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Continue Narnia redirects here. For other purposes, see Narnia (disambigation). This article is about a series of books. For the film series, see (film series). A series of children's fantasy novels by C.S. Lewis Chronicles narnia Chronicles of Narnia Box set (in order of publication) Leo, Witch and The Wardrobe (1950) (1951) The Journey of Dawn Treader (1952) Silver Chair (1953) Horse and His Boy (1954) Nephew of the Magician (1955) of the 1956 Author. S. LewisIllustratorPaulin BaynesCountryUnited KingdomGenreFantasyChildren's literaturePublisherGeoff Breyles (books 1-5)Head of Bodley (books 6-7)HarperCollins (current; Worldwide) Published October 16, 1950 - September 4, 1956Media TypePrint (hardcover and paperback) Chronicles of Narnia is a series of fantastic novels by British writer C.S. Lewis. Written by Lewis, illustrated by Pauline Baines, and originally published in London between 1950 and 1956, The Chronicles of Narnia has been adapted for radio, television, stage and film. The series takes place in the fictional kingdom of Narnia, a fantastic world of magic, mythical beasts and talking animals. It tells the story of the adventures of various children who play a central role in the unfolding history of the Narn world. With the exception of , the main characters are all children from the real world who are magically transported to Narnia, where they are sometimes called by the lion to protect Narnia from evil. The books cover the entire history of Narnia, from its creation in The Magician's Nephew to its eventual destruction in the last battle. The Chronicles of Narnia is considered a classic of children's literature and is a bestseller by Lewis, selling more than 100 million copies in 47 languages. Backstory and conception Although Lewis originally conceived what would become the Chronicles of Narnia in 1939 (Faun's picture with parcels in a snow-covered forest has a history dating back to 1914), he did not finish writing the first book of The Lion, The Witch and the Closet until 1949. The magician's nephew, the penultimate book to be published, but the last one to be written, was completed in 1954. Lewis did not write the books in the order in which they were originally published, nor were they published in their current chronological order of presentation. The original illustrator, Pauline Baines, created drawings of pen and ink for Narnia's books, which are still used in publications published today. Lewis was awarded the 1956 Carnegie Medal for his last battle, the last book of the saga. The series was first named The Chronicle of Narnia by fellow children's author Roger Lancelin Green in March 1951, after he read and discussed with Lewis his recently completed fourth book Silver Chair, originally entitled Night Under Narnia. Lewis The origin of leo, witch and wardrobe in an essay titled It all started with a picture: Leo it all started with a picture of Faun with an umbrella and parcels in a snowy forest. This picture has been in my head since I was about sixteen years old. One day, when I was in my forties, I said to myself, Let's try to make history about it. Shortly before the outbreak of World War II, many children were evacuated to an English village in anticipation of Nazi Germany's attacks on London and other large urban areas. As a result, on 2 September 1939, three schoolgirls named Margaret, Mary and Catherine came to live in The Furnace at Risinghurst, Lewis's home three miles east of Oxford city centre. Lewis later suggested that this experience gave him a new appreciation of the children, and in late September he began the children's story on a strange piece of paper that was preserved as part of another manuscript: This book about four children whose name was Anne, Martin, Rose and Peter. But most of all about Peter, who was the youngest. All of them had to leave London suddenly because of air raids, and because the father, who was in the army, went to war, and his mother did some military work. They were sent to stay with some kind of bonding mother who was a very old professor who lived alone in the country. In It All Started With a Picture, C. S. Lewis continues: At first, I knew very little about how the story would go. But suddenly Aslan entered it. I think I had a lot of lion dreams about that time. Besides, I don't know where Leo came from or why he came from. But once he was there, he pulled the whole story together, and soon he pulled six other Narnian stories in after him. Although Lewis admitted to not knowing the source of his inspiration for Aslan, Jared Lobdell, digging into Lewis's story to explore the creation of the series, suggests that Charles Williams' 1931 novel The Place of the Lion is a likely influence. The manuscript of Lion, Witch and Wardrobe was completed by the end of March 1949. The name Narnia is based on Narni, Italy, written in Latin as Narnia. Green wrote: When Walter Hooper asked where he found the word Narnia, Lewis showed him the Murray Small Classic Atlas, edited by G.B. Grundy (1904), which he acquired when he read the classic with Mr. William T. Kirkpatrick in the Great Bookham (1914-1917). On the slab 8 Atlas is a map of ancient Italy. Lewis emphasized the name of a small town called Narnia, simply because he liked its sound. Narnia - or Narni in Italian - is in Umbria, halfway between Rome and Assisi. The history of the publication of the Chronicles of the seven books of Narnia has been in continuous release since 1956, selling more than 100 million copies in 47 languages and with editions in The first five books were originally published in the United Kingdom by Jeffrey Blaise. The first edition of The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe was released in London on October 16, 1950. Although three more books, Prince Caspian, The Journey of Dawn Treader and The Horse and His Boy, were already completed, they were not released immediately at the time, but instead appeared (along with ) one in each of the subsequent years (1951-1954). The last two books (The Wizard's Nephew and the Last Battle) were published in the UK in 1955 and 1956 by The Bodley Head. In the United States, publishing rights first belonged to Macmillan Publishing and then HarperCollins. The two issued both hardcover and paperback editions of the series during their tenure as publishers, at the same time Scholastic, Inc. produced paperback versions for sale primarily through direct mail order, book clubs, and book fairs. HarperCollins has also published several one-volume collected editions containing the full text of the series. As noted below (see Order of Reading), the first American publisher, Macmillan, numbered the books in a sequence of publications, while HarperCollins, at the suggestion of the pasquer Lewis, decided to use the internal chronological order of the series when they won the rights to it in 1994. Scholastic switched the numbering of its soft cover editions in 1994 to mirror that of HarperCollins. Books Seven Books that make up the Chronicles of Narnia are presented here in the order of the original publication date: Leo, The Witch and the Wardrobe (1950) The main article: The Lion, The Witch and the Closet Lion, The Witch and the Closet, completed by the end of March 1949 and published by Jeffrey Bles in the United Kingdom on 16 October 1950, tells the story of four ordinary children: Peter, Susan, Edmund, and , who were evacuated to the English countryside from London after the outbreak of World War II. They discover the wardrobe in the house of Professor Digori Kirke, who leads to the magical land of Narnia. The children of Pevnessy help Aslan, a talking lion, save Narnia from the evil who reigned over the land of Narnia during the eternal winter of eternal winter without Christmas. Children become kings and queens of this new-found land and establish the Golden Age of Narnia, leaving a legacy that will be rediscovered in later books. Prince Caspian: Return to Narnia (1951) The main article: Prince Caspian, completed after Christmas 1949 and published on October 15, 1951, Prince caspian: Return to Narnia tells the story of the second trip of the children of Pevensi to Narnia, a year after their first. They are pulled by the force of the horn of Susan, blown up by The Prince of the Caspian to call for help in the hour of his need. Narnia as they knew it was no more than 1300 years their castle is in ruins, and all the narns have retreated so far within themselves that only Aslan's magic can wake them up. Caspian fled to the forest, fleeing his uncle , who usurped the throne. The children went to save Narnia again. Journey at Dawn Treader (1952) The main article: The Journey of Dawn Treader Written between January and February 1950 and published on September 15, 1952, The Journey of Dawn Treader sees Edmund and Lucy Pevensie, along with their prim cousin, , return to Narnia, three years after their last departure. Once there, they join the Caspian sea on dawn Treader to find the seven lords who were expelled when Miraz took the throne. This dangerous journey brings them face to face with many wonders and dangers as they sail to aslan's country on the edge of the world. Silver Chair (1953) Main article: The Silver Chair completed in early March 1951 and published on September 7, 1953, Silver Chair is Narnia's first book not involving Pevensie children, focusing instead on Eustace. A few months after The Dawn Journey, Aslan summons Eustathia back to Narnia with his classmate Jill Poul. They are given four signs to help them in the search for the son of Prince Caspian Rylian, who disappeared ten years ago in search to avenge the death of his mother. Fifty years have passed in Narnia after the events of the Dawn Treader Journey; Eustaphy is still a child, but Caspian, barely an adult in the previous book, is now an old man. Eustace and Jill, with the help of Marsh-wiggle, face danger and betrayal on their quest to find . Horse and His Boy (1954) The main article: Horse and His Boy Begun in March and completed in late July 1950, The Horse and His Boy was published on September 6, 1954. The action takes place during the reign of the singers in Narnia, an era that begins and ends in the last chapter of The Lion, The Witch and the Closet. The main characters, a boy named and a talking horse named Brie, both begin in slavery in the country of Kalorman. By chance, they meet and plan their return to Narnia and freedom. Along the way, they meet Araris and her talking horse , who also run to Narnia. Nephew of the Magician (1955) Main article: The Magician's Nephew completed in February 1954 and published by Bodley Head in London on May 2, 1955, The Magician's Nephew serves as a prequel and presents the origin story of Narnia: how Aslan created the world and how evil first entered it. Digori Kirk and his girlfriend Polly Plummer stumble upon different worlds, experimenting with the magic rings that Uncle Digori gives them. In 's dying world, they are awakened by the queen Jadis, and the other world turns out to be the beginning of the Narna world (where Jadis later becomes The Witch). The story takes place in 1900, when Digori was a 12-year-old boy. He is a middle-aged professor by the time he takes Pevensey's children to Lion, Witch and Wardrobe 40 years later. The Last Battle (1956) Main article: The Last Battle, completed in March 1953 and published on September 4, 1956, the Last Battle chronicles the end of the world of Narnia. Jill and Eustath return to save Narnia from the monkey , who deceives the donkey to impersonate Aslan's lion, thus precipitate the showdown between the Kalormen and King . This brings to the end of Narnia, as it is known throughout the series, but allows Aslan to lead the characters to the true Narnia. Reading Order Fans of the series often have strong opinions about the order in which books should be read. The issue revolves around placing the magician's nephew and the horse and his boy in the series. Both are set significantly earlier in Narnia's story than their publication order and fall somewhat outside the main story arc connecting the other. The order of reading the remaining five books is not disputed. 1970 Collier-Macmillan version of the paperback box set (cover of Roger Hahn), where the books are presented in the order of the original edition of the Book Published Internal Chronology of the Witch and the wardrobe 1950 1940 1000-1015 Prince caspian 1951 1941 2303 Journey Dawn Treader 1952 Summer 1942 2306-2307 Silver chair 1953 Autumn 1942 2356 Horse and his boy 1954 (1940) 1014 Magician Nephew 1955 1900 1 Last Battle 1956 1949 2555 When first published The books were not measured. The first American publisher, Macmillan, listed them in accordance with their original order for publication, while some early British publications indicated an internal chronological order. When HarperCollins took over the rights series in 1994, they took the inner chronological order. To make a case for internal chronological order, Lewis's stepson, Douglas Gresham, quoted Lewis's 1957 response to a letter from an American fan arguing with his mother about the order: I think I agree with your chronological order to read books more than your mother's order. The series was not pre-planned as she thinks. When I wrote Leo I didn't know I was going to write anymore. Then I wrote P. Caspian as a sequel and still didn't think there would be more, and when I made the journey I was quite sure it would be the last one, but I found that I was wrong. So maybe it doesn't really matter in what order someone read them. I'm not even sure that everyone else was written in the same way that they were published. In 2005 harperCollins adult editions of books the publisher quoted this letter to claim that Lewis preferred this notice on the copyright page: Although the Magician's Nephew was written a few years after C.S. Lewis first started the Chronicles of Narnia, he wanted it to be read as the first book in the series. HarperCollins is pleased to present these books in the order in which Professor Lewis preferred. Paul Ford quotes several scholars who have weighed against this view, and continues: Most scientists disagree with this decision and consider it the least true to Lewis's deepest intentions. Scholars and readers who appreciate the original order believe that Lewis was simply merciful to his young correspondent and that he could have changed the order of the books in his lifetime if he had wished. They argue that much of Narnia's magic comes from how the world is gradually represented in Lion, Witch and Wardrobe - that a mysterious wardrobe, like a narrative device, is a much better introduction to Narnia than the Wizard's Nephew, where the word Narnia appears in the first paragraph as something already familiar to the reader. Moreover, they say, it is clear from the texts themselves that The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe were meant to be read in the first place. When Aslan was first mentioned in Leo, the witch and the closet, for example, the narrator says that none of the children knew who Aslan was, no more than you - which is pointless if one has already read the Magician's Nephew. Other similar textual examples are given. Doris Meyer, author of Context and Face by C.S. Lewis: A Guide to C.S. Lewis, writes that the chronological permutation of stories reduces the influence of individual stories and hides literary structures in general. Peter Schakel devotes a whole chapter to this topic in his book Imagination and Art in C. S. Lewis: A Journey to Narnia and Other Worlds, and in Reading with Heart: The Way in Narnia He Writes: The only reason to read The Wizard's Nephew first, is absolutely irrelevant, as the reason. Often early events in the sequence have a greater impact or effect, like memories, said after later events that provide a background and establish perspective. So it's with the Chronicles. Artistry, archetypes and a sample of Christian thought make it preferable to read books in order to publish them. The main characters of Aslan Mein's article: Aslan Aslan, the Great Lion, is the lion of the same name, the witch and the wardrobe, and his role in Narnia develops throughout the remaining books. He is also the only character to appear in all seven books. Aslan is a talking lion, the king of beasts, the son of an emperor over the sea. He is a wise, compassionate, magical authority (both temporary and spiritual) who serves and a friendly guide to the human children who attend, as well as to be the guardian and savior of Narnia. C. S. Lewis described Aslan as an alternative version of Jesus as a form in which Christ could find himself in an alternate reality. (no quote) The Peevesea Family Four brothers and sisters of Pevensey are the main characters of the Chronicles of Narnia. Different combinations of some or all of them appear in five of the seven novels. They are presented in The Lion, The Witch and the Wardrobe (although we don't know their surname until the Journey of Dawn Treader), and eventually become the kings and queens of Narnia reigning as tetrarchy. Although presented in the series as children, the siblings grow up in adult reigning in Narnia. They return to the children as soon as they return to their own world, but feature as adults in the Horse and his boy during their reign of Narnian. All four appear in Leo, Witch and Closet and Prince Caspian; in the latter, however, Aslan tells Peter and Susan that they will not return because they are getting too old. Susan, Lucy and Edmund appear in Horse and His Boy - Peter is said to be far from fighting giants on the other side of Narnia. Lucy and Edmund appear in Journey at Dawn, where Aslan tells them they are too old. Peter, Edmund and Lucy appear as kings and queens in Aslan's country in the last battle; Susan doesn't. Asked in 1958 if he would write another book called Susan Narnia to reunite the entire Pevensey family, C.S. Lewis replied, I'm so glad you like Narn books, and it was nice to have you wrote and told me. There's no point in just asking me to write more. When stories come to my mind, I have to write them, and when they don't, I can't!... Lucy Pevensie Home article: Lucy Pevensie Lucy is the youngest of four siblings Pevensie. Of all the children of Pevnessy, Lucy is closest to Aslan, and of all the human characters who visit Narnia, Lucy is perhaps the one who believes in Narnia the most. In Leo, The Witch, and the closet she initiates the story by entering Narnia through the closet, and (with Susan) witnessing Aslan's execution and resurrection. Her name is the queen Lucy the Valiant. In Prince Caspian she first saw Aslan when he came to lead them. In Journey at Dawn, it's Lucy who breaks the spell of invisibility on the Dufflewoods. As an adult in Horse and his boy she helps fight the Calormenes in Anvard. Although a minor character in the Last Battle, much of the final chapter is viewed from her point of view. Edmund Pevensey Home article: Edmund Peevnessy Edmund is the second child to enter Narnia's Lion, The Witch, and the closet where he falls under the spell of the White Witch from the Turkish food she gives it to him. When he asked the Christian theme of this book about betrayal, repentance, and subsequent redemption with the help of a blood sacrifice, he betrays his brothers and sisters to the White Witch. But he quickly realizes its true nature and its evil intentions, and is redeemed by the victim of Aslan's life. His name is King Edmund Simple. In Prince caspian and Journey at Dawn he supports Lucy; in The Horse and His Boy he led the Narn delegation in Kalormen and then the Narna army, breaking the siege in Anvard. Home article: Susan Pevensie's The Lion, The Witch, and Susan's closet accompanies Lucy to see Aslan die and rise again. Her name is the queen Susan Tender. In Prince Caspian, however, she is the last of the four to believe and follow Lucy when the latter is called Aslan to guide them. As an adult queen in Horse and his boy she is cocuted by Prince Kalormen, but refuses his marriage proposal, and his angry response leads the story to its climax. In the last battle, we are told that she stopped believing in Narnia and remembers it only as a childhood game, although Lewis mentioned in a letter to a fan that he thought she might eventually believe again: Books don't tell us what happened to Susan... But she has plenty of time to wash up, and maybe she will eventually get to Aslan's country in her own way. Peter Pevensey Home article: Peter Peevesy Peter is the senior of the Pevensies. In Lion, Witch and Closet, he kills a talking wolf to save Susan, and leads a Narna army against the White Witch. Aslan calls him the High King, and he is known as Peter the Magnificent. In the Prince of the Caspian he dueled the usurper of King Miraz to restore the throne of the Caspian Sea. In the last battle it was Peter Aslan who was charged with closing the door to Narnia for the last time. Eustace Scrubb Home article: Eustace Scrubb Eustace Clarence Scrubb is a cousin of the Pevensies, and classmate at her School Experimental House. He is portrayed at first as a boy and a bully, but comes to improve his nasty behavior when his greed turns him into a dragon for a while. His distress at having to live like a dragon makes him think about how awful he was, and his subsequent improved character is rewarded when Aslan changes him back into a boy. In later books, Eustace comes across as a much nicer person, though he is still quite grumpy and controversial. However, he becomes a hero along with Jill Pole, when the pair manages to free the lost Prince Rilian from the clutches of the evil witch. He appears in The Journey at Dawn, Silver Chair and The Last Battle. Jill Pole Home article: Jill Pole Jill Pole is a classmate of Eustace Scrubb. She appears in the Silver Chair, where she is a character's point of view for action, and returns in The last battle. In the Silver Chair, Eustaphy introduces her to the Narna world, where Aslan instructs her to illuminate a series of signs that will help her and Eustace in their search for the lost son of the Caspian Sea. In the Last Battle, she and Eustace accompany King Tiriana in his ill-fated defense of Narnia from the Kalormen. Digori Kirk Home article: Digori Kirk Digori Kirk is the character mentioned in the title of Nephew of the Magician. He first appears as a minor character in Lion, The Witch and The Closet, known only as The Professor, who takes the Pevensie children when they are evacuated from London and defends Lucy's story of having found the country in the back of a closet. In the Wizard's Nephew, a young Digori, thanks to his uncle's magical experiments, inadvertently leads Jadis from her dying native world of Charn to the newly created world of Narnia; Aslan sends him to a magic apple to protect Narnia and heal his dying mother. He returns to the last battle. Polly Plummer Home article: Polly Plummer Polly Plummer appears in The Magician's Nephew and The Last Battle. She is the neighbor of the young Digori Kirke. She is tricked by an evil magician (who is Uncle Digori) into touching a magic ring that transports her into the woods between worlds and leaves her there in distress. Angry uncle persuades Digori to follow her with a second magic ring, which has the right to return her. This sets the couple's adventures into other worlds, and they witness the creation of Narnia, as described in The Wizard's Nephew. She appears at the end of the Last Battle. Tumnus Home article: Mr. Tumnus Tumnus Faun, called Mr. Tumnus Lucy, is prominent in The Lion, Witch and Wardrobe, and appears in The Horse and his boy and the last battle. He is the first creature Lucy meets in Narnia, as well as the first Narnian to be featured in the series; he invites her to his house with the intention of betraying her to Jadis, but quickly repents and befriends her. In The Horse and His Boy, he develops a plan to escape the Narn delegation from Kalormen. He returns for a brief dialogue at the end of the last battle. The mental image of a faun in a snow-covered forest was Lewis's initial inspiration for the entire series; Tumnus is a faun. Caspian main article: Prince of the Caspian (symbol) Caspian is first presented in a book called In honor of him as a young nephew and heir to King Miraz. Fleeing the potential murder of his uncle, he becomes the leader of the Old Narna uprising against the occupation of Telmarin. With the help of pevensies, he defeats the army of Miraz and becomes King of the Caspian X Narnia. In Journey at Dawn, he leads an expedition to the eastern ocean to find the Seven Lords whom Miraz exiled, and eventually reach Aslan In the Silver Chair he makes two brief appearances as an old, dying man, but at the end rose to the end in aslan's country. 's main article: Trumpkin Trumpkin dwarf is the narrator of several chapters of the Prince of Caspian; he is one of the Caspian rescuers and a leading figure in the Old Narnian uprising and accompanies the Children of Peevesi from the ruins of Keir Paravel to the Old Narni camp. In Journey at Dawn, we learn that the Caspian made him his regent in Narnia while he is at sea, and he briefly appears in this role (now elderly and very deaf) in Silver Chair. Home article: Reepicheep Reepicheep Mouse is the leader of The Talking Mouse of Narnia in Prince of the Caspian. Absolutely fearless, unmistakably polite and possessed by honor, he is badly wounded in the final battle, but healed by Lucy and Aslan. In Journey at Dawn, his role is greatly expanded; he becomes a visionary as well as a warrior, and eventually his willingness to self-exile to aslan's country breaks the spell on the last three lost lords, thus achieving the ultimate goal of the quest. Lewis identified Reepicheep as a special example of the theme of the last book of spiritual life. The main article Puddleglum: Puddleglum Puddleglum the Marsh-wiggle directs Eustathia and Jill on their search in the Silver Chair. Although always comically pessimistic, it provides the voice of reason and as such intervenes critically in the climax of the charm scene. Shasta/Kor Main article: Shasta (Narnia) Shasta, later known as Cor Argenland, is the main character in Horse and His Boy. Born the eldest son and heir to King Luna Archenland, and the eldest twin of Prince Corinne, Kor was kidnapped in infancy and raised as the son of a fisherman in Kalormen. With the help of Brie's talking horse, Shasta escapes from sale into slavery and makes his way north to Narnia. On the way his companion Araris learns of the imminent Calormene sudden attack on Archenland; Shasta in time warns the archenlanders and discovers his true identity and original name. At the end of the story he marries Araris and becomes king of Argenland. Aravis Home article: Aravis Aravis, daughter of Kidrash Tarkaan, is the character in The Horse and his boy. Escaping from a forced hoop with a hideous Ahosta, she joins Shasta on his way and inadvertently eavesdropping on the plot of Rababash, Crown Prince Calorman, to invade Archenland. She later marries Shasta, now known as Prince Cor, and becomes the queen of Argenland by his side. Brie Home article: Breehy-hinny-brinny-hoohy-hah is a shasta of grief and a mentor to The Horse and his boy. Talking horse Narnia, he wandered into Kalormen as a colt and was captured. He first appeared as a military horse nobleman Of Kaloormen; When a nobleman buys Shasta as a slave, organizes carries out their joint escape. Although friendly, he is also vain and bragging before his meeting with Aslan at the end of the story. Tirian Home article: Tirian the Last King of Narnia is a character of viewpoint for much of the last battle. Recklessly killing Kalorman for abusing a Narn talking horse, he is imprisoned by the villainous monkey Shift, but released by Eustachy and Jill. Together they fight faithfully to the last and are welcomed in the Kingdom of Aslan. Antagonists Jadis, White Witch Home article: White witch Jadis, widely known during her reign of Narnia as the White Witch, is the main villain of The Lion, the Witch and the Closet and the magician's nephew - the only antagonist to appear in more than one book of Narnia. In Lion, Witch and Wardrobe, she is the witch responsible for freezing Narnia, leading to the Centennial Winter; she turns her enemies into statues and kills Aslan on a , but is killed by him in battle after his resurrection. In The Wizard's Nephew she wakes up from Digori's magical dream in Charn's dead world and is inadvertently taken to Victorian London before being transported to Narnia, where she steals an apple to give her the gift of immortality. Miraz Home article: Miraz King Miraz is the leading villain of Prince Caspian. Before the book was opened, he assassinated King Caspian IX, the father of the titular prince of the Caspian Sea, and usurped his throne as King of the Telmarine Colonizers in Narnia. He raises the Caspian as his heir, but seeks to kill him after the birth of his own son. As the story progresses, he leads the Tylmarine War against the Old Narnian Rebellion; he was defeated in one battle by Peter, and then killed by one of his lords. Lady Green Kirtle Home article: Lady Green Kirtle Lady Green Kirtle is the leading villain of the Silver Chair, and is also mentioned in this book as the queen of Handiland or simply as the Witch. She rules the underworld through the magical control of the mind. Before the events of the Silver Chair, she killed the queen of the Caspian Sea, and then seduced and kidnapped his son Prince Rylian. It confronts the main actors in their search and sends them astray. Faced with them later, she tries to enslave them magically; when this fails, she attacks them in the form of a snake and dies. Rabadash's main article: Rabadas Prince Rababash, heir to the throne of Kalormen, is the chief antagonist of the Horse and His Boy. Hot, arrogant and entitled, he brings the queen Susan Narnia - along with a small retinue of Narns, including King Edmund - to Calorman in the hope that Susan will marry him. When the Narns realize that Rabadas can force Susan to accept his marriage proposal, they will kick Susan out of Kaloorman on the ship. Outraged, Rabadas begins a surprise attack on Argenland with the intention of the raider's capture of Narnia and the capture of Susan. His plan is thwarted when Shasta and Aravis warn the Argenlands of his impending strike. After Edmund's capture, Rabadas blasphemes against Aslan. Aslan then temporarily turns him into a donkey as punishment. Shift Monkey Home article: Shift (Narnia) Shift is the most famous villain of the last battle. He's an elderly talking monkey - Lewis doesn't specify which monkey, but Pauline Bynes's illustrations portray him as a chimpanzee. He persuades the naive donkey Puzzle to pretend to be Aslan (wearing the lion's skin) in order to seize control of Narnia, and continues to cut down the forests, enslave other Talking Beasts and invite the Kalormen to invade. He loses control of the situation due to excessive indulging in alcohol, and is eventually swallowed up by the evil god Calormene . Название персонажей Племянник мага - Дигори Кирк (Эндрю Кеттерли волшебник) Лев, Ведьма и шкаф - Аслан, Джадис Лошадь и его мальчик - Бри, Шаста Принц Каспиан — Принц Каспийский Появление главных героев Книги персонажей «Лев, колдунья и платяной шкаф» (1950) Принц Каспий: Возвращение в Нарнию (1951) Путешествие на рассвете (1952) Серебряный Председатель (1953) Лошадь и его мальчик (1954) Племянник мага (1955) Последняя битва (1956) Всего появления Аслан майор 7 Питер Pevensie Майор Малый 3 Сьюзен Pevensie Майор Малый 3 Эдмунд Pevensie Основные Малые 5 Люси Pevensie Основные Малые Минор 5 Eustace Scrubb Майор 3 Джилл Полюс Майор 2 (профессор) Дигори Кирк Малой Малый Малый 3 Полли Пламмер Майор Малый 2 (г-н) Tumnus Major Minor Minor 3 Принц/Король Каспийский Майор Малый Камео 4 Трампкин Гном Майор Малый Камео 3 Reepicheep Мышь Малый Малый Малый 3 Puddleglum Майор Камео 2 Шаста (Принц Кор) Майор Камео 2 Аравис Тархина Майор Камео 2 Бри Майор Камео 2 Король Тириан Майор 1 Джадис (Белая Ведьма) Майор 2 Король Miraz Major 1 Lady Green Kirtla Major 1 Prince Rabadash Major 1 Shift Monkey Major 1 Narnian Geography Map of David Bedell's fictional universe of the Narnian world. The Chronicles of Narnia describe a world in which Narnia exists as one large land surrounded by the ocean. The capital of Narnia is located on the eastern edge of the land on the shores of the Great Eastern Ocean. This ocean contains islands explored in the Treder Dawn Journey. On the main land, Lewis hosts the countries of Narnia, Argenland, Kalormen and Telmar, as well as a number of other areas that are not called countries. The author also provides glimpses of the more fantastic places that exist in and around Narnia's main world, including the edge and the underworld. The impact on Lewis Lewis's life has parallels with the Chronicles of Narnia. At the age of seven, he moved with family in a large house on the outskirts of Belfast. His long corridors and empty rooms inspired Lewis and his brother to invent worlds, exploring their home, an activity reflected in Lucy Narnia's discovery of the Lion, the Witch and the Closet. Like Caspian and Rilian, Lewis lost his mother at an early age, spending most of his youth in English boarding schools, similar to those attended by The Peevesea children, Eustace Scrubber and Jill Poul. During World War II, many children were evacuated from London and other urban areas due to German air raids. Some of these children, including one named Lucy (Lewis's godmother) stayed with him in his home oven near Oxford, just as the Pevensies stayed with the professor in Leo, the witch and the closet. Drew Trotter, president of the Center for Christian Studies, noted that the producers of The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe believe that the book's plots adhere to the archetypal monomite detailed in Joseph Campbell's Hero with a Thousand Faces. Lewis was widely read in medieval Celtic literature, an influence reflected in all books, and most strongly in The Dawn Treader Journey. The whole book imitates one of the immrama, a type of traditional Old Irish fairy tale that combines elements of Christianity and Irish mythology to tell the story of the hero's sea voyage to the underworld. Michael Ward's 2008 book Planet Narnia 40 suggests that each of the seven books related to one of the seven moving celestial bodies or planets known in the Middle Ages according to the Ptolemy geocentric model of cosmology (a topic to which Lewis has returned usually throughout his work). At the time, it was believed that each of these celestial bodies had certain attributes, and Ward claims that these attributes were intentionally but subtly used by Lewis to present elements of the stories of each book: In Leo (children's heroes) become monarchs under sovereign Jove; in the Prince of the Caspian, they harden under a strong Mars; in Dawn Treader they drink light under the search for Salt; in the Silver Chair, they learn obedience under the moon's command; in The Horse and His Boy they love poetry under the eloquent Mercury; in the Nephew of the Mag they receive the fruits of life under the fertile Venus; and in the Last Battle they suffer and die under the chilling saturn. Lewis's interest in the literary symbolism of medieval and Renaissance astrology is more open in other works, such as the study of medieval cosmology The Discarded Image, as well as in his early poetry, as well as in the space trilogy. Narnia researcher Paul F. Ford believes Ward's claim that Lewis intended the Chronicles to be the epitome of medieval astrology is implausible, though Ford turns to (2003) a version of Ward's thesis (also called Planet Narnia, published in Times Literary Supplement). Ford claims that Lewis did not start with a coherent plan for the books, but Ward's book responds to this by claiming that astrological associations have grown in writing: Jupiter was ... Lewis's favorite planet, part of the habitual furniture of his mind... Leo was thus the first example of this idea, which he wanted to try. Prince Caspian and Dawn Treader naturally followed, because Mars and Salt were already connected in his mind with the virtues of Alexander's technique.... at some point after the beginning of the Horse and his boy he decided to treat all seven planets, during seven such procedures his idea would mean that he worked it out fully. The quantitative analysis of the images in the various books of the Chronicles gives mixed support to Ward's thesis: The Journey of Dawn Treader, The Silver Chair, The Horse and His Boy, and The Magician's Nephew really use concepts related to, respectively, Saul, Moon, Mercury, and Venus, much more often than the chance would have predicted, but the Lion, the Witch, and the closet, the Prince of the Caspian, and the Last Battle of the The influence of George Macdonald's Phantastes literature (1858) influenced the structure and setting of the Chronicles. It was a work that was a great balm for the soul. Plato had an undeniable influence on Lewis's writing of The Chronicle. Most obviously, Digori directly refers to Plato's name at the end of the Last Battle to explain how the old version of Narnia is a shadow of the recently revealed true Narnia. Plato's influence is also evident in the Silver Chair, when the queen of Hvini tries to convince the main characters that the superficial world is not real. She repeats the logic of Plato's cave, comparing the sun with the next lamp, claiming that reality is only what is perceived in close physical proximity. The White Witch in the Lion, The Witch and the Wardrobe has many features, both appearance and character, with the villainous Dussa from Edmund Spencer's Fairy queens, a work that Lewis has studied in detail. Like Duessa, she falsely styles herself a queen; she misleads Edmund with false temptations; it turns people into stone as Duessa turns them into trees. Both villains wear luxurious clothes and deck their carriage with bells. In The Wizard's Nephew, Jadis takes on the echoes of Satan from John Milton's The Lost Paradise: she climbs over the wall of the garden of paradise in disrespect to the order to enter only at the gate, and continues to tempt Digori when Satan tempts Eve with lies and half-truths. Similarly, Lady Green Kirtla in the Silver Chair remembers both snaked women into the Fairy queen and turning Satan into a snake in a lost paradise. Lewis read Edith Nesbit's children's books as a child and loved them very much. He described The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe at the time of its completion as a children's book in the tradition of E. Nesbit. The Wizard's nephew, in particular, bears a strong resemblance to Nesbit's Amulet Story (1906). This novel is dedicated to four children living in London who discover a magical amulet. Their father left, and their mother is sick, as in the case of Digori. They manage to transport the queen of ancient Babylon to London, and she is the cause of the riot; In addition, Polly and Digori transported the queen Jadis to London, which caused a very similar incident. Marsha Daigle-Williamson argues that Dante's Divine Comedy had a significant influence on Lewis's writings. In the Narnia series, she defines this influence as the most obvious in The Journey at Dawn and Silver Chair. Daigle-Williamson identifies the plot of Travels at Dawn as a Dantean way with parallel structure and similar themes. She also draws numerous connections between the Silver Chair and the events of Dante's Inferno. Colin Duriz, writing about common elements found in the works of Lewis and J.R. R. Tolkien, emphasizes the thematic similarity between tolkien Imram's poem and Lewis's The Journey of Dawn. Influence on other works of the Chronicle of Narnia is considered a classic of children's literature. The influence on the Literature of the Chronicles of Narnia has a significant impact on both adult literature and children's fantasy literature in the post-World War II era. In 1976, scientist Susan Cornell Posenzer praised Lewis for his strangely powerful fantasies. The ponzer argued that children could relate to Narnia's books because the characters and heroines were realistic characters, each with their own distinctive voice and personality. In addition, the main characters become powerful kings and queens who decide the fate of the kingdoms, while the adults in the books of Narnia are usually buffoons, who, inverting the normal order of things was pleasant for many young people. However, Posekanzer criticized Lewis for what she saw as scenes of gratuitous violence that she felt was upsetting children. Poskanzer also noted Lewis presented his Christian message subtly enough to avoid boring children with explicit sermons. Examples include: Philip Pullman's fantasy series His Dark Materials is seen as a response to The Chronicles. Pullman is a self-described atheist who completely rejects the spiritual themes that permeate the Chronicles, but his series nonetheless addresses many of the same issues and introduces some similar types of characters, including talking animals. In another parallel, the first In each series - The Northern Lights of Pullman and The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe - both open with a young girl hiding in a wardrobe. Bill Willingham's fables comic book series makes reference at least twice to the King under the title The Great Lion, a thinly veiled reference to Aslan. The series avoids explicitly referring to any symbols or works that are not in the public domain. (quote necessary) The Novel Bridge to Terabithia by Catherine Paterson has Leslie, one of the main characters, reveal Jesse's love for Lewis's books, subsequently lending his Chronicles to Narnia so he can learn to behave like a king. Her book also has the name of the island Terabithia, which sounds similar to Terebinthia, a Narna island that appears in the Prince of the Caspian and the journey of Dawn Treader. Catherine Paterson herself admits that Terabithia will probably be derived from Terebinthia: I thought I did it. Then, rereading C.S. Lewis's Journey at Dawn, I realized that I probably got it from the island of Terebintia in this book. However, Lewis probably got that name from the tree terebinta in the Bible, so we both pinched from somewhere else, probably unconsciously. The story of science fiction author Greg Egan Oracle depicts a parallel universe, in which the author nicknamed Jack (lewis nickname) wrote novels about the fictional Kingdom of Nestik and whose wife dies of cancer, in parallel with the death of Lewis' wife Joy Davidman. Several Narn allegoities are also used to study issues of religion and faith compared to science and knowledge. Leo Grossman's best-selling New York Times Wizards is a modern dark fantasy about an unusually gifted young man obsessed with Fillory, the magical land of his favorite children's books. Fillory is a thinly veiled replacement for Narnia, and it is obvious that the author expects it to be experienced as such. Not only is the land home to many similar talking animals and mythical creatures, but also access through the grandfather's watch at the uncle's house, to which five English children are sent during World War II. In addition, the land is ruled by two Aslan-like sheep named Amber and Umber, and terrorized watcherwoman. She, like the White Witch, freezes the earth in time. The plot of the book revolves around a place very similar to the tree between the worlds from The Wizard's Nephew, an interworldly station in which water pools lead to other lands. This reference to the Wizard's Nephew is reflected in the title of the book. JK Rowling, author of the Harry Potter series, said she was a fan of Lewis's work as a child and cites The Chronicle's influence on her work: I was thinking about the wardrobe route to Narnia when Harry was told he should throw himself at the barrier in Kings Cross it dissolves and it's on the Platform Nine and Three Quarters, and there's a train for Hogwarts. Still, she tries to highlight the differences between Narnia and her world: Narnia is literally a different world, she says, while in the harry books you enter the world in a world that you can see if you belong. A lot of humor comes from the clashes between magic and everyday worlds. There's no great humour in Narnia's books, although I adored them when I was a kid. I'm so caught up I don't think CS Lewis was particularly preaching. Reading them now I believe that his subliminally subliminally subliminally subliminally. New York Times writer Charles McGrath notes the similarities between Dudley Dursley, the hideous son of Harry's disparaging guardians, and Eustaphy Scrubb, a spoiled boy who torments the main characters until he is redeemed by Aslan. Pakkins' Land comic book series Gary and Rhodo Shipman, in which a small child finds himself in a magical world filled with talking animals, including a lion named King Arya, has been positively compared to the Narnia series. The Shipmans cited the influence of C.S. Lewis and the Narnia series in response to readers' letters. Influence on popular culture, as in any popular long-lived work, modern culture is replete with references to the lion Aslan, traveling through the wardrobe and direct mentions of chronicles. Examples include: Charlotte Staples Lewis, a character first seen at the start of the fourth season of the TV series Lost, named in association with C.S. Lewis. Lost producer Damon Lindelof said this was the key to which direction the show would take during the season. The book Ultimate Lost and Philosophy, edited by William Irwin and Sharon Kay, contains a comprehensive essay on lost's plot motifs, based on The Chronicles. The second SNL Digital Short by Andy Samberg and Chris Parnell includes a humorous hip- hop song called Chronicles of Narnia (Lazy Sunday), which focuses on the artists' plan to see The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe in the cinema. It has been described by Slate magazine as one of the most culturally significant Saturday Night Live parodies in years, and an important commentary on the state of rap. Swedish Christian power metal band Narnia, whose songs are mostly about the Chronicles of Narnia or the Bible, show Aslan on all the covers of their albums. The song Further Up, Further In from the album Room to Roam by Scottish-Irish folk-rock band The Waterboys is heavily influenced by The Chronicles of Narnia. The title is taken from a passage in the Last Battle, and one verse of the song describes swimming to the end of the world to meet the king, similar to the end of Voyage of the Dawn Treader. C.S. Lewis is clearly recognized as an influence on CD notes from 1990. During the interview, the main creator of the Japanese anime and game series Digimon said that he was inspired and influenced by the Chronicles of Narnia. Christian-themed Main Article: Religion in the Chronicles of Narnia Lewis was the author of a number of works on Christian apologists and other Christian-themed literature before writing Narnia books. Aslan's character is widely recognized by literary academies as based on Jesus Christ. Lewis did not originally plan to include Christian theological concepts in his stories about Narnia. Lewis argued that Narnia's books were not allegorical, preferring to call them Christian aspects presumption. The Chronicles therefore have a large Christian number of Christians and are widely used to promote Christian ideas. However, some Christians object that the Chronicles promote the soft sale of paganism and occultism because of repetitive pagan images and themes. When Lewis wrote The Lion, the Witch, the Witch and the Wardrobe, he clearly wanted to create a world in which there were no people at all. As the titles of Mr. Tumnus's books show, in this world people are the creations of myth, while its common daily reality includes faun and other beings that are a myth in our world. This worked well for the first volume of the series, but for later volumes Lewis came up with graphics that required having more human existence in this world. In the Prince of caspian, he still retained the original structure and explained that more people had come from our world at a later time, capturing Narnia. However, he later gave up and changed the whole concept of this world - there were always so many people in this world, and Narnia is just one special country with a lot of talking animals and fauns, dwarves, dwarves, etc. that he is a dwarf who shaved off his beard -- there would be a much simpler and more obvious explanation for his origin. And in fact, in this revised world it's not entirely clear why the four pevensie children are singled out for The Thrones of Narnia, over so many other people in the world. (...) However, we just have to live with these flaws, and enjoy every Book of Narnia to its merits. Accusations of gender stereotypes In later years, Lewis and the Chronicles were criticized (often by other fantasy fiction authors) for gender stereotypes, though other authors defended Lewis in the field. Most of the allegations of sexism focus on Susan Pevensey's description of the Last Battle, when Lewis writes that Susan is no longer a friend of Narnia and interested in anything now other than nylon lipstick and invitations. Philip Pullman, an inanimate of Lewis on many fronts, calls Narnia's stories monumentally dismissive of women. His interpretation of Susan's passages reflects this view: Susan, like Cinderella, is going through a transition from one stage of her life to another. Lewis didn't approve of it. He doesn't like women in general, or sexuality at all, at least at a stage in his life when he wrote Narnia's books. He was frightened and appalled at the thought of wanting to grow up. In Neil Gaiman's 2004 fantasy novel The Susan Problem (2004), an elderly woman, Professor Hastings, recounts the grief and trauma her family suffered in a train accident. Although the woman's maiden name is not disclosed, details throughout history strongly imply that this character - an elderly Susan Peevessi. The story is written for an adult audience and deals with issues of sexuality and violence and through it Gaiman presents criticism of Lewis Susan's treatment as well as the problems of evil as it relates to punishment and salvation. Lewis's supporters cite the positive roles of women in the series, including Jill Poul in Silver Chair, Aravis Tarkhina in The Horse and His Boy, Polly Plummer in The Wizard's Nephew and, among others, Lucy Peevescie in The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe. Alan Jacobs, professor of English at Wheaton College, argues that Lucy is the most remarkable of human characters, and that overall girls depart better than boys throughout the series (Jacobs, 2008: 259). Unreliable source? In her contribution to the Chronicles of Narnia and Philosophy, Karin Fry, Associate Professor of Philosophy at the University of Wisconsin, Stevens Point, notes that the most sympathetic female characters in the Chronicles consistently are those who question the traditional roles of women and prove their worth aslan through active participation in adventures like boys. Fry goes on to say: The characters have positive and negative things to say about male and female characters, suggesting gender equality. However, the problem is that many of the positive qualities of female characters seem to be the ones by which they can rise above their femininity... The superficial nature of stereotypical women's interests is condemned. Taking a generally different stance, Monica B. Hilder carefully envelops the female spirit seen in each book in the series, and suggests that critics tend to misinterpret Lewis's view of the field. As she put it ... we assume that Lewis is sexist when he actually applauds female heroic. To the extent that we have not explored our own chauvinism, we demean female qualities and extol male without noticing Lewis does the opposite. Accusations of racism In addition to sexism, Pullman and others have also accused the Narnia series of promoting racism. Over alleged racism in Horse and his boy, newspaper editor Kyrie O'Connor wrote: While the virtues of the book's story are enormous, you don't have to be bluestocking of political correctness to find some of this anti-Arab, or anti-Eastern, or anti-Ottoman fantasy. For all its stereotypes, mostly played for belly laughs, there are moments that you would love to stuff this story back into your closet. Gregg Easterbrook, writing in The Atlantic, said that Kalormen are unmistakable Muslim stand-ins, while writer Philip Hensher raises particular concerns that the reader may have the impression that Islam is a satanic cult. In refuting the accusation, speaking at the C. S. Lewis conference, Dr. Devin Brown argued that there was too much difference between Kalormen's religion and Islam, especially in the field of polytheism and human sacrifice, to make Lewis's letter critical to Islam. Nicholas Vanberg argued, echoing Mervyn Nicholson's claims, that accusations of racism in the books are simplification, but he argues that these stories use beliefs about human aesthetics, including equating dark skin with deformities that are traditionally associated with racist thought. Critics also debate whether Lewis's work represents a positive or negative view of colonialism. Nicole DuPlessis advocates for an anti-colonial point of view, arguing that the negative effects of colonial exploitation and the themes of animal rights and responsibility for the environment are emphasized in Lewis building a community of living things. On the negative examples of illegal rulers, Lewis builds the right relationship between people and nature, providing examples of rulers, such as the Caspian, who perform their duties to the environment. Claire Etcherling counters with her argue that these illegal rulers are often very dark-skinned and that the only legitimate rulers are those sons and daughters of Adam and Eve who adhere to Christian concepts of morality and governance - either white English children (such as Peter) or Narnians who possess characteristics valued and cultivated by the British (such as the Caspian). Adaptation of the Chronicles of Narnia Home article: Adaptation of the Chronicles of Narnia Television Various books from the Chronicles of Narnia have been adapted for television over the years. The lion, witch and wardrobe were first adapted in 1967. Comprised of ten episodes of thirty minutes each, the script was written by Trevor Preston, and directed by Helen Standage. The lion, witch and wardrobe was adapted again in 1979, this time as an animated co-producer Bill Bill and a seminar on children's television scripted by David D. Connell. Between 1988 and 1990, the first four books (as published) were adapted by the BBC as three TV serials. They also aired in America on the PBS/Disney show WonderWorks. They were nominated for a total of 14 Emmy Awards, including Outstanding Children's Program, and a number of BAFTA awards, including Best Children's Program (Entertainment/Drama) in 1988, 1989 and 1990. On October 3, 2018, C.S. Lewis announced that Netflix had acquired the rights to new film adaptations and television series, the adaptation of Narnia's books. According to Fortune, this was the first time that one company had the rights to the entire Narnia catalog. Entertainment One, which acquired the rights to produce Narnia's fourth film, also joined the series. Mark Gordon, Douglas Gresham and Vincent Sieber will serve as executive producers. Radio A's critically acclaimed drama bbce BBC Radio 4 was produced in the 1980s, starring Maurice Denham as Professor Kirk. Collectively titled Tales of Narnia, the programs covered the entire series with a working time of about 15 hours. In the UK, BBC Audiobooks release both audio cassettes and CD versions of the series. (quote is needed) Between 1998 and 2002, Focus on the Family produced a radio dramatization of the entire series through its radio theatre program. More than 100 performers took part, including Paul Scofield as the narrator and David Souschet as Aslan. Accompanied by an original orchestral score and a digital sound design of cinema-quality, the series was organized by Lewis' stepson Douglas Gresham and worked for just over 22 hours. Recordings of the entire adaptation were released on CD between 1999 and 2003. (quote needed) Stage Many stage adaptations of Lion, Witch and Wardrobe have been produced over the years. In 1984, Vanessa Ford Productions presented Leo, The Witch and the Wardrobe at London's Westminster Theatre. Adapted by Glyn Robbins, the play was directed by Richard Williams and designed by Marty Flood. The production was later revived at Westminster and the Royal Theatre and toured until 1997. Other fairy tales from The Chronicle were also staged, including Journey at Dawn (1986), The Wizard's Nephew (1988) and The Horse and His Boy (1990). In 1997, Trumpets Inc., a Philippine Christian theater and music production company, released a musical rendition of Lion, Witch and Wardrobe, that Douglas Gresham, Lewis' stepson (and co-producer of the Walden Media film adaptation), openly stated that he feels the closest thing to Lewis's intentions. The book and lyrics were written by Jaime del Mundo and Luna Inocyan, while the music was written by Lito Villarreal. [109] [110] In 1998, Stratford-upon-Avon premiered the film The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe. The novel was adapted as a musical production by Adrian Mitchell, with music by Sean Davey. The show was originally directed by Adrian Noble and designed by Anthony Ward, with a revival directed by Lucy Pittman-Wallace. Well received by the audience, the production is periodically re-watched by the RSC for several years after that. The main article of the film: The Chronicles of Narnia (film series) Premiered The Chronicles of Narnia: Prince Caspian in 2008 skeptical that any cinematic adaptation can make more fantastic elements and characters of the story realistic, and Lewis never sold the rights to the film series Narnia. Responding to a letter posed by a child in 1957, asking if Narnia's series could be on TV, C. S. Lewis replied: They wouldn't be good on television. Humanized beasts cannot be represented in the eye without becoming at once either disgusting or funny. I wish the idiots who run the world of cinema to understand that there are stories that are just for the ear. The first adapted novel was The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe. Released in December 2005, The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, The Witch and the Wardrobe was produced by Walden Media, distributed by Walt Disney Pictures, and directed by Andrew Adamson, with a screenplay by Ann Peacock, Stephen McLie and Christopher Marcus. The second adapted novel was The Chronicles of Narnia: Prince of the Caspian Sea. Released in 2008, it was co-produced by Walden Media and Walt Disney Pictures, co-written and directed by Andrew Adamson, with screenwriters including Christopher Marcus and Stephen McLie. In December 2008, Disney withdrew from funding for the remainder of the Narnia Chronicles series. However, Walden Media and 20th Century Fox were eventually co-produced by The Chronicles of Narnia: The Voyage of the Dawn Treader, which was released in December 2010. In May 2012, producer Douglas Gresham confirmed that Walden Media's contract with C.S. Lewis Estate had expired and that there was a moratorium on the production of any Narnia films outside Walden Media. On October 1, 2013, it was announced that C.S. Lewis had entered into an agreement with Mark Gordon to jointly develop and manufacture The Chronicles of Narnia: The Silver Chair. On April 26, 2017, Joe Johnston was hired to direct the film. In October, Johnston announced that filming would begin in late 2018. In November 2018, those plans were suspended as Netflix began developing adaptations of the entire series. See also the speculative portal of fiction Children's Literature portal Outline of Narnia Notes - Green and Hooper 2002, page 302-307. a b c d Lewis, C. S. (1982). On stories: And other essays about page 53. ISBN 0-15- 668788-7. b c d Ford 2005, page 24. Green and Hooper 2002, page 311. Ford 2005, page 106. Edwards, Owen Dudley (2007). British children's fiction in World War II. page 129. ISBN 978-0-7486-1650-3. Green and Hooper 2002, page 303. Lobdell, Jared (2016). Eight Children in Narnia: Creating a Children's Story. Chicago, Illinois: Open Court. page 63. ISBN 978-0-8126-9901-2. Green and Hooper 2002, page 306. Grundy, G.B. (1904). Plate 8. Murray's little classic atlas. London: J. Murray. Received on November 20, 2019. Kelly, Clint (2006). Dear Mr. Lewis. Answer. 29 (1). Received on September 22, 2008. Narnia's seven books have sold more than 100 million copies in 30 languages, and almost 20 million in the last 10 years alone, Edward, Gutmann (December 11, 2005). Narnia is trying to cash in on a double audience. The San Francisco Chronicle. Archive from the original on May 15, 2012. Received on September 22, 2008. Goodnight, Glen H. (August 3, 2010). Narnian editions and translations. Archive from the original on March 3, 2011. Received on September 6, 2010. Shakel 1979, page 13. Ford 2005, page 464. Green and Hooper 2002, page 307. Green and Hooper 2002, page 309. a b c Green and Hooper 2002, page 310. Green and Hooper 2002, page 313. Green and Hooper 2002, page 314. Hooper, Walter (1979). To outline the history of Narnian as far as we know. Past vigilant dragons: The Narnian Chronicles of C.S. Lewis. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co. pp. 41-44. ISBN 0-02-051970-2. Dorsett and Mead 1995. Ford 2005, p. xxiii-xxiv. Eric Brady (December 1, 2005). A closer look at the world of Narnia. USA today. Received on September 21, 2008. a b Schakel 1979. Rilstone, Andrew. What order should I read Narnia's Books (and does it matter?). On the life and opinions of Andrew Rilstone, the gentleman. Archive from the original on November 30, 2005. Ford 2005, page 474. See Walter Hooper in C. S. Lewis: Companion and Guide - The Lion, the Witch and the Closet by C.S. Lewis : Christian Allegory - Thematic Analysis. LitCharts.com. SparksNots. Received on May 10, 2020. Private Collection, Patricia Baird and Dorsett and Mead 1995, p. 67. Hooper 2007, page 1245 - Letter to Ann Jenkins, March 5, 1961 - Ford 2005, page 490. Ford 2005, page 491. Lewis, C.S. (1990). Surprised by the joy. Fount Paperback. page 14. ISBN 0-00-623815-7. Tracy W. Wilson (December 7, 2005). How Narnia works. HowStuffWorks. Received on October 28, 2008. Trotter, Drew (November 11, 2005). What did C.S. Lewis mean, and does it matter? U. Leadership was received on October 28, 2008. Huttar, Charles A. (September 22, 2007). Deep is the sea current: hints of the house (1). Mythlor. Received on March 28, 2011. Colin Duryez (2004). Field guide to Narnia. InterVarsity Press. 80, 95. Ward 2008. Ward 2008, page 237. Ford 2005, page 16. Ward 2008, Barrett, Justin L. (2010). Some planets in Narnia: quantitative study of the thesis of the Planet of Narnia (PDF). Seventh: Anglo-American Literary Review (Wheaton College). Received on April 28, 2018. Downing, David K. (2005). In the closet: C.S. Lewis and the Narnia Chronicles. Jossie Bass. 12-13. ISBN 978-0-7879-7890-7. William C. Johnson; Houtman, Marcia K. (1986). Platonic shadows in the chronicles of Narnia C. S. Lewis. Contemporary art research. 32 (1): 75–87. doi:10.1353/mfs.0.1154. Received on October 1, 2018. Hardy 2007, page 20-25. Hardy 2007, page 30-34. Hardy 2007, page 38-41. b Lindskug, Katherine Ann (1997). Journey to Narnia: Tales of C.S. Lewis explored. Hope Publishing House. page 87. ISBN 0-932727-89-1. Walsh, Chad (1974). C. S. Lewis: Apostle to Skeptics. Norwood. page 10. ISBN 0-88305-779-4. Daigle-Williamson 2015, page 5. Daigle-Williamson 2015, page 162-170. Daigle-Williamson 2015, page 170-174. Colin Duryez (2015). Bedeviled: Lewis, Tolkien and the shadow of evil. Downers Grove, Illinois: IVP Books. 180-182. ISBN 978-0-8308-3417-4. CS Lewis, Chronicles author narnia, honored in the corner of poets. Telegraph. Received february 24, 2013 - CS Lewis will be honored in the corner of the poets. BBC News. Received November 23, 2012 - Posenzer, Susan Cornell (May 1976). Thoughts on C.S. Lewis and the Chronicles of Narnia. Language arts. 53 (5): 523-526. Laura Miller (December 26, 2005). Far from Narnia. A New Yorker. Young, Katie (March 2008). Secular fantasy - flaws, but fascinating fiction by Philip Pullman. Reason. Chattaway, Peter T. (December 2007). Chronicles of atheism. Christianity today. Catherine Paterson (2005). The questions are for Katherine Paterson. The bridge to Terabithia. Harper Trophy. Egan, Greg (November 12, 2000). Oracle. Decatur Book Festival: Fantasia and its practice PWxyz. Publishers Weekly Blog. Archive from the original September 11, 2010. B renton, Jenny. The story of the Potter legend. The Sydney Morning Herald. Received on October 10, 2006. McGrath, Charles (November 13, 2005). Narn's skirmish. The New York Times. Received on May 29, 2008. The artist weaves faith in famous comics. Lubbockonline.com archive from the original dated September 27, 2015. Received on January 17, 2019. Jensen, Jeff, (February 20, 2008) 'Lost': Mind-Blowing Scoop from its producers, Entertainment Weekly. Received on October 29, 2008. William Irwin (2010). The Ultimate Lost and Philosophy Volume 35 of Blackwell's Philosophy and Pop Culture series. John Wylie and sons. page 368. ISBN 9780470632291. Josh Levin (December 23, 2005). The Chronicles of Narnia Rap. Slate. Received on December 19, 2010. Brennan, Herbie (2010). Across the closet: Your favorite authors on the C. S. Lewis Chronicles of Narnia. BenBella Books. page 6. Narnia. Encyclopedia Metallum. Received on December 15, 2010. Dimimon RPG. Gamers are hell. Received on July 26, 2010. Carpenter, Inklings, p.42-45. See also Lewis's own autobiography Surprised Joy and Root, Jerry; Martindale, Wayne (March 12, 2012). To quote Lewis. Tyndale House Publishers, Inc. p.59-. ISBN 978-1-4143-5674-7. Friskney, Paul (2005). Exchange of Narnia Experiences: Family Guide to Lion, Witch and The Closet by C.S. Lewis. Standard publishing house. page 12. ISBN 978-0-7847-1773-8. Chattaway, Peter T. Narnia baptizes - and protects - pagan mythology. Canadian Christianity. Kyos, Berit (December 2005). Narnia: Mixing truth and myth. Crossroads. Kyos ministries. Josh Hurst (December 5, 2005). Nine minutes of Narnia. Christianity Today Films. Archive from the original on March 12, 2008. C.S. Lewis, sneaky pagan. Christianity today. June 1, 2004. Archive from the original on May 26, 2011. Paganism of Narnia. Canadian Christianity. Cm. Is Ethism Important? in Lewis, C. S. (September 15, 2014). Hooper, Walter. ISBN 978-0-8028-7183-1. Ward, Gertrude. Narnia again. In Wheatley, Barbara, an Academic Roundtable for the Re-Study of Children's Literature of the 20th Century. a b Ezard, John (June 3, 2002). Narnia Books attacked as racist and sexist. Al. Flying: Extreme Visions of Fantasy Volume II. New York: The New American Library. ISBN 978-0-451-46099-8. b Wagner, Hank; Golden, Christopher; Bissett, Stephen R. (October 28, 2008). Prince of Stories: Many Worlds by Neil Gaiman. St. Martin's Press. page 395-. ISBN 978-1-4299-6178-3. Neil Gaiman (February 9, 2010). Fragile Things: Short Fiction and Miracles. Harper Collins. ISBN 978-0-06-051523-2. Anderson, RJ (August 30, 2005). Susan's problem. Rilston, Andrew (November 30, 2005). Lipstick on my scientist. a b Fry, Karin (2005). 13: No longer Narnia's friend: Paul in Narnia. In Bassham, Gregory; Walls, Jerry L. (The Chronicles of Narnia and Philosophy: Lion, Witch and Worldview. Chicago and La Salle, Illinois: Open Court. Hilder, Monica B. (2012). ISBN 978-1-4331-1817-3. Pullman attacks Narnia film plans. BBC News. October 16, 2005. O'Connor, Kyrie (December 1, 2005). Narnia's 5th book may not see the big screen. The Houston Chronicle. IndyStar.com. Archive from the original on December 14, 2005. Easterbrook, Gregg (October 1, 2001). In defense of C.S. Lewis. Teh Received on March 21, 2020. - Hensher, Philip (March 1, 1999). Don't let your children go to Narnia: C.S. Lewis's books are racist and misogynist. Institute of Discoveries. Devin Brown (March 28, 2009). The Chronicles of Narnia are sexist and racist?. Keynote address at the 12th Annual Conference of C. S. Lewis and inklings of the Calvin College Society. NarniaWeb. Nicolas Vanberg (2013). Noble and beautiful: Race and human aesthetics in the Chronicles of Narnia C.S. Lewis. Fafnir: Northern Journal of Science Fiction and Fantasy Research. 1 (3). Received on October 28, 2015. DuPlessis, Nicole (2004). EcoLewis: Conversation and Anti-colonialism in the chronicles of Narnia. In Dobrin, Sidney I.; Kidd, Kenneth B. Detroit: Wayne State University Press. 125. Echterling, Claire (2016). Postcolonial eco-criticism, classic children's literature and imperial-environmental imagination in the Chronicles of Narnia. 49 (1): 102. Family movie series Wonderworks. movieretriever.com archive from April 3, 2012. Bafta. Received on March 31, 2011. Children's nominations in 1989. Bafta. Received on March 31, 2011. Children's nominations in 1990. Bafta. Received on March 31, 2011. Beatrice Verhoeven (October 3, 2018). Netflix to develop the series, movies based on cs Lewis Chronicles narnia. Wrap. Received on October 3, 2018. Jenkins, Arik (November 1, 2018). Netflix looks in the closet to find Fantasy Hit. Fortune (paper). 178 (5): 19. Andreeva, Nelly (October 3, 2018). Netflix to develop The Chronicles of Narnia TV series and movies. Received on October 3, 2018. Wright, Greg. Reviews by Greg Wright - Narnia Radio Broadcasting. Archive from the original on July 10, 2005. Received on March 31, 2011. Garso, Scott; Garso, Teresa (October 14, 2012). Grazin Narnia. Philippine star. Received on July 9, 2015. Paul Simpson (2013). A Brief Guide to C. S. Lewis: From Simple Christianity to Narnia. Little, Brown Book Group. ISBN 978-0762450763. Received on July 9, 2015. Cavendish, Dominic (November 21, 1998). Theatre: Lion, Witch and Closet. Independent. Received on March 31, 2011. Melia, Liz (December 9, 2002). Attracting fairy tales is sure to fascinate everyone. Received on 31 March 2011. Hooper 2007, page 361 - Letter to Warren Lewis, March 3, 1940 - All My Road Before Me, June 1, 1926, page 405 - Patricia Baird, private collection - Sanford, James (December 24, 2008). Disney is no longer under the spell of Narnia. Disney is coming out of the third Film Narnia. Orlando Business Journal. December 29, 2008. Received on March 27, 2011. Gresham shares his plans for Narnia's next film. NarniaWeb. Received on November 19, 2017. Dave McNary (October 1, 2013). Mark Gordon The fourth film of Narnia. Different. Received on November 3, 2017. Justin Kroll, April 26, 2017. Captain America Director Joe Johnston Tips Narnia Revival Silver Chair (exclusive). Different. Received on November 3, 2017. The silver chair to start shooting 2018, Johnston says. NarniaWeb. Received on November 3, 2017. Beatrice Verhoeven (October 3, 2018). Netflix to develop the series, movies based on cs Lewis Chronicles narnia. Wrap. Received on November 28, 2018. Links to Daigle-Williamson, Marsha (2015). Reflection of the Eternal: Dante's Divine Comedy in the novels of C.S. Lewis. Peabody, Massachusetts: Hendrickson Publishers. ISBN 978-1-61970-665-1.CS1 maint: ref'harv (link) Dorsett, Lyle W.; Mead, Marjorie Lamp (1995). C. S. Lewis: Letters to children. Touchstone. ISBN 0-684- 82372-1.CS1 maint: ref'harv (link) Ford, Paul (2005). Narnia Satellite: A Complete Guide to the Magical World of the Chronicles of Narnia by C.S. Lewis ISBN 978-0-06-079127-8.CS1 maint: ref'harv (link) Green, Roger Lancelin; Hooper, Walter (2002). C. S. Lewis: Biography (Completely revised and expanded ed.). Harper Collins. ISBN 0-00-715714-2.CS1 maint: ref'harv (link) Hardy, Elizabeth Baird (2007). Milton, Spenser and Narnia Chronicles: literary sources for novels by C. S. Lewis. McFarland, Inc. ISBN 978-0-7864-2876-2.CS1 maint: ref'harv (link) Hooper, Walter (2007). Collected letters by C.S. Lewis, Volume III. ISBN 978-0-06-081922-4.CS1 maint: ref'harv (link) Shakel, Peter (1979). Reading with a Heart: The Way to Narnia. Grand Rapids: William B. Erdmans. ISBN 978-0-8028-1814-0.CS1 maint: ref'harv (link) Ward, Michael (2008). Planet Narnia: Seven heavens in the imagination of C.S. Lewis. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-531387-1.CS1 maint: ref'harv (link) Further reading Bruner, Kurt; Ware, Jim (2005). Finding God in the Land of Narnia. Tyndale House Publishing House. Bastard, Ned (2004). The Chronicles of Narnia's Guide to Understanding. Veritas Press. Goldthwaite, John (1996). Natural Makeup History: A Guide to the Major Works of great Britain, Europe and America. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-503806-4. , Adam (November 21, 2005). A prisoner of Narnia. A New Yorker. Gormley, Beatrice (2005). C. S. Lewis: The man behind Narnia. Grand Rapids, MICHIGAN: Eerdmans Books for Young Readers. ISBN 0-8028-5301-3. Jonathan Green (2007). Redesigned image. Times and seasons. Hayne, Rolland (2002). Christian Mythmakers: C.S. Lewis, Madeleine L'Engle, J.R. R. Tolkien, George McDonald, G.K. Chesterton, and others ISBN 978-0-940895-48-5. Holbrook, David (1991). Skeleton in the Closet: Fantasies of C.S. Lewis - Phenomenological Study. Bucknell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8387-5183-1. Alan Jacobs Narnian: the life and imagination of C.S. Lewis. HarperSanFranchisco. Jacobs, Tom (2004). Remembering the master mythologist and his connection with Santa Barbara. Santa Barbara: Santa Barbara News-Press. Isbn. Archive from the original on June 17, 2004. Kenneth Mackintosh (2006). Following Aslan: The Book of Initiations for Children. Anamchara Books. Moynihan, Martin, Ed. Latin letters by C.S. Lewis: C. S. Lewis and Don Giovanni Calabria. The press of St. Augustine. ISBN 978-1-890318-34-5. Joseph Pierce (2004). Literary giants, literary Catholics. Ignatius Press. ISBN 978-1-58617-077-6. Wikiquote's external link has quotes related to: The Chronicles of Narnia C.S. Lewis entry on BBC Religion's Secret Wardrobe BBC News, 18 November 2005 Extracted from chronicles of narnia complete book. chronicles of narnia complete set. chronicles of narnia complete pdf. chronicles of narnia complete book set

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