Use Habits of African-Americans in a Small Midwestern City" (Earnest L. Perry); and "Entrepreneurial Images of African Americans in Advertising: An Examination of Black Enterprise Magazine" (Kristen A. Radden and Kevin L. Keenan). Individual papers contain references. (CR) Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication (79th, Anaheim, CA, August 10-13, 1996). Status of Women and Minorities & Communication Division. U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION Office of Educational Research and Improvement PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE AND LIE IDCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) DISSEMINATE THIS MATERIAL This document has been reproduced as HAS BEEN GRANTED BY received from the person or organization originating it. Minor changes have been made to improve reproduction quality. \1 M 6-juL 6Points of view or opinions stated in this document do not necessarily represent official OERI position or policy. TO THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) BEST COPY AVAILABLE 2 Who Harasses Women Journalists? A Qualitative Look at Sexual Harassment Among U.S. Newswomen by Kim Walsh-Childers Associate Professor Jean Chance Associate Professor Kfistin Herzog Assistant Professor Department of Journalism College of Journalism and Communications University of Florida Gainesville, FL 32611 Accepted for presentation at the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication annual meeting in Anaheim, Calif., August 1996 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS: Special thanks to Naomi Rifkin for her work on the survey and to Suzanne Ackerman for assisting in coding the interviews. The authors also would like to thank Anita Kugler, Denise Prodigo, Erica Shepard, Laura Smith, Heloiza Herscovitz, Roselyn Dailey and the other volunteer interviewers for their assistance on this project. 3 Who Harasses Women Journalists? A Qualitative Look at Sexual Harassment Among U.S. Newswomen ABSTRACT Kim Walsh-Childers [3044 Weimer Hall, (o) 904-392-3924, (h) 904-472-5087, kwchilde @jou.ufl.edu or [email protected]] Jean Chance [3046 Weimer Hall, (o) 904-392-0450, (h) 904-462-5513, [email protected]] Kristin Herzog [3049 Weimer Hall, (o) 904-392-8456, (h) 904-336-7300, [email protected]] College of Journalism and Communications University of Florida Gainesville, FL 32611 This paper describes a qualitative analysis of answers to open-ended questions in a survey of 227 female reporters, editors, photographers and graphic artists working at daily newspapers in the United States. The analysis showed that the most serious instances of sexual harassment respondents reported involved harassment by a supervisor. Most of the incidents women described would fall into the "hostile environment" category; few supervisors tried anything as blatant as offering advancement to women in exchange for sexual favors or threatening women who refused. Among women harassed by sources, the most problematic group of contacts seemed to be those involved in law enforcement -- police officers, sheriffs and sheriffs deputies, state highway patrol officers, and district attorneys. The female journalists participating in this study responded to harassment ether by confronting their harassers directly, complaining to their own or their harasser's supervisor, or doing nothing. It seems clear that women who dealt with the problem aggressively often got the best results and felt more satisfied with the outcome. The majority of respondents seemed to feel their newspapers had responded well to complaints about sexual harassment. A significant number said they did not believe there had been any such complaints in their workplace, although some of them felt confident that their newspapers' managers would deal with the problems satisfactorily. On the other hand, a substantial group of women indicated that the male managers at their newspapers would "laugh off' complaints about sexual harassment or talk to the person who complained but take not action against the harasser. 4 Who Harasses Women Journalists? A Qualitative Look at Sexual Harassment Among U.S. Newswomen During the first half of the 1990s, U.S. newspapers and other media devoted a significant amount of space to the issue of sexual harassment. Coverage of Oklahoma law professor Anita Hill's allegations of sexual harassment by then-Supreme Court nominee Clarence Thomas, the Navy's Tailhook scandal and Senator Bob Packwood's sexual misconduct brought the issue to the forefront of national attention and to the front pages of most, if not all, of the nation's daily newspapers. For female journalists throughout the country, the issue of sexual harassment was more than just a story, however; like Hill, the female Navy officers and the women subjected to Packwood's unwanted advances, many newswomen were confronting sexual harassment as a problem in their own workplaces and in their relationships with sources and other professional contacts. For instance, in 1992, an Associated Press Managing Editors' survey of 640 journalists in 19 small, medium and large newsrooms around the United. States revealed that although most men surveyed tended to say there was no sexual harassment problem at their newspapers, women said it is a potential, if not specific problem, and that it is neither reported nor punished in most instances (Kossan, 1992). The survey also showed that: *only 30 percent of the respondents said their newspaper had clear guidelines for filing internal complaints about sexual harassment; *95 percent of the victims of sexual harassment are women; *2 percent of the men and 11 percent of the women said sexual harassment or the fear of harassment has affected their daily work habits; 5 Walsh-Childers, Chance & Herzog, Who harasses women journalists?, page 2 *half of those who said they had been sexually harassed said the harassment was in the form of annoying or degrading comments about sex. While the most prevalent form of harassment was annoying or degrading comments about sex, followed by offensive pictures or posters and annoying or degrading comments about women's bodies, the APME study found that women also reported having male associates grab their breasts and buttocks or make "jokes" to them about rape (Kossan, 1993). Writing about the study in a membership newsletter, Pam Johnson, then managing editor of The Phoenix Gazette and chairwoman of the APME Newsroom Management Committee, observed: Women in our newsrooms are impatient. They don't want to get ogled. They don't want to receive sex-related messages in their computers; they don't want to be put in the place of laughing off a sexual joke or challenging it and then having to pay for being forthright. And they definitely don't want to be fondled. But it's clear many feel vulnerable to any or all of these situations (Johnson, 1993, p. 11). Flatow (1994) found that more than two-thirds of women working in the newsrooms of Indiana daily newspapers had indeed found themselves "vulnerable" to sexual harassment. In her survey of full-time editorial employees working at 26 Indiana dailies, Flatow (1994) found that 6.6 percent of the men had experienced physical sexual harassment