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Aronia (Chokeberry): an Underutilized, Highly Nutraceutical Plant

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Aronia (Chokeberry): an Underutilized, Highly Nutraceutical Plant Journal of Medicinally Active Plants Volume 8 Issue 4 Vol 8 Issue 4 December 2019 Aronia (Chokeberry): an underutilized, highly nutraceutical plant Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umass.edu/jmap Part of the Plant Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Shahin, Lubana; Sheriff S. Phaal; Brajesh N. Vaidya; James E. Brown; and Nirmal Joshee. 2019. "Aronia (Chokeberry): an underutilized, highly nutraceutical plant." Journal of Medicinally Active Plants 8, (4):46-63. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7275/q651-2w57 https://scholarworks.umass.edu/jmap/vol8/iss4/2 This Review is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of Medicinally Active Plants by an authorized editor of ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Shahin et al.: Aronia (Chokeberry): an underutilized, highly nutraceutical plant Aronia (Chokeberry): an underutilized, highly nutraceutical plant Lubana Shahin1, Sheriff S. Phaal1, Brajesh Nanda Vaidya1, James E. Brown2, Nirmal Joshee1* 1Graduate Program in Biotechnology, and 2Agriculture and Natural Resources Program, Agricultural Research Station, Fort Valley State University, Fort Valley, GA 31030, USA *Corresponding author: [email protected] Date received: October 11, 2019 Keywords: Chokeberry, medicinal, micromorphology, ornamental, pharmacological activities ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION Only a small number of plants have been In recent times, chokeberry (Aronia genus) has widely used regularly for food, fibers, shelter, attracted attention as food and a nutraceutical crop. industrial, cultural and medicinal purposes. The Aronia (Medik.), is a taxonomically complex and remaining plant diversity, terrestrial or marine, is misunderstood genus currently seeing a revival in underutilized. We summarize previous research North America as both an ornamental and fruit crop done on the various aspects of North American with a rich source of antioxidants. Aronia fruit, a native plant Aronia, which has many compounds berry, can be eaten whole (they are usually canned), in the berries and leaves that are potentially and are used for juice, jam, and wine production in beneficial for human health. Berries can be addition to its use as an ornamental shrubs for its white flower clumps. Various group of chemicals processed into many value- added products giving present in the plants and plant products can play role a boost to the local economy. Micromorphological in the prevention and treatment of diseases and studies indicate three types of trichomes present unfavorable health effects caused by exposure to on the leaves that are positive to diphenyl boric xenobiotic agents (Hao et al., 2015; Qader et al., acid-β-ethylamino ester (DPBA) reaction 2014). This has led to growing interest in suggesting presence of secondary metabolites. investigating plants for their active compounds These features can help taxonomists to solve beneficial for the human body (Borowska and classification problems among various Aronia Brzóska, 2016). The berries contain anthocyanins species and trichomes can be utilized for and procyanidins, well known for high antioxidative biotransformation studies. We conclude that capacity leading to antibacterial, anticancer, Aronia berries and leaves are rich in total antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, antimutagenic, polyphenol and flavonoid content that enables the antiviral, cardioprotective, gastroprotective, plant to register higher antioxidant activity in hepatoprotective, immunomodulatory and comparison to many other culinary herbs and radioprotective activities both in vitro and in vivo medicinal plants in use. A systematic study studies (Jurikova et al., 2017). Aronia juice is a good covering agronomy, phytochemistry, product option to add to the other fruit juice beverages to development and economic return potential is enhance the levels of anthocyanins and flavonoids. suggested based on a review of literature. Additionally, Aronia berries are immunomodulatory, 46 Journal of Medicinally Active Plants Vol. 8, Iss. 4 [2019], antibacterial, hepatoprotective, gastroprotective and preparation with enhanced shelf-life ‘pemmican’ anti-inflammatory, in nature and this potential has was prepared using animal fat, dried powdered meat, been evident in both in vitro, in cells or cell lines, and and the berries. North American settlers used berries in in vivo studies in humans or animals and the bark tissues as an astringent (Kokotkiewicz (Kokotkiewicz et al., 2010). et al., 2010). Although there are many research Aronia melanocarpa became popular in papers available on the bioactive compounds present Eastern European countries and Soviet Union in the in the berries, only a few studies investigate the 20th century and was used for the commercial bioactivity and micromorphology of leaves (Thi and production of fruits, juices and wines with the Hwang, 2014). suggestion that there are no toxic effects of black The major contribution of this communication is chokeberry fruits, juice and extracts (McKay, 2001; to compile previous research done on Aronia to Valcheva-Kuzmanova and Belcheva 2006). Later, comprehend its commercial potential in the context black chokeberries gained popularity as herbal of USA. Currently, Fort Valley State University medicine in Russia and Eastern European countries (FVSU) research field contains 150 A. melanocarpa as hypertensive and anti-atherosclerotic drug ‘Viking’ plants to study its adaptability in the middle (Kokotkiewicz et al., 2010). Early research on Georgia conditions as a commercial crop by chokeberries started with the focus on the prevention recording major traits like plant growth, flower and and treatment of non-communicable diseases (NCD) fruit setting. We report antioxidant capacity but now they are being studies for anti-xenobiotic measurement of shade dried ripe berries and leaves activity as well (Borowska and Brzóska, 2016; Hao for their possible use in value added products. A et al., 2015; Navaneethan and Rasool, 2014). Aronia detailed account of leaf micromorphology using melanocarpa fruits have one of the highest contents cleared leaf material and visible, fluorescent, and of polyphenols including flavonoids, anthocyanins, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) are also proanthocyanidins, flavanols, phenolic acids, and reported. flavonols (Hwang et al., 2014; Kulling and Rawel, 2008; Malien-Aubert et al., 2001; Oszmiański and MATERIALS AND METHODS Wojdylo, 2005; Rugina et al., 2011; Seidemann, 1993; Slimestad et al., 2005; Wu et al., 2004; Zheng All the available research covering various and Wang, 2003). Due to the high levels of various aspects of Aronia biology were collected and antioxidants, Aronia berries are one of the most summarized. effective fruits in treatment of chronic ailments Antioxidant studies. The leaves from pertaining to oxidative stress, diabetes, greenhouse-grown plants and fruits from nursery cardiovascular diseases, and cancer (Denev et al., were used for antioxidant capacity studies. Three 2012). replicates weighing one gram each of fresh leaves It serves as an alternative for non-native, and fruits were shade dried at room temperature (RT) invasive ornamental species and has been discovered (25 ± 2 oC) till weight became constant. Dried to be a rich source of antioxidants. Genus Aronia is samples were weighed and methanolic extraction native to North America and is used in the Native was carried out (Vaidya, 2013). Each extract was American medicine to treat various ailments evaluated for total polyphenol content (TPP), total (Moerman, 1998). Berries of A. melanocarpa have flavonoid content estimation, and antioxidant been traditionally used by Potawatomi Native capacity estimation using TROLOX Equivalent Americans to make tea to prevent and treat cold Antioxidant Capacity (TEAC) assay as optimized in (Kokotkiewicz et al., 2010). Both the Potawatomi our lab (Vaidya et al., 2013). The data obtained is and Abnaki Indian tribes consumed the berries for presented as the mean of three replicates and no food (Moerman, 1998). A nutritious food statistical analysis was performed. 47 Shahin et al.: Aronia (Chokeberry): an underutilized, highly nutraceutical plant Clearing of plant material. Leaf morphology was cold-hardy deciduous species of native North studied in cleared plant material. Leaves were American shrubs: Aronia melanocarpa (Michx.) Ell. collected from greenhouse and field grown plants (black chokeberry) and A. arbutifolia (L.) Pers. (red and washed under running tap water with a drop of chokeberry). Chokeberries are classified under the detergent for 30 minutes to remove spores and genus Aronia with 16 species (Engels and debris. Leaves were kept in 90 % ethanol overnight Brinckmann, 2014). According to Hardin (1973), to remove chlorophyll. After washing two times in black chokeberry is native from Newfoundland south water, leaves were transferred to a 5 % commercial to northern Georgia and Alabama, and north to bleach (Clorox®) solution for one hour. Leaves were Minnesota and southern Ontario, and that red washed three times for 15 min each in water and chokeberry is native to Newfoundland south to transferred to 1N sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution central Florida, west to east Texas. ‘Viking’ and for 3-6 h, periodically checking that plant material do ‘Nero’ cultivars of Aronia are self-fertile and popular not become too soft. Once the NaOH treatment was for fruit production in North America (McKay, over,
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