COMPHREHENSIVE DISTRICT AGRICULTURE PLAN (C-DAP)
COMPREHENSIVE DISTRICT AGRICULTURE PLAN (C-DAP) FOR RASHTRIYA KRISHI VIKAS YOJANA OF XIth FIVE YEAR PLAN
Prepared by District Agriculture Department Kolasib District FOREWORD
The National Development Council has set the goal of 4 per cent growth in the 11th plan by reorienting strategies of Agricultural Development towards meeting the needs of farmers and appropriate use of natural resources. The state governments are motivated to concentrate on finding and evolving suitable strategies with innovative technologies and projects for rejuvenation of agriculture in the country. The need for integrated local area plans, based on specific endowments and needs of each area, was stressed from the beginning of planned development. However, despite several reports and studies, only sporadic efforts and isolated cases of such planning could be located. It has therefore been decided by the Govt. of India that the 'District Plan Process' should be an integral part of the process of preparation of State. GoI Introduced a new Additional Central Assistance scheme to incentivize States to draw up plans for their agriculture sector more comprehensively, taking agro-climatic conditions, natural resource issues and technology into account, and integrating livestock, poultry and fisheries more fully. I appreciate the Department of agriculture at the state level also at the district level for their effort and coordination for preparation of C-DAPs in an appropriate manner consulting with all line departments of the state. I also congratulate all implementing agencies of RKVY to work with commitment for achieving the common goals in general and to improve the agriculture economy of the state.
Date Director Department of Agriculture
CONTENTS
Chapters Title Pages Chapter -1 Introduction 1.1 Methodology 1.2 Stages of District Planning 1.3 Vision Statement 1.4 Objectives of C-DAP 1.5 Expected Outcome Chapter - 2 Kolasib District Profile 2.1 DEMOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
2.2 Operational Land Holding 2.3 Land Characteristics 2.4 Soil fertility status 2.5 Climate 2.6 Agro – climatic zones 2.7 Flood and draughts in the district 2.8 Irrigation and ground water 2.9 Service centre in agriculture and allied sectors 2.10 Basic marketing infra-structure for agricultural production / post harvest management 2.11 Existing projects in the district Chapter - 3 STRENGTH, WEAKNESS, OPPORTUNITIES AND THREAT (SWOT) ANALYSIS OF THE DISTRICT AND IDENTIFICATION OF CRITICAL GAPS
3.1 Introduction 3.2 SWOT Analysis of Agriculture District 3.3 SWOT Analysis of Horticulture District 3.4 SWOT Analysis of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary District 3.5 SWOT Analysis of Fishery Sector of District 3.6 SWOT Analysis for Sericulture 3.7 Challenges for the state as whole region and specific to the District Chapter 4 STATUS OF AGRICULTURE AND PROPOSED STRATEGIES
4.1 Agriculture activities 4.2 Agricultural Farming Systems 4.3 Shifting (Jhum) Cultivation 4.4 Cropping Pattern 4.5 Crop Intensity 4.6 Crop Intensity 4.7 Seed Production and Seed Village 4.8 Thrust areas in Kolasib 4.9 Yield gap analysis 4.10 Performance gap analysis 4.11 Problems and interventions 4.12 Physical and Financial targets Chapter - 5 ALLIED SECTOR‟S STATUS AND PROPOSED PLAN 5.1 Horticulture 5.1.1 Potential Horticultural Crops 5.1.2 Strategies for Development of Horticulture Sector 5.1.3 Production Gap Analysis 5.2 Animal Husbandry 5.2.1 Cattle Production 5.2.2 Rearing System 5.2.3 Physical and financial Requirement 5.3 Fishery in the District 5.3.1 Fish Species of the District 5.3.2 Fish Production 5.5 Suggested interventions for Soil and Water Conservation 5.6 Agro-forestry and Social forestry 5.7 Infrastructure development 5.8 Strengthening of Krishi Vigyan Kendra in the district Chapter 6 District Plan Annexure I Primary Data of the district
CONTENTS
Contents of Tables
Sl No Titles Page nos 1 General information of the district 2 Population trend in Kolasib district as per 2001 census 3 Land Holdings (Agriculture Census 2001) 4 Land Utilisation Statistics (preceding 3 years average) 5 Land Capability Classification 6 Land Capability Classification 7 Data on Weather 8 Data on Weather 9 Distribution of Soil Type in Kolasib district 10 Information on Natural Calamities 11 Status of Protective Community Tanks 12 Basic Marketing Infrastructure for Agriculture Produce 13 Area, Production and Yield of Major Crops in Irrigated/ Rainfed Conditions during Kharif Season 14 Area, Production and Yield of Major Crops in Irrigated/ Rainfed Conditions During rabi season 15 Status of Varietal Demonstration 16 Oil palm production in Kolasib district 17 Yield Gap Analysis 18 Gap in Research / Extension / Adoption and Proposed Extension Strategy for Improving the Productivity / Income from Rain fed- Paddy in the District (Transplanted) 19 Gap in Research / Extension / Adoption and Proposed Extension Strategy for Improving the Productivity / Income from Rain fed_Paddy in the District (Direct Sown) 20 Gap in Research / Extension / Adoption and Proposed Extension Strategy for Improving the Productivity / Income from Mustard (Rabi Oilseed) 21 Gap in Research / Extension / Adoption and Proposed Extension Strategy for Improving the Productivity / Income from Pea (Rabi Pulse) 22 Gap in Research / Extension / Adoption and Proposed Extension Strategy for Improving the Productivity / Income from Kharif Pulse 23 Gap in Research / Extension / Adoption and Proposed Extension Strategy for Improving the Productivity / income from Maize 24 Problems identified in Agriculture and suggested interventions 25 Proposed Strategies, Physical and Financial targets for Agriculture 26 Gap in Research / Extension / Adoption and Proposed Extension Strategy for Improving the Productivity / Income from Tomato 27 Gap in Research / Extension / Adoption and Proposed Extension Strategy for Improving the Productivity / Income from Potato 28 Gap in Research / Extension / Adoption and Proposed Extension Strategy for Improving the Productivity / Income from Rhizomatous 29 Gap in Research / Extension / Adoption and Proposed Extension Strategy for Improving the Productivity / Income from Chilli 30 Gap in Research / Extension / Adoption and Proposed Extension Strategy for Improving the Productivity / Income from Pineapple 31 Gap in Research ncome from Banana 32 Gap in Research / Extension / Adoption and Proposed Extension Strategy for Improving the Productivity / Income from Passion Fruit 33 Proposed Strategy for Horticultural Development 34 Kolasib Livestock Population: District wise 35 Research / Extension / adoption Gap and Proposed Strategies for Improving the Productivity / Income from Cow 36 Research / Extension / adoption Gap and Proposed Strategies for Improving the Productivity / Income from Goat 37 Research / Extension / adoption Gap and Proposed Strategies for Improving the Productivity / Income from Pig 38 Research / Extension / adoption Gap and Proposed Strategies for Improving the Productivity / Income from Poultry 39 Physical and financial Requirement for the Suggested Interventions for Animal Husbandry Sectoral Development 40 Physical Targets And Financial Projection During Xith Plan For Fisheries Fisheries 41 Physical Targets And Financial Projection During Xith Plan For Sericultre Sericulture 42 Physical targets and financial projection during xith plan for soil and water conservation 43 Physical targets and Financial projection during xith plan for agro- forestry and social forestry 44 Physical targets and Financial projection during XI th plan for infrastructure 45 Physical targets and financial projection during xith plan for training programme
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Concerned by the slow growth in the agriculture and allied sectors, the National Development Council (NDC) resolved that a special Additional Central Assistance Scheme, named Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (RKVY) be launched. To implement this, formulation of action plans by means of developing District Agriculture Plans (DAP) is recommended. Subsequently, a comprehensive State Agriculture Plan (SAP) would be prepared by integrating these DAPs. The major areas of focus were integrated development of major food crops like paddy, coarse cereals, minor millets, pulses and oilseeds; Agriculture mechanization; Strengthening of Market Infrastructure and Marketing Development; Activities relating to enhancement of Horticultural Production and Popularization of Micro Irrigation Systems; Sericulture Development; and Animal Husbandry and Fisheries Development activities. A series of meetings was held at the state as well district head quarter to discuss the various components of the District Agriculture Plan in the presence of line department officials and experts. The feedback received in the Meetings was incorporated in the District Agriculture Plan.
District Agriculture Plan Kolasib is an important and potential district of Mizoram for agriculture production. It is situated between 240 00‟00"N to 240 30‟00" N latitude and 920 30‟00”E to 93000‟ 00" E longitude. Its district head quarter is also known as Kolasib which is situated in the central part of the district. The District head quarter also known as Kolasib which is located at a distance of 100 Km away from Silchar (Assam) by NH No. 54. No air connectivity in the district. The nearest railway connectivity at Bairabi is 30 km away. The total geographical area of Kolasib district is 138251 hectare, which is about 15.5% of the state area of Mizoram. The district comprises with two agricultural sub- divisions, namely, Bilkhawthlir and Kolasib agricultural sub-divisions. It contains 2 development Blocks namely, Thingdawl and Bilkhawthlir and 44 villages. Total population as per 2001 census is 64,329 and is predominantly Schedule Tribes. The topography in general is undulant with broken mountainous / hilly ranges and between them lies the valley lands suitable for cultivation of field crops. The hills are suited for Horticultural practices wherever the slopes are gentle/moderate. The soils in hills are rich in humus due to forest cover. However, in abandoned jhum lands the situation is reverse. The soil in general is acidic- pH ranging between 4.5 - 6, deficient in base material, medium in organic carbon, low in available phosphorus and high in potash. The predominant soil taxonomy is Hapladults and Udonthernts wherein moisture retention capacity is very low. Though the District mainly comprises of hilly terrain there are low lying valley lands in few pockets, where altitude is rather low having warm and humid climate facilitating paddy cultivation. In fact, this district has many such rice pockets. The altitude ranges between 36 - 900 meter MSL in the district. The economy of the district is pre-dominantly agarian with more than 60- 65% of the total work force engaged either directly or indirectly in agriculture. However, agriculture still remains under-developed and the primitive practice of Jhum (shifting cultivation) predominates. Both production and productivity are relatively low in rainfed jhum areas in comparison to the WRC areas with irrigation facilities.
Priority setting for the district
• Conservation and sustainable management of natural resources. • Enhancement of soil health • Introduction of appropriate technologies to increase the production and productivity of agriculture and allied sectors. • Encouraging multiple land use by increasing cropping intensity and intercropping. • Integration of crop husbandry with vegetable and horticultural crops, animal husbandry, mushroom cultivation and other non crop based farming. • Bridging yield gaps of crops, animals and other enterprises. • Human resources development of rural youths, farm women, other disadvantaged groups and filed staff. • Paradigm shift from production oriented farming to market oriented agriculture with the promotion of Agro processing industries.
Objectives : Considering the above situation the present database/information system was developed with the following objectives
Analysis on the existing farming practices.
Collection Analysis of secondary data on agriculture and allied sector. Identification of production constrains and technological gap.
Documentation of existing marketing pattern.
Formulation of strategies and action plan for different agricultural production system to increase productivity.
Expected Outcome
This document will provide better and clear understanding of prevailing agricultural and allied situations, constrains and existing technological gaps in district.
This document is put forward to provide an insight to identify the development opportunities and potentialities for employment generation in the field of agriculture and allied sector.
This document will support the state government to develop agriculture and allied sector and will help in reforming policies and action plans.
Various Interventions and strategies for the agriculture development.
• Integration of crop husbandry with vegetable and horticultural crops, animal husbandry, mushroom cultivation and other non crop based farming. • Bridging yield gaps of crops, animals and other enterprises. • Human resources development of rural youths, farm women, other disadvantaged groups and filed staff. • Paradigm shift from production oriented farming to market oriented agriculture with the promotion of Agro processing industries. Development of suitable technologies such as varietal improvement, input management supported by a strong institutional arrangements for the supply of inputs like seed, fertilizers, plant protection chemicals, credit, etc, price support system favourable to farmers and market infrastructure for major crops like paddy, maize, sugarcane, banana, vegetables, and fodder crops. • Encouraging maize as an alternate crop for paddy • Development of minor irrigation • Strengthening water harvesting structures like farm ponds and check dams. • Reclamation of fallow and degraded lands. Training and exposure visit to the farmers, traders, and other stakeholders on grading, post harvest technologies, value addition and market intelligence. • Strengthening the extension machinery for effective dissemination of technology. • Strengthening of rural markets with storage facilities. • Strengthening of farmers‟ market with additional storage facilities. • Establishment of cattle feed units. • Inland fisheries development in major tanks and reservoirs and
Abstract of District Agricultural Plan
Budget Details for Activities Proposed in the District Agriculture Plan
Sl No Rs. In Lakhs 2010-11 2011-12 TOTAL Agriculture Horticulture Animal Husbandry Fishery Sericulture Soil Water Conservation KVK Total
CHAPTER – I
INTRODUCTION
India occupies 2% of the world geographical area and 16% of its population. At the time of independence, the country had a total population of 350 million and produced only 51 million tonnes of food grain. Today, population has crossed 1 billion marks and food grain production has increased to 230.67 million tonnes (2007-08). But the agricultural productivity world over has hit a plateau, whereas, Indian scenario is different. Apart from the flattening of yields over the past two decades, our average productivity also lies below the optimum level. The growth spurt ignited by the green revolution in the 1970 is now seeing diminishing returns to technology. Again the North Eastern state like Mizoram, the situation is completely different. Most of the people observe the state as organic “by default”. In the last 30 years the state has not been able to do any remarkable job in the field of agriculture, especially for attaining independency in food supply. At the same time the population of the state is growing very fast and the last decadal growth rate was 28.82 %. So, in this current global scenario policy makers have to rethink on the long term basis for the development of agriculture of the state. Another fact is that the crisis for food is going to increase in other parts of the country with the increasing population pressure. Therefore, we need to be independent in our food grain production.
The economic reforms commenced in 1991 has successfully put the economy in a higher growth orbit with more than 8 percent growth rate in total Gross Domestic Product (GDP) especially during the recent years. However, the agriculture sector which accounted for more than 30 percent of total GDP at the beginning of reforms failed to maintain its pre-reform growth. On the contrary, it witnessed a sharp declining in growth after the mid 1990s as the per annum growth in agriculture sector dropped to 1.9 percent during 1996-97 to 2001-2002 from 3.2 percent in the period 1980-81 to 1995-1996. This happened despite the fact that agricultural productivity in most of the States was quite low, as it were, and the potential for the growth of agriculture was high. The Tenth five year plan target of growth of 4 percent per annum in agriculture and allied sectors, set to reverse the sharp declining of 1996-1997 to 2001-2002 has not been achieved. A sustained and wide spread agricultural growth is a precondition of development in India as more than 50 percent of country‟s work force still depends upon agri. for its livelihood. This slow growth in agriculture (including allied sectors) can be of great strain for the economy. Concerned over this pace of growth in agriculture and allied sectors, the National Development Council (NDC), in its meeting held on 29th May, 2007 resolved that a special Additional Central Assistance Scheme i.e. National Agriculture Development Programme/ Rastriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (RKVY) be launched with following main objectives .
The main objectives of the scheme are: ► To stimulate the States for increasing public investment in agriculture and allied sectors ► To ensure that agricultural plans of Districts/States are prepared and are based on agro- climatic conditions, availability of technology and natural resources. ► To reduce the yield gap in important crops and increase production and productivity in agriculture and allied sectors through focused and holistic initiatives. ► To ensure that local needs/crops/priorities are better reflected in the agricultural plans of the Districts/States. ► To provide flexibility and autonomy to States in planning and implementation of agriculture and allied sector schemes. ► To maximize income of farmers in agriculture and allied sectors. The eligibility for assistance from the Centre under the scheme would depend upon the State Government providing amounts in the Plan Budget of the State for agriculture and allied sectors over the baseline expenditure. As per the NDC resolution Government of India introduced a new Additional Central Assistance Scheme to incentivize States to draw up plans for their agriculture sector more comprehensively, taking agro-climatic conditions, natural resource issues and technology into account, and integrating livestock, poultry and fisheries etc. This involves a new scheme for Additional Central Assistance (ACA) to State Plans, administered by the Union ministry of Agriculture over and above its existing centrally sponsored schemes, to supplement the state-specific strategies. In order to rejuvenate the agriculture during XIth plan a growth rate of 4 percent per annum has to be achieved (as per NDC commitment) by reorienting development strategies that meet the needs of the farmers. The agriculture growth being essential element of the strategy of making growth more inclusive, the NDC advised the State Governments on preparation of Comprehensive District Agriculture Plans (C-DAP) which includes allied agriculture sectors with full and efficient utilization of available resources. The concept of integrated local area plans (to raise living standard in rural area and overcome food shortage) based on specific endowments and needs of each area mooted in 1st Five year plan in 1951, could not be materialized in true sense as only sporadic efforts and isolated cases of such planning were practically attempted. For success of local area or district level plans the underlying constraints needed to be identified and required infrastructural investment, extension (and research system) revamping and market reach with the system‟s conduct and performance have to be synchronized through a holistic policy approach. Keeping this in view the C-DAP of district is prepared for achieving sustainable agricultural growth with improved farmers‟ income through participatory process involving stakeholders and various organizations. By establishing strong linkages with required institutional support services the plan will ensure optimum utilization of scarce physical and financial resources. The Agriculture in the district can‟t possibly achieve same growth as in the past without recognizing the role of farmers‟ participatory approach for formulating strategies and finding solution to new and emerging problems.
1.1 METHODOLOGY
The methodology of the Comprehensive District Agriculture Plan (C- DAP) focuses on understanding the potential for development, infrastructure needed to support the development and identifying initiatives required. These potentials are to be treated as goals to be achieved with the available flow of resources and additional resources under RKVY. The C-DAP guidelines envisage the preparation of the district agricultural plan as a process to be accomplished by the various stakeholders of the district and below level. The actual planning work was undertaken by the district planning units under the supervision of district Agriculture Officer with the coordination of all the line departments and elected bodies. CDAP guidelines envisage planning for agriculture development at grass root level. In the context of the state of Mizoram and similarly for the district, the planning process have been accomplished with the consultation at various level conforming nearly all the villages. In the light of the need for constitution of District Agricultural Planning Unit (DAPU), Block Agricultural Planning Unit (BAPU) and Village Agricultural Planning Unit (PAPU) as per the CDAP Guidelines, the state decided to make use following aerial unit as the planning unit at three levels namely.
Formation of Planning Units Agriculture and allied activities in the state as in the case of other states of India are looked after by number of government departments with organizational structure at district and below level. Selection of departments to decide upon the content of CDAP, the state Government followed the stipulation of the CDAP Guidelines. The consideration led to the selection of following departments and their activities under CDAP- . Department of Agriculture . Department of Horticulture . Department of Sericulture . Department of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary . Department of Fishery . Department of Minor Irrigation Finalization of Activity Chart The district agriculture unit has completed the following activities in the five broad areas as follows – 1. Visioning and Vision Statement. 2. Development of working skills and capabilities of the Planning Teams. 3.Developing methodology, planning tools and software package for data entry and analysis for preparation of CDAP to different planning units 4. Familiarization of Planning Teams in the planning methodology. 5. Guidance and coordination during the planning process. 1.2 Stages of District Planning 1: Preparatory Activities Task-1: Conduct of state level workshop for orientation with CDAP, selection of agri. and allied departments to be part of C-DAP, planning unit and role and responsibility of the selected department in the preparation of C-DAP. Task-2: Guided for constitution of Planning Teams namely; DAPU, BAPU and PAPU at district, Block and Village levels. Task-3: Preparation of Planning Module and Reading Material to be used for the capacity building of the members of DAPU, BAPU and PAPU. Task-4: Preparation of Format (Primary Data Collection at Village Level) for participatory assessment of local situation [Natural, Human, performance status of the activities in practice, Backward-Forward linking facilities (input, services and output) and price] and local need / choice. Task-5: Preparation of Sector wise Department Schedules for collection of data for assessment of establishment setup, manpower strength, ongoing development activities, funds flow (tied & untied) under plan and non-plan heads and utilization by line department at District Level. Task-6: Estimation of economics (land and labour productivity) of the departments of agriculture and allied under- Advance practice, Moderate practice, Traditional practice and Average status. Task-7: Piloting of the Schedules / Formats
Activity-2: Data Collection and Plan Preparation Task-1: Conduct of capacity building training of Planning Teams (a) DAPU by TSI (b) BAPU by DAPU (c) PAPU by DAPU Task-2: Delivery of Planning Tools i. Primary Data Collection Schedule as per guidelines. ii. Sectoral Department Schedule (establishment setup, manpower strength, ongoing development activities, funds flow (tied & untied) by plan and non-plan and utilization) iii. Participatory assessment of development need / potential and decision making through structured schedule. District Level, Block Level, Village Level Task-3: Estimation of economics of Agriculture and agro-based activities a. Advance practice – HYV with full package. b. Moderate practice – HYV with mixed use of advanced package. c. Traditional practice d. Average status – Task-4: Conduct of capacity building training on software. (i) „Data Entry and Analysis Software‟ for Operator (selected members at district level). Task-5: Data Entry, Compilation and Aggregation of data as per structured format. Task-6: Organisation of the plan report in chapters Task-7: Preparation of Draft Report. 1. Statistical profile has been prepared at the level of each planning unit. This helped to understand the development perspective of the district. 2. Vision was prepared combining both development perspective and aspiration of the people. 3. The strengths across the agriculture and allied sectors have been documented on the basis of the resource endowment, production and productivity. 4. The Weaknesses confronted in the existing pattern of development also have been identified with respect to the status of productivity, skill and infrastructure available. 5. The Opportunities that benefit most in the district have been identified by making necessary information about technology and external market available to the groups and individuals at grassroot level. 6. The Threats that may confront also have been visualized and enlisted. 7. People‟s choices and preferences have assessed for Income Generating (IG) activities and Infrastructure facilities 8. Assessment of Investment requirement of the preferred activities and also the gap with the resources that are expected to be available during the plan period has been made. 9. The growth potential of the proposed investment has been worked out and presented. 10. Physical and financial dimension of the plan have been set and phased.
The required Changes in the management practices aimed in the proposed plan- • Adoption of resources conservation technologies at large scale. • Farm productions system for land owing families. • Soil health sustainability through the applications of fertilizers & other mgt practices. • Effective pest management strategies including weed & nematodes based on economic threshold value. • Augmentation of the existing water applications through rain water conservation and demand management. System approach: 1. Market infrastructure and marketing opportunities, custom hiring services and some of the policy issue related to subsidy. 2. Collected and discussed the feed back regarding on-Farm and Off-Farm activates. 3. Farmer inability to invest in the productivity enhancement as majority of farmers belongs to resources poor category. 4. Livelihood support system for landless families. 5. Profitability and sustainability of cropping system and return
1.3 VISION STATEMENT
Sustainable Rural Livelihood by Accelerating Agriculture Growth through Integrated farming system and diversified Cropping Pattern.
Priority setting for the district • Conservation, development and sustainable management of water resources. • Soil health improvement • Popularizing resource conserving technologies. • Encourages multiple land use by increasing cropping intensity and intercropping. • Integration of crop husbandry with vegetable and horticultural crops, animal husbandry, mushroom cultivation and other non crop based farming. • Bridging yield gaps of crops, animals and other enterprises. • Human resources development of rural youths, farm women, other disadvantaged groups and filed staff. • Paradigm shift from production oriented farming to market oriented agriculture with the promotion of Agro processing industries.
1.4 Objectives of C-DAP
Considering the above situation the present database/information system was developed with the following objectives
1. Analysis on the existing farming practices.
2. Collection Analysis of secondary data on agriculture and allied sector.
3. Identification of production constrains and technological gap.
4. Documentation of existing marketing pattern.
5. Formulation of strategies and action plan for different agricultural production system to increase productivity.
1.5 Expected Outcome
This document will provide better and clear understanding of prevailing agricultural and allied situations, constrains and existing technological gaps in Champai district.
This document is put forward to provide an insight to identify the development opportunities and potentialities for employment generation in the field of agriculture and allied sector.
This document will support the state government to develop agriculture and allied sector and will help in reforming policies and action plans.
CHAPTER – II
KOLASIB DISTRICT PROFILE
Kolasib is an important and potential district of Mizoram for agriculture production. It is situated between 240 00‟00"N to 240 30‟00" N latitude and 920 30‟00”E to 93000‟ 00" E longitude. Its district head quarter is also known as Kolasib which is situated in the central part of the district. The District head quarter also known as Kolasib which is located at a distance of 100 Km away from Silchar (Assam) by NH No. 54. No air connectivity in the district. The nearest railway connectivity at Bairabi is 30 km away. The total geographical area of Kolasib district is 138251 hectare, which is about 15.5% of the state area of Mizoram. The district comprises with two agricultural sub- divisions, namely, Bilkhawthlir and Kolasib agricultural sub-divisions. It contains 2 development Blocks namely, Thingdawl and Bilkhawthlir and 44 villages. Total population as per 2001 census is 64,329 and is predominantly Schedule Tribes.
Table 1 : General information
General Population (As per the 2001 Cencus) Block Village No. of Area No. of Femal Tota Male S.C S.T. villages (ha.) village e l Inhab Uninh ited abited Thingda 1101 2183 2183 wl 17 -- 17 92153 17 9 10814 3 -- 3 Bilkhawt 2132 3249 3249 hlir 27 -- 27 48098 27 2 21174 6 -- 6 13825 3234 6432 6432 Total 44 -- 44 1 44 1 31988 9 -- 9
The topography in general is undulant with broken mountainous / hilly ranges and between them lies the valley lands suitable for cultivation of field crops. The hills are suited for Horticultural practices wherever the slopes are gentle/moderate. The soils in hills are rich in humus due to forest cover. However, in abandoned jhum lands the situation is reverse. The soil in general is acidic- pH ranging between 4.5 - 6, deficient in base material, medium in organic carbon, low in available phosphorus and high in potash. The predominant soil taxonomy is Hapladults and Udonthernts wherein moisture retention capacity is very low. Though the District mainly comprises of hilly terrain there are low lying valley lands in few pockets, where altitude is rather low having warm and humid climate facilitating paddy cultivation. In fact, this district has many such rice pockets. The altitude ranges between 36 - 900 meter MSL in the district. The economy of the district is pre-dominantly agrarian with more than 60- 65% of the total work force engaged either directly or indirectly in agriculture. However, agriculture still remains under-developed and the primitive practice of Jhum (shifting cultivation) predominates. Both production and productivity are relatively low in rainfed jhum areas in comparison to the WRC areas with irrigation facilities. Kolasib District can be categorized under two agro-climatic zones namely, as Humid mild tropical, Humid – sub- tropical hill zones. Both the agro-climatic zones have good production potential. There are wide variations in climatic condition, a distinct micro-climatic variation exist depending upon the altitude, which sharply differs from place to place. Considering the agro-climatic conditions, the district has feasibility and scope for cultivation of wide variety of field crops like paddy, maize, potato etc. The staple food crop is paddy, maize is secondary. Wide range of fruits, vegetables, Spices, Oilseeds and Pulses are grown. There are plenty of grasslands, wherein livestock rearing is possible due to naturally available fodder. Water harvesting is conveniently done in valleys and lower ridges, which are ideal for „Pisci-culture‟. Many such areas are seen practicing fisheries. Irrigation facilities in the forms of both river diversion schemes and river lift schemes helping in increasing production of various agricultural and horticultural commodities.
2.1 DEMOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
As per the census of 2001 the total population of Kolasib district is 64,329. The variation in the density as well as the distribution of population is related to the physical, social and economic factors, which are responsible for the characteristics of the population in the district. The data of table 2 shows that male and female population is in almost equal proportion. The decadal variation percentage of population from 1991 to 2001 is about 35.20 %. The literacy rate in the district is as high as 91.3%.
Table 2: Population trend in Kolasib district as per 2001 census District Area No. of Population Decadal Literacy (ha) Household Total Male Female variation rate % 1991- (%) 2001 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Kolasib 138251 14053 64329 32341 31988 35.20 91.30
2.2 Operational Land Holding The land holding pattern of the district reflects dominance of both marginal and small farmers which are found to be almost in proportion of 4:3.5. Marginal farmers dominate (44.5%) followed Fig. 3: Land Holding Pattern in Kolasib district by small farmers (37%). Semi-medium and Medium farmers cover about 18%. Marginal farmer The large farmers Small farmer are very negligible. 4270 3553 Semi- Because of the small and mediumfarme 8 Mediumr fragmented land holding of 1588 159 farmer the farmers, extensive Large farmer farming as well as use of agricultural machineries like tractor has limited scope.
Table 3 : Land Holdings (Agriculture Census 2001) Marginal Small Semi-med. Medium Large Blocks farmers farmers Farmers farmers farmers Total No No. Area No. Area No. Area No. Area . Area No. Area Thingd awl 2312 1573 1700 2329 802 2029 62 298 2 29 4878 6258 Bilkha wthlir 1958 1358 1853 2566 786 1960 97 518 6 87 4700 6489 Total 4270 2931 3553 4895 1588 3989 159 816 8 116 9578 12747
2.3 LAND CHARACTERSITICS:
With a geographical area of over 1,38,251 hectare and perched on the high hills, Kolasib district has difficult terrain, and hills are separated by rivers flowing north to south, thus creating innumerable hurdles in intra-district communication. The major rivers flowing in the district are Tlawng and Serlui which are fed by number of tributaries.These rivers flaws from south to north and ultimately confluences to Barak river of Assam. The district gets an average annual rainfall of about 2600 mm and well distributed in late April to October. The surface and sub-soil being highly porous, its retentivity of water is low. Consequently, the district faces the unique paradoxical problem of scarcity of water in the midst of plenty. However, the people of the district has developed an innovative practice of harvesting roof top rain water to meet their day to day water requirement for household activities. Drinking water problem in the Kolasib district has been greatly solved by the water supply scheme of the government. The total area under different types of paddy is 6969 hectare including shifting cultivation areas. The district is having the highest potential of wet rice cultivation (WRC) and other field crops in Mizoram in places like Chemphai, Saphai, Saipum, Chawnpuii, Chitephai, Phainuam, Buhchangphai, Phaisen, Bukvannei, Saihapiit etc. The cropping system throughout the district is diverse since it is dependent upon soil, micro- climatic conditions and socio-economic status. In horticulture (fruit crops etc.) Areca nut is extensively gown. Others are Orange, Passion fruits, Banana, Hatkora, Papaya, Pineapple etc. The net sown area is 12747 ha and gross cropped area is only 15600 ha. The cropping intensity is only 122%. The cropping intensity is to be increased to attain self sufficiency in food production. According to the Agriculture Department‟s figure of 2008-2009 the total production of paddy stood at 9818 MT. During the same year the area under all fruits crops fruits was 2530 ha with production for all fruits crops to be 5754 MT. The Forest production is mainly timber tree species like Gomari, Teak and bamboo, broom-grass etc. The forests are continuously under great pressure of shifting cultivation. Table 4 : Land Utilization Statistics (Preceding 3 years average)
Area in hectares
Land under Per miscell Curre Oth Croppi Cultiv man Net Gross Taluk Geograph Forest Land aneous nt er ng able ent sown cropped ical area area under tree fallo fall intensi waste past area area Non- crops ws ows ty (%) ures agril. and Use groves Thing dawl 92153 56864 6959 560 17515 4850 5405 6850 5.86 Bilkha wthlir 46098 18336 5631 532 11157 3100 7342 8750 15.93 Total 138251 75200 12590 1092 28672 7950 12747 15600 9.22
Under the Centrally Sponsored Schemes like NWDPRA, IWDP, Hariyali, NREGA, Technology Mission for Horticultural development etc., efforts are being put into the process of reclamation of land, checking of soil erosion by constructing check dams, rain water harvesting and extension of areas under fruit crops etc.
Table 5 : Land Capability Classification
Area in hectares
Moder Nearly level Steep Steep Very Good ately Fairly land not slopes, slope with good Block cultiva good good land suitable for highly severe soil cultiv ble cultiva suited for cultivation erosion erosion able land ble occasional because of prone with resulting land Class- land cultivation stoniness, shallow in eroded Class II Class- Class-IV wetness, etc. soils stony -I III Class-V Class-VI Class-VII 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Thingdawl -- 450 386 680 17515 4175 2784 Bilkhawthlir -- 3150 3430 4364 11157 3379 2252 Total -- 3600 3816 5064 28672 7554 5036 (It includes the Double cropped area of 267 ha)
The land capability classification of the district is presented in table 5. Good cultivable soils (Class II) is 3600 ha and moderately good cultivable soil (Class III) is about 3800 ha. Fairly good land suited for occasional cultivation Class-IV is about 5064 ha which need more attention for bringing under regular cultivation. The district has about 7554 ha highly erosion prone with shallow soils Class-VI and Moderately good cultivable land Class-III soils about 3816 ha. The double cropping area is only 267 ha which has to be increased for getting more production.
2.4 SOIL FERTILITY STATUS
The soil fertility status of the district observed to be moderate but conducive to support a wide range of crops. Recent data of soil sample analysis of 408 samples of the district revealed that soils are acidic in nature with pH values ranging from 4.5 to 6.3.The percentage of organic carbon content, is medium. The available nitrogen is medium while available phosphorus found to be Low. The available potash is the district is found to be high.
Table 6: Soil Fertility Indices
No. of Sl Soil Organic carbon (%) pH .N Samples o Taluka analysed Alkali Lo Hig Lo Mediu Acidic Neutral ne w h w m High 1 Thingdawl 225 225 0.70 Bilkhawth 2 lir 183 183 0.70 Total 408 408 0.70
Available Nitrogen (kg/ha) Available Phosphorus (kg/ha) Available Potash (kg/ha) Low Medium High Low Medium High Low Medium High 0.6 12 285 0.6 10 285 0.6 11 285
Adequate soil management practices can improve and enrich the fertility status. The status of micronutrient content of soil could not be known due to lack of proper infra-structural facilities in the soil testing laboratory for analyzing micro-nutrients. The district is not having well equipped soil testing laboratory. It is obvious that due to high rainfall area, the soils might be deficient in base materials like calcium, manganese, aluminums etc. Iron content in the soils seems to be high effecting soil nutrient availability. Necessary soil ameliorative measure is the need of the time to improve upon the situation. The department of agriculture has initiated a programme of soil amendment through providing slacked lime to the farmers for correction/reducing the soil acidity. 2.5 CLIMATE: The Climate of Kolasib district is generally pleasant and moderate. There is no extremities of temperature which ranges between 110 C to 340 C (average). The relative humidity (%) varies from 69% to about 80% (Table 7). The rainfall is well distributed, with a span of almost 6 months from May to October (Figure 4 and table 8). Although pre-monsoon rains break in form the early part of March with occasional thunder-storms, the Monsoon period really starts from the middle part of April. The average annual rainfall is around 2600mm, the peak period being June- August. There are some areas even receiving rainfall more than 3000mm. But normal range is 2500- 300mm. The rainfall declines gradually and ceases during November. Dry spell during Nov-Dec occurs. Occasional showers of low to medium intensity also occur during the period from January to February due to the influence of the Retreating / N.E. Monsoon.
Fig. 4:- Rainfall Pattern of Kolasib district
700
600
500 400 Thingdawl Block 300 Bilkhawthlir Block
200 Rainfall (mm) Rainfall 100 0 Ja Ma Ma Jul Se No n r y y pt v Months
Table 7 : Data on Weather (Available normal)
Humidity (%) Rainfall Temperature Min. Sl Name of Avarage No. Blocks rainfall Min. ºC Max. ºC Max. (mm) 1 Thingdawl 2620.13 11.25 35.42 60 76 2 Bilkhawthlir 2612.53 11.63 34.04 78 84 Average 2616.33 11.44 34.73 69 80
Table 8 : Block wise monthly rainfall data (latest data) in mm
Block Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Thingdawl 36 22 122 28 156 487.2 359 654 307 297 Nil Nil Bilkhawthlir 32 24 140 24 172 482.8 352 633 320 300 Nil Nil
Average 34 23 131 26 164 485 355 644 313 298 Nil Nil
2.6 AGRO – CLIMATIC ZONES:
Based on the rainfall, temperature, terrain and soil characteristics, the state of Mizoram has been delineated into the following three agro – climatic zones. 1. Humid mild tropical, 2. Humid – sub- tropical hill and 3. Humid Temperate Sub Alpine The Kolasib district has two distinct agro-climatic zones namely:- Humid mild tropical and Humid – sub- tropical hill zones. Three major soil types/ taxonomy are found namely, Typic Hapludults , Humic Hapludults and Typic Udornthernts ( information from maps to be added). The average annual rainfall found to be marginally more in the soil type of Udonthernts. The soil type Hapladults favours paddy cultivation while many fruits, maize and plantation crop like areca nut are growing in Udonthernts soil type.
Table 9 : Distribution of Soil Type in Kolasib district
Sl Soil Taxonomy Area in hectare Area in % No. 1 Typic Hapludults 11,061 8.02 % Umbric Dystrochrepts
2 Humic Hapludults 30,415 21.99 % Typic Dystrochrepts
3 Typic Udornthernts 96,775 69.99% Umbric Dystrochrepts Total 1,38,251
2.7 FLOOD AND DRAUGHTS IN THE DISTRICT:
No major incidence of floods in the district due to existence of hilly terrains. However, due to heavy rainfall, soil erosion is a major problem. Due to scanty and erratic distribution of rainfall during November to March, crops occasionally suffer draught like situation causing moisture stress particularly during winter season. During 2008 –09 about 3% cropped area in Thingdawl development block and 15% cropped area in Bilkhawthlir development block was reported to be affected by draught.
Table 10: Information on Natural Calamities
% of Year in % Livestock farm which Occurrence of Severity Cropped mortality familie Name of Block effected Calamities M / S / VS area (No. of s (since last affected animals affecte 10 years d Thingdawl Drought 2008 M 3% Nil 2% Pest/disease outbreak 2007-2008 S 6% Nil 45% Bilkhawthlir Drought 2008-2009 S 15% Nil 30% Flood 2006 M 5% Nil 9% Pest/disease outbreak 2007-2008 S 60% Nil 75% M = Mild S = Severe VS = Very severe
2.8 IRRIGATION AND GROUND WATER No major and medium irrigation facilities could be possible in the district due to topographical constraint. The elevation ranges between 36 – 900 m from msl. The state has a minor irrigation department looking after the development and maintenance of irrigation schemes in the state as a whole and in the Kolasib district in particular. Many minor irrigation facilities have been developed. There are a number of MI Project in places like Buchangphai, Chemphai, Chawnpui, Saiphai, Bairabi etc. In these schemes Double cropping system are practiced during Rabi and kharif seasons particularly paddy, maize and many vegetables are grown in considerable scale. The Kolasib district has both river diversion schemes and river lift schemes. It has 49 river diversion schemes Figure 7: Individual Water Harvesting with a gross Tank command area (GCA) of 2583 ha, which have 2313 culturable Command Area (CCA). It has 4 river lift schemes covering about 165 ha GCA and 150 ha CCA. With these schemes 4756 ha of Figure: 7 Individual Water harvesting tank
irrigated potential has been created in the district indicating a gap between potential created and utilized. The district has many potential areas for developing rain water harvesting. The number of Rain Water Harvesting Dams is about 166 with pondage area about 120 ha. There are sizeable irrigated areas giving scope to double cropping and HYV programme. However, people of Mizoram are known for their innovative practice of Roof Top Rain Water Harvesting for day to day household activities which can be seen in Kolasib district also. Table 11-- : Status of Protective Community Tanks (2006-07)
Type Existing Community Tanks (2006-07 Crop No Area (Ha) Investment A. AGRICULTURE 1) Oil Palm 5 10 2) Sugarcane - - B. HORTICULTURE : 1) Banana 4 2.3 230000 2) Areacanut 1 1 100000 3) Vegetable 6 6.3 630000 4) M.Orange 1 0.4 40000 5) Chow chow 2 2 200000
The status of ground water could not be obtained as the Central Ground Water Board (CBGB), Govt. of India has no Ground Water Monitoring Stations (GWMS) in the Mizoram. However, due to high hills and terrain condition, extraction of ground water for irrigation purpose is least feasible.
2.9 SERVICE CENTRE IN AGRICULTURE AND ALLIED SECTORS:
The farmers of the district have been adopting mechanization in the agricultural practices by using power tillers and other tools and implements. However, they are facing problems of maintenance and repairing facilities or know how at rural level. Creation of Service centre will be helpful for the farmers. Hence, provision for creation of service centre at least two in each of the Block head quarter need to be planned.
SOIL TESTING LABORATORY IN THE DISTRICT: There is no well equipped Soil Testing Laboratory or mobile soil testing unit in the district. Optimum nutrient application in soil is not being done by the farmers due to lack of knowledge of soil fertility status. Awareness for need and importance of soil testing is very poor. Necessary field level training is required to create awareness among farmers in the district. Option for setting up an well equipped of soil testing laboratory is necessary.
2.10 BASIC MARKETING INFRA-STRUCTURE FOR AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION / POST HARVEST MANAGEMENT:
Market infrastructures have not been well organized or built up in the district so far. Only few markets sheds have been constructed in some potential areas but these areas need good connectivity and market network. Only four sub-markets and two main markets are functioning in the district. In the Bilkhawthlir development block two rural godowns have been established. More rural godown may be constructed at community or co-operative level.
Table 12: Basic Marketing Infrastructure for Agriculture Produce
Markets Storage Structures (Numbers) Sl. Taluka Rural Main Sub- No Cold Storage Onion Storage Godowns Market market Nos Capacity Nos. Capacity Nos. Capacity 1 Thingdawl ------2 2 Bilkhawthlir 2 300 MT 1 400 MT -- -- 2 2
There is good scope of marketing of Agricultural Produces in some areas having good road connectivity. Available markets in Kolasib district are:- 1. At Vairengte which is playing an important role as inter-state market where traders from neighboring state (Assam) arrives with their commodities. Produces from various parts of Kolasib district also is assembled on every Thursday for marketing. 2. At Kolasib, the district head quarter is developing in to a large market which operates daily and weekly. Commodities from neighboring villages arrive in this market. 3. At Thingdawl, which is serving as a small market. 4. Kawnpui also is serving as a small market. 5. At Serkhan there is a small market which caters the need of the neighboring villages. 6. Bairabi also developing a market center for many horticultural and agricultural commodities including fish. The sole railway station of the state of Mizoram is located at Bairabi which serves as important market facilities. 7. Lungdai has a small market which is known for its various fruits and vegetables.
Storage facilities need to be created as well as transportation facilities for agricultural commodities need to be improved. The district also offers scope for development of post harvest management for many economically viable agricultural and horticultural commodities. Training for different technologies on post harvest may be organized in selected areas. Lack of storage facilities, transportation bottleneck, inadequate grading, packing & drying are the main constraints. Cold storage facilites is available in fisheries sector. Markets are not actually regulated. Rural godown and market sheds in potential areas may be created.
2.11 EXISTING PROJECTS IN THE DISTRICT
Important on-going programmes: Central sector Name of the Schemes Activity in brief Objectives
National Watershed Revolving fund to user groups for Conserve & manage natural Development crop production, rearing of duck, resources Programme goat, eri-muga Increased productivity with (NWDPRA or Training to community non-land based activity for land WDPSCA) organisations like SHG, User less and land-based activity in Groups the watershed area Natural Resource Management Income generation for the poor & landless families IWDP it is a watershed basis approach Soil & moisture conservation with a purpose of developing the management is the prime land in and integrated manner as objective per the land capability. Integrated Pest Training & demonstration on IPM * Awareness and capacity building Management (IPM) on rice through Farmers field to farmers on eco-friendly / low School cost pest & disease management of rice. National Rural It is an employment guarantee The rural connectivity for Employment scheme in the rural sector for making of different assets to Guarantee Schemes generating wage income while generate income in agriculture (NRGES) working one formulated like irrigation channels, ponds development projects. and other water harvesting structures etc. Rashtriya Krishi Development of innovative Bottom-up Approach in Vikash Yojona programme in agricultural and agricultural Planning (RKVY) allied sector Reducing yield gap Agricultural Farm mechanization Maximize return to the farmers Development of Rainfed Farming To address the demand of Market Infrastructure agricultural and allied sectors in Managing Soil Health an integrated manner. Horticulture Development Organic cultivation and vermicompost production Technology Mission Area Expansion of thrust crops in * To increase production and for Integrated the district productivity of horticultural Development of Creating support component like produce in the district. Horticulture in NE nursery, irrigation potentiality, vermicompost production, shade net, agricultural equipments & etc. National Project for cattle and buffalo breeding Feed and fodder development ASCAD Professional Efficiency Development Intensive Dairy Development Programme
CHAPTER – 3
SWOT Analysis
Based on the interaction with the farmers, general public community leaders and officials of different line departments Strength, Weakness, Opportunities and Threat (SWOT) of different sectors have listed to analysing and identification of critical gaps.
3.1 AGRICULTURAL SECTOR a. Strengths: (a) Traditional practices of cultivating crops. (b) Availability of W.R.C. in many areas. (c) Possibilities of growing different crops due to varied favourable agro-ecological condition. (d) Availability of man power and also machine like power tiller, tractor etc. (e) Availability of link-road throughout the areas of farm for easy transport of the produce. (f) Availability of land resources and good fertility status of soil naturally. b. Weaknesses : (a) Practices of shifting cultivation on hill slopes. (b) Lack of technical skill for crop production. (c) Scarcity of irrigation facilities. (d) Lack of marketing channel. (e) Imbalance use of NPK fertilizers. (f) Problems of soil acidity. (g) Lack of knowledge for IPM, INM and IDM. (h) Some farmers are still following traditional practices of cultivating crops. (i) Non-adoption of seed treatment with chemical and biological treatment (Bio- fertilizers) (j) Poor economic condition of the farmers. (k) Non-availability of credit linkages and inputs in time. (l) Lack of agriculture extension services. (Training and demonstration at farmers‟ field) (m) Lack of agro-base industry. c. Opportunities : (a) Provision of suitable irrigation system. (b) Scope for establishment of agro-based processing unit and cottage industries. (c) Promotion of organic farming. (d) Low incidence of diseases. (e) Scope for Oilpalm cultivation and establishment of oilpalm processing unit. (f) Scope for paddy-cum-fish culture. (g) Improving productivity of crop through improved agronomic practices. d. Threats : (a) Crop damage due to sudden outbreak of rodent population. (b) Shrinkage of agricultural land due to increase in human population. (c) Excessive and uneven distribution of rainfall. (d) Long dry spell during the crop season. (e) Flood due to heavy rainfall. (f) Fluctuation in market prices of agricultural produce. (g) Deforestation and soil erosion.
Technological Matrix of Agriculture Sector of Kolasib District : No Crops Problems Interventions 1 2 3 4 1. Rice (a) High incidence of Rice 1. IDM : blast disease. (a) Cultural practices. (b) High infestation of pest. (b) Seed treatment with copper (Grasshopper, Yellow stem oxychloride @ 0.3 % borer, Gundhi bug) (c) Biological control like T.Viredi as seed (c) Improper application of treatment. chemical fertilizers (Urea, (d) Spraying of Bavistein @ 1g/lt of SSP, water. MOP) 2. IPM : (a) Light trap. (b) Introduction of natural enemies like dragon fly and spider. (c) Seedling root dip treatment in 0.05% chlorpyriphos for 1 min before transplanting. (d) Spray 0.03% phosphomid- on 20-45 days after transplanting. (e) Release of Tricho card (Trichogramma chilonis) @ 50,000 /ha/week. 3. INM : (a) Application of lime @ (b) Growing of green manure crops (Sesbania, Dhaincha, Cowpea etc) (c) Neem cake mixed urea (1:5 ratio) as top dressing) (d) NPK:60:30:30 Kg/Ha (e) Use of compost.
2. Maize (1) Stem borer infestation. 1. IPM (2) Less productivity. (a) Light trap. (b) Crop rotation with non-host crops. © Spray 0.05% Lindane or 0.1% endosulfan on 15 days old plant. (d) Biological control like introduction of Trichogramma chilonis. @ 75,000/ha (6 release at 7 days interval from 45 days after planting) (e) Cultivation of improve varieties, Farm mechanization, use of organic manure and fertilizers as per recommendation.
3. Potato (1) Blight disease causing 1. IDM drying of the plant. (a) Cultural practices (2) Local variety resulting – selection of disease free seed tubers. less productivity. - Sanitation. (3) Problems of post-harvest - Tuber treatment before with 1:1000 processing. mercuric chloride solution. - High ridging. (b) Spray Bordeaux mixture 4:4:50 strength. © Growing of resistant. (1)Varieties like Kufri megha, Kufri Jyoti etc. (2)Growing of good quality like TPS (True potato seeds) (3)Demonstration of technique of cultivation TPS at farmers field. (4)Provision of cold storage for keeping the surplus which will fetch good price at off-season. (5)Low cost storage technique. 4. French (1)Low productivity. (1)Encourage organic farming. bean (2)Low marketing value. (2)Provide irrigation facilities. (3)Local variety. (3)Area expansion. (4)Introduction of improved varieties for high yield. (5)Provision of channel for selling the product in and outside the state 5. Mustard (1)Local variety. (1)Introduction of HYV with improved (2)Marketing of harvested cultivation practices (OFT and training) seeds. (2)Installation of oil extraction unit and seed procurement centre. 6. Cabbage (1)Lack of technical know- (1)Training and demonstration at farmers how for cultivation. field. (2)Marketing of the product. (2)OFT and FLD. (3)Low cost storage technique. (4)Provision of cold storage for keeping the produce which is for selling during off-season. Pulses Low productivity of the Introduction of HYV, improve package of 7. (Cowpea/ crop. practices, educating the farmers about Soyabean/ Drying of the plant before fixation of atmospheric N2 to enrich the Pea) reaching mature stage. soil fertility, recommend soil test (PH) and Field demonstration with bio-fertilizers treatment. 8. Bean 1) Low field 1) Introduction of improved varieties 2) Disease infection such as contender, pusa parvati. 3) Indigerous method of 2) 2-3 years rotation. practices 3) Seed treatment with Bavistin @ 1 gram/Kg of seeds followed by 2-3 spray of mancozeb (0.25%) after 45, 60 and 75 days of sowing. 4) Improved package of practices. 9. Sugarcane 1) Lack of knowledge for 1) Improved package of practices. cultivation. 2) Seed treatment in 0.5%. 2) Disease (red rot) and 3) Application of well rotten neem cake termites infestation. manure @ 60 Cartloads / Ha. and use 3) Non-availability of good rotten manure only. quality seeds (Setts). 4) Seeds (setts) treatment in the suspension of chlorpyriphos 20 ec @10ml/ litre of water before sowing. 5) Quality planting materials are to be supply to the farmers through KVK or registered nurseries.
3.2 SWOT ANALYSIS OF HORTICULTURE
i. Strengths :
(a) Vast area of land available for cultivation of horticultural crops. (b) Fertile soil and sufficient rainfall throughout the year. (c) Varied Agro-climatic condition favourable for growing variety of Horticultural and plantation crops. (d) Optimum temperature and relative humidity for growing of horticultural crops. (e) Many wild varieties of fruits are available in the district. ii. Weaknesses :
(a) Inadequate post-harvest infrastructures and marketability of produces. (b) Lack of availability of quality planting materials. (c) Lack of awareness and training programme for scientific practices of cultivation. (d) Constraints of credit support and institutional support for transfer of technology. (e) Lack of knowledge and poor economic condition of the farmers. (f) Poor communication and transport facilities. iii. Opportunities :
(a) Area expansion with improved varieties. (b) Wide scope for growing high value and low volume crops. (c) Establishment of cold storage for keeping the produce. (d) Introduction of HYV through training, demonstration, mass media etc. (e) Shifting cultivation can be converted into horticulture plantation. (f) Vast scope for establishment of fruit processing units. iv. Threats :
(a) Soil erosion and flooding. (b) Long dry spell during the crop season. (c) Deforestation. (d) Import of disease planting materials from other states.
TECHNOLOGICAL MATRIX HORTICULTURE SECTOR OF KOLASIB DISTRICT. Item Reasons for gap Technology suggested A. Orange Improved variety like Srinagar, Variety Lack of awareness Kinnoue and Khasi mandarin can be introduced after OFT. Lack of adequate planting Training and demonstration on Time of planting material which give improper T-budding and nursery preparation for time of planting. seedlings and plant during June & July. Spacing Lack of knowledge. 6-7m apart in compact area. (a) Adoption of INM. (b) For one year old, 75g Fertilizer Lack of knowledge. N:40gP2O5:75K2O along with application. 5kg FYM and spray of micro- nutrients. Adoption of sprinkler irrigation. Lack of knowledge for Irrigation management of water.
Adoption of IPM (1) Cultural method pruning of infested Pest management Lack of awareness. twigs during March-April, chemical method –paint main trunk with 1g/lt chlorpyriphos + 1g/lt of neem. Adoption of IDM (Integrated Disease Management) (1)Pruning of infected twig and apply Bordeaux paste for citrus canker. Disease Lack of awareness. (2) For dieback control prune dead management. twigs followed by carbondazim. @ 1g/lt of water. (3) Use of resistant varieties. (4) For citrus decline, integrated method like watering, micro-nutrient spray, organic manure and cutting of dry branches and twigs during winter season. B. Ginger Variety Lack of awareness. Nadia Planting time Lack of knowledge. April to May. Seed treatment with copper Seed treatment Lack of knowledge. oxychloride @ 0.3% for 30 minutes. Row planting in Ridge at 45X20 cm Planting system Lack of awareness. apart. Fertilizer Lack of knowledge. Judicious use of Fertilizers with INM. Application. IPM-(1) Mechanical method- collection, destruction of grubs, weevils, larvae and adult. Pest management. Lack of awareness. (2) Cultural method-Removal of infested plant and burning. (3) Chemical method-Apply chlorpyriphos 20 EC. @ 2 ml/lt of water. IDM for Rhizome rot -(1) Seed treatment with Dithane M-45 @ 3g/lt + Neem extract. Disease Lack of knowledge. (2) Avoid water logging management. (3) Treatment of seeds with Trichoderma. Viride @ 8-10g/lt of water. C. Pineapple Variety Lack of awareness. Giant kew, queen. Planting time Lack of knowledge. June (Rainy season) Double row system with a spacing of Spacing Lack of knowledge. 30cmx60cmx1m. Fertilizer INM with application of N:P:K Lack of technical know-how. application (100:50:100) Kg/Ha. Irrigation Lack of knowledge. Adoption of sprinkler irrigation. IPM- cultural and mechanical method. Pest management. Lack of technical know-how Application of phorate granule @ 1.75 Kg/ Ha. at the seedling stage IDM – removal and destruction of infected plant. Sanitation, removal of Disease Lack of knowledge weeds. Spray Dithane M-45 @ 2gm/ management litre of water for controlling leaf spot disease. D. Banana Lack of awareness Dwarf Cavendish Time of Lack of knowledge April sowing/planting. Spacing Lack of knowledge 1.8 m X 1.8m Fertilizer INM with application of N,P O and Lack of technical know-have 2 5 application K2O @ 100g,100g and 300g/ plant/ year. Spray micronutrient (Multiplex) @ 500g / 125 lts. Of water during flowering. Remove all the suckers till shooting Desuckering Lack of knowledge and allow only one sucker at shooting to set as ratoon crop. Micro-irrigation system (Drip Irrigation Lack of awareness irrigation) Application of Furadon 3g at the base Pest management Lack of awareness of the shoot. Mechanical method by destroying the weeril sanitation. IDM spray Bordeaux mixture 2:2:250, spray Bavistin @2g / litre of water Disease cultural method like removal and Lack of awareness management burning of infected leaves. Sanitation measure spray Dimecron @ 2ml/ litre of water for contreating Aphids. E. Arecanut Varieties Lack of awareness Kahikuchi, Syhlet Planting time Lack of awareness June Spacing Lack of awareness 9ft X 9ft. Application of 5kg FYM,50:20:50g of Manures and N:P:K.plant / year spray micronutrient Lack of knowledge Fertilizers during new flushes @500g / 150 lt of water. One bucket of water / plant during dry Irrigation Lack of knowledge season and mulching during dry season. Spray Dimethoate (Rogor) 30ec @ 2ml/litre of water for centrotting of mites keeping phorate granules Pest management Lack of knowledge (Thimet 10g) inside the polythene sheet in which small holes are provided and put the filled polythene sheet near the plant for controlling of Spidle bugs IDM cultural control like removal and destruction of infected plant parts. Diseas management Lack of knowledge Spray 1% Bordeaux mixture twice a year during dry season. Passion Fruits Variety Lack of awareness Yellow Planting time Lack of knowledge June Spacing Lack of knowledge 4X2m to 4X4m INM with application of Urea, SSP and Fertilizers Lack of technical know how MOP each @200/plant/year+ bio- application fertilizer 25g/plant To obtain optimum production assured Irrigation Lack of awareness irrigation during dry spell (Nov.- March) Collection and burning of fruit fly Pest management Lack of awareness infested fruit clean cultivation. Disease Lack of knowledge Pasting of collar region with Bordeaux management paste. Removal and burning of dead plant.Soil drenching with ridomil @0.2% Application of DM-45 @ 0.1% for the management of brown spot.
3.3 SWOT ANALYSIS OF ANIMAL HUSBANDRY AND VETENINARY
i.. Strengths : (a) Kolasib District has varied agro-ecological zones (Humid sub-tropical Hill zone and Humid mild tropical zone) which favours for rearing of different livestock species (both indigenous and exotic) (b) Availability of abundant feeds. (c) Rich and diverse natural resources. (d) High market demand for livestock product especially pig meat. (e) Farmers follow mixed farming system with livestock and pig-cum-fish culture etc. (f) Some crops like maize, mustard, soyabean, sesamum etc are well produced in the district which can be used for livestock and poultry feed. (g) Farmers are hard working and have traditional knowledge for rearing of different livestocks. ii. Weaknesses : (a) Inadequate credit support since most of the farmers are poor economic condition. (b) Lack of improve and quality breed of livestock for high productivity. (c) Lack of knowledge in livestock and poultry production system among the farmers. (d) Weak veterinary healthcare services and insufficient facilities for good quality livestock production. (e) Large number of indigenous livestock and poultry with poor productivity. (f) Farmers reared livestock mostly for subsidiary income hence limiting their production capacities. (g) Poor involvement of corporate sectors in the livestock industries. (h) Insufficient training programme and awareness campaign for farmers about feeding system and scope of rearing livestock. iii. Opportunities (a) Organising trainings for the F1G to close the technological gap. (b) Training of farmers group for rearing exotic birds. (c) Awareness campaign on breed upgradation, care and maintenance of dairy animals and scheme processing. (d) Organising mobile treatment camps at village level. (e) Linkage with input, credit and marketing. (f) Organising A.I. campaign involving paravets and NGOs in rural areas. (g) Supply of improved breeds of different livestock for good production. (h) Assessment of marketed surplus of milks. (i) Trainings, balanced feeding, regular and timely vaccinations. (j) Introduction of improved breeds, improve management practices, provision of feed subsidy. iv.. Threats (a) Rapid commercialization and shrinkage of agricultural land mass. (b) Natural calamities. (c) Prevalent of dangerous diseases like Swine and Bird flu. (d) Declining natural resource bare with disturbed ecosystem. (e) Import threat from neighboring states and countries.
Technology matrix for Animal Husbandry in Kolasib District.
Technologies Constraints. Cattle Pig Poultry Low productivity/ Improved breed like Improved breeds Introduction of improved performance of Jersey, HF etc. like Hamshire, birds like Vanaraja, local breeds Large black etc. Kalinga Brown etc. High mortality rate Proper feeding of calf Construction of Proper brooding. of young ones. and cleanliness. cheep area and proper feeding of piglets. Poor performance (1)Feeding at regular Locally available Locally available feed due to imbalance scheduled intervals daily. feed ingredients at ingredients. feeding. (2)Locally available regular interval. feeds which are easily digestible. (3)Silage and Hay making during flush seasons. (4)Improvement of CPR. Inadequate A.I. A.I. and provision breeding males (Artificial insemmi- of breeding boars - nation) to rural areas. Vaccination Anthrax : 6 months Swine fever : Ranikhet disease : schedule. repeat annually during 2 months. 25 days. April/May. FDM : 3-4 months, 2nd Ranikhet disease : dose after 1 month, - 3-4 days. repeat after 6-9 months. Brucellosis : Gumboro : 4-6 months. - 14 days.
3.4 SWOT ANALYSIS OF FISHERIES i. Strengths:
. Rich and diverse natural resources. . The District (Kolasib) is endowed with varied agro-ecological zones which favour rearing of various fish species. . Farmers show keen interest in rearing and have indigenous knowledge of rearing fish. . Farmers are laborious and whole family takes part in paddy-cum-fish culture. . Network of fresh water rivers and streams available. ii. Weaknesses :
. Hatcheries or nurseries for fingerlings are very unsystematic and not scientific. . Insufficient availability of fingerlings. . Lack of scientific knowledge in fish farming and production system in the district. . Lack of awareness campaign, seminars and trainings about fish culture for transfer of technology from trained human resources. . Lack of farmers participation in fish culture activities. . Lack of sufficient marketing networks. . Lack of financial support and services. . Poor communication and transport facilities. iii. Opportunities :
. Increasing the area of water under fisheries and exploiting the riverine stretch. . Setting up eco-hatcheries and nurseries in the district. . Establishing fish producers co-operative societies and farmers club to increase production and expand marketing. . Trainings and Demonstrations on carp culture in the district. v. Threats
. Traditional fishing by using slaked lime, bleaching powder, poison and blasting etc. . Improper market prices and rates. . Disturbances of ecological balance by declining natural resources. . Roles of pollution of water is high due to poisoning the streams and rivers. . Streams and rivers water for consumption or human use is a risk. Technology Matrix of Fishery
SN Constraints Strategies 1 Traditional fishing by using slaked lime, Ban on use of chemicals and toxic bleaching powder, poison, blasting etc. substances. 2 Lack of awareness campaign, seminars and Conducting trainings, seminars trainings for transfer of technology about fish and awareness campaigns for culture. transfer of technology about fish culture. 3 Lack of financial support and services. Providing credit facilities for financial support. 4 Inadequate documentation and conservation of Benchmark survey and fish genetic resources. documentation of fish treasures. 5 High siltation of rivers due to catchment area Restriction of forest destruction. 6 Lack of awareness for farmers participation in Farmers participatory. fish culture.
Fishery Sector The present indigenous trend of production system shows deficit production but in higher elevation, paddy-cum-fish culture has been introduced with great success which has got advantage that two crops can be harvested i.e. fish and paddy in one season. In order to boost up the production and to meet the daily requirement the following points mentioned below are sought out in the vision document. Scientific method of breeding and culture of fishes. Fish processing and value addition. Provision of cold storage plants. Lining of fish pond by using plastics. Production of fish feeds. Hatchery management and fingerlings rearing. Provision of market linkage. Scientific composite fish farming. Integration of fish farming with poultry/piggery etc. Provision of credit institutions for rural fish farmers. Projected human population and food requirements of Kolasib District till 2020.
Parameters Projected requirements 2010 2015 2020 Human 90473 120876 151280 Cereal (MT) 11959 15973.7 19991.6 Pulses (MT) 1809.46 2848.07 3189 Vegetables (MT) 9864.43 12353.52 24707.18 Fruits (MT) 23045.32 30789.5 38534.10 Oilseeds (MT) 1824.34 2545.2 4723.10 Milk (MT) 9246.32 12353.51 15460.80 Meat (MT) 977.08 1305.47 1633.82 Egg (lakh No.) 25.46 29.21 34.15
Issues and Strategies Communication constraints: Mass media like T.V., Newspaper, Radio, Video, Telephone etc should be able to reach each and every corner of the District/ Villages.
Infrastructural facilities for research support : Bio-control lab, Tissue culture lab, Disease forecasting center, Plant health clinic, Meteorological forecasting center etc.
Transportation problem : Link road for each and every village to dispose their produce easily.
Regular and timely supply of seeds so that the farmer will grow the crop in the right season.
Provision of credit facilities for farmers to go for big enterprises.
Marketing channel : Provision of good marketing channel of the produce setting up of selling booths, cold storage and SSE or MSE for fruit processing and rice mills etc.
Extension and training support : strengthening of KVKs/ATMA with more man power, improved tools, modern information technologies, latest scientific knowledge etc.
Identifying the most productive crops to increase income (return).
Complete abolishing the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides and go into pure organic.
Providing sufficient organic manures to the farmers
CHAPTER 4 STATUS OF AGRICULTURE AND PROPOSED STRATEGIES 4.1 AGRICULTURE ACTIVITIES:
The District is covered by humid sub-tropical hill and humid mild tropical zone. The soils are mostly acidic in nature (4.5-5.5pH). The texture of soil is loamy to clay loam in hill slope and sandy to sandy clay loam in valley flat lands with well drained and well aerated. Temperature ranges from 10-36oC and relative humidity ranges from 60-90% . Average rainfall is 260 cm. Almost all type of vegetables, oilseeds and fruit crops are thriving well in Kolasib District. On flat and gentle hill slope, paddy cultivation is practicing successfully.
In Kolasib District, farmers mainly grow Paddy in Jhum and flat lands whereas WRC generally practice in rainfed conditions. Next to rice, maize comes second as cereal crop which mainly grows in Jhum land during summer i.e. from April to August. Winter Maize in also cultivated successfully where irrigation facility is available. Among the oilseed crops- sesamum, soyabean, groundnut, sunflower etc. are grown during Kharif and mustard – M-27 and T-59 varieties are successfully grown during winter.
Pulses, beans, arhar, rice bean etc. are grown during Kharif. Depending on the soil moisture condition, field pea, green gram, blackgram are grown on the river side successfully during winter without irrigation.
The total cultivated area of the District is 12747 Ha. Approximately, out of the total cultivated area only 892 Ha. i.e. 7.2% area is irrigated by flow and lift irrigation. Most of the area under hill slope cultivation and Jhum cultivation are rainfed. The economy of the district centers around agriculture and paddy is predominant commodity which is cultivated during kharif season and even during winter season in some pockets of the district where assured irrigation exist. Maize is another important field crop and is cultivated both during kharif and rabi season. Following are the principal Commercial Crops grown in the district: - Cereal crops – Paddy is extensively grown followed by Maize. Wheat also is successfully demonstrated under irrigated condition in Chemphai valley. Oilseed- Sesamum and Mustard oil mainly grown. Spices- Chilly (Bird eye), Turmeric, Ginger are common in the district Pulses crops- Field Pea, Lentil, Bengal Gram, Black gram during Rabi season under irrigation support. Soybean also grown in highland in Rainfed condition Oil palm - as new promising commercial crop Fig 10: SRI Demonstration
The area, production (MT) and yield (q/ha) of some major crops grown during kharif and rabi season under rainfed and irrigated conditions. Introduction of new varieties has been tried through conduction of few varietal trials on crops like paddy, maize and sugarcane
Table 13 : Area, Production and Yield of Major Crops in Irrigated/ Rainfed Conditions during Kharif Season
Crops Taluk Area (ha) Production (q) Yield (q/ha) Irrigated % Rainfed % Total Irrigated % Rainfed % Total Irrigated Rainfed Average Paddy Thingdawl 10 0.7 1479 99 1489 240 8 2740 92 2980 24 18.5 21.25 Bilkhawthlir 60 1.1 5220 100 5280 1500 19 6338 81 7838 25 12 15.5 Maize Thingdawl - - 325 100 325 3350 100 3350 10.3 10.3 Bilkhawthlir 10 2 440 98 450 180 2 7320 97.6 7500 18 16.6 17.3 Sugarcane Thingdawl - - 198 100 198 - - 17070 100 17070 - 86 86 Bilkhawthlir 85 100 85 - - 6170 100 6170 - 72.5 72.5
Table14: Area, Production and Yield of Major Crops in Irrigated/ Rainfed Conditions During Rabi season
Area (ha) Production (q) Yield (q/ha) Crops Taluk Irrigated % Rainfed % Total Irrigated % Rainfed % Total Irrigated Rainfed Average. Maize Thingdawl 2 14 12 86 14 35 17 175 83 210 18 15 16 Bilkhawthlir 5 7 65 93 70 98 8 1152 92 1250 20 18 19 Rape& Mustard Thingdawl 2 4 52 96 54 16 4 412 96 428 8 7.9 8 Bilkhawthlir 5 2 255 98 260 40 2 1740 98 1780 8 6.8 7.4
Table 15 : Status of Varietal Demonstration
Varietal Demonstrations in Name of Crop Average Area Present Area 2006-07 Per under Varietal No. of Demos Area covered demonstration demon. (ha) conducted (ha) (ha) AGRICULTURE Paddy 0.5 5.0 10 Maize 0.5 10.0 20 5.0 Sugarcane 0.5 5.0 10 10.0 Total 1.5 20.0 40 5.0
One of the promising commercial crop in the district is Red Oil palm. It is generally cultivated in areas with an altitude not exceeding 700 meters and in well drained soil with good rainfall. It requires irrigation support during dry spells. 4.2 Agricultural Farming Systems The agricultural practices in the region are broadly of two distinct types, viz., (i) settled farming practised in the plains, valleys, foothills and terraced slopes and (ii) shifting cultivation practised on the hill slopes. In the hills, agricultural operations are carried out at a maximum elevation of 5000 m with „slash and burn‟ method.
4.3 Shifting (Jhum) Cultivation It is a primitive mode of agriculture evolved as a reflex action under the stress of the peculiar geophysical and ecological situations prevailing in the hills of the NE region. The system reflects a sort of community farming without heritable rights over the land. The practice starts with selection of forested land, clearing and burning of the forest before the onset of monsoon, planting of various crops in an intimate mixture by dibbling and harvesting. The land is abandoned after cultivation for a period of 2-3 years and cultivation is shifted to another site. The method of allotment of land varies from tribe to tribe. In most cases it is decided upon by the village councils or by village elders, and size of the plots depends on the number of working hands in respective farm families. Consequent upon population pressure, the jhum cycle has, however, shrunk to 3-6 years or even less against, earlier practice of a cycle of 10-15 years resulting in soil degradation and ecological imbalance. Indiscriminate destruction of forests in the jhum land, coupled with high rainfall, has resulted in heavy soil erosion and consequent silting of rivers causing floods in the lower reaches.
Settled Cultivation Settled cultivation is practised in plains and valleys. Adequate precipitation ensures availability of water for the crops grown in kharif. However, rabi crop faces water deficit, which is met by irrigation. With increasing awareness of the disadvantages of shifting cultivation, the farmers have started adopting settled cultivation. This is likely to result in reduction of area under shifting cultivation.
4.4 Cropping Pattern Food crops account for more than 80 per cent of the gross cropped area, which is suggestive of prevalence of subsistence agriculture and lack of crop diversification. About 70 per cent of the gross cropped area is accounted for by cereals alone. A remarkable feature of shifting cultivation is that a wide variety of crops is grown in the jhum fields. Jhum paddy is the dominant crop and is mixed with maize, millets, beans, tapioca, sweet potato, ginger, cotton, tobacco, chillies, sesamum and vegetables. The production units are more or less self-contained, each family growing crops according to its needs. Major food crops of the region are cereals and pulses which are cultivated in 78.03 per cent of the cropped area. 4.5 Crop Intensity The region‟s agriculture is characterised by low crop intensity (117 per cent). Physical constraints like weak and underdeveloped irrigation network, extremely cold weather in the higher elevations limit the crop season to summer months only. Low density of population in the hills and sociological constraints like values and attitudes, which are not wholly conducive to market oriented agriculture, have resulted in near stagnation in agricultural production.
Irrigation The normal way of irrigation in the hills is by diverting small streams. In other areas, the irrigation is provided from natural sources only during rainy months. The hydro- geomorphology of the hilly region is such that groundwater resource cannot be easily utilised for irrigation purpose. In such areas techniques for harvesting rainwater appears to be essential.
Fertiliser Fertiliser consumption works out to be as low as 23 kg/ha as against the national average of 95.6 kg/ha. The low level of fertiliser consumptions is attributable to heavy loss through run off of rainwater during the kharif season and due to slow and limited spread of fertiliser-based technology in the region.
Seed Seed is the most important component of agricultural production system. Information available from different sources indicates that there are large gaps in the supply of this vital input. The time lag in the supply of seeds frustrates the production programmes of the region. The spread of HYV has been poor as evidenced from the fact that only 56 per cent of the rice area has been brought under HYVs. Of the total quantity of improved seeds required by the farmers, roughly 40 per cent is met from within the region leaving a gap of 60 per cent in its present requirement. This gap is very likely to widen over time, as the percentage of adoption is sure to increase in near future.
4.6 Agro-based Industries The status of agro-based industries in the region is not very satisfactory because of lack of development in this area. However, it has potential for growth of traditional agro based industries like rice mills, oils mills, paper pulp unit based on bamboo, vanaspati plant etc. Despite considerable potential for development of fruit processing industries in the region, there has not been much progress in this area.
Foodgrains and Oilseeds The region faces a deficit of food grains, which is met by imports from other parts of the country. It drains the capital out of the region. This can, however, be curbed by making the region self-sufficient in foodgrains. Non-availability of adequate quantity of quality seeds of improved varieties and lack of use of inputs like fertiliser, weed control and disease and pests protection are major constraints in pulses and oilseeds production.
Farm Power Availability of farm power is a pre-requisite for timely field operations that are essential for optimum productivity in agriculture. The farm power availability is estimated at 0.67 kW/ha Studies have revealed that under rainfed farming, seed-bed preparation and sowing, harvesting and threshing, inter-culture, and weeding, and transport are the most energy intensive operations. Means will have to be found to bridge the gap between availability and requirement of power for farming operations. It experiences hot and humid weather, which poses serious problems for post harvest handling. In humid weather, it becomes difficult to dry the agricultural produce to safe moisture levels and this results in huge post-harvest losses.
Table 16: Oil palm production in Kolasib district
Sl Year No. of farmers growing No. of seedlings Area covered (ha) No. oil palm distributed 1 2005 349 88200 588.0 2 2006 182 27747 184.98 3 2007 850 139491 929.94 4 2008 1079 159002 1060.01 5 2009 1271 177119 1180.79 Total 3731 5,91,559 3943.78
Recently, under the collaborative effort with the Godrej Agrovet, the state department of agriculture has been expanding area under the red oil palm. Activities like nursery for seedling raising, necessary technical deliberation and marketing has been under taken with this joint effort. Seedlings @ 150 per hectare has been distributed and planted in about 4000 ha out of which 79 ha is under terracing (half moon terracing). Two suitable varieties of red oil palm namely, Costarica and Thailand have been introduced.
4.7 Seed Production and Seed Village:
Seed availability is a major problem in the district. Certified seed production programme is necessary. Foundation seeds produced from breeder seeds may be collected from recognized institution for the purpose like state agril universities and their research stations and ICAR centers. The Sate agricultural/seed farms need to be reorganized and revamped.
4.8 Thrust areas in Kolasib
1. Jhum intensification through advance technology for sustainable agriculture. 2. Introduction of quality seeds and planting material. 3. Introduction of High Yielding Varieties (HYVs) for field crops. 4. Popularization of rain water harvesting structures in upper ridges for life saving irrigation of high value crops and for maintaining animal farms. 5. Popularization of Integrated fish farming and mushroom cultivation. 6. Popularization of medicinal & aromatic plants, tuber crops and edible bamboo. 7. Introduction of Azolla- fish under WRC. 8. Introduction of nursery raising techniques and protective agriculture for vegetables. 9. Implementation of INM, IPM, IDM in various field and vegetable crops. 10. Implementation of agro-forestry systems with focus on citrus, passion fruits & pineapple. 11. Integrated Farming System approach. 12. Introduction of biofertilizers viz; Rhizobium, Azospirillum, Azotobacter, Blue Green Algae (BGA), Azolla. 13. Establishment of Agro-processing units. 14. Training and demonstration on scientific practices of Agriculture and allied sector. 15. Linkages with ICAR Institutes, Private Banks, NGOs, ATMA, Agriculture and allied departments. 16. Strengthening the market led extension channels and credit linkages. 17. Infrastructure development.
4.9 YIELD GAP ANALYSIS:
The productivity of paddy under permanent cultivation in Kolasib district is comparatively better than some other district of Mizoram. The reasons for the same may be attributed to more areas under WRC with irrigation facility. But the productivity is still lower than the national average. It might be due to more areas under rainfed cultivation, pre-dominance of indigenous varieties, imbalance and low fertilizer use etc. Yield potential of paddy on average is 38 to 40 q/ha, whereas the present level is 20.00 q/ha for WRC (Permanent paddy crop) and lower than 10 quintals/ha in shifting cultivation area. This is slightly higher than the state average yield of 13 q/ha. The situation is similar in case of pulses and oilseeds also wherein the productivity is at least 20% lower than the national average.
Table 17: Yield Gap Analysis
Name of the Average yield (q/ha) Yield gap (%) crops Distric State Front Line with With Reason for Gap in t Demonstra respect respect to yield tion (FLD) to FLD state Paddy (WRC) 20.05 13.00 34.00 (-)40% (+) 35% Non-adoption of recommended package of practices in adequate use of HYV seeds and other production inputs. Maize 20.00 20.00 25.00 (-) 20% Nil Normally grown in rainfed condition Mustard 7.00 8.00 9.00 (-) 23% (-) 12% Non-use of fertilizers and inadequate irrigation Potato 65.00 ---- 180.00 (-) 75% -- Recommended package of practice not adhered to (earthing up not properly done) Sugarcane 90.00 90.00 100.00 (-) 10% --
4.10 PERFORMANCE GAP ANALYSIS
Table 18 Gap in Research / Extension / Adoption and Proposed Extension Strategy for Improving the Productivity / Income from Rain fed-Paddy in the District (Transplanted)
Gap Farmers Recomme Specific Sl. Items of Existing in Propose Strategy to nded Reasons No Package practice Ado d Overcome gap Practice for Gap pt Strategy 1 Sowing Transpla Transplant - - - nt Time May - - - - May - June Method June Lack of nil Demonstration/exposu SRI awareness re visit Local method of transplan ting
2 Varieties Local IR 64/Pant Non Farmers Awareness campaigns/ 12/Krishn availabilit Personal demonstration. a hamsa y choice 3 Seed Rate 50 – 60 45 -50 kgs Lack of Nil Training and (per ha.) kgs awareness demonstrations.
4 Seed Sun and Use of Unavailab Availabi Training/demonstratio Treatment Smoke Chemicals ility of lity of n/timely supply of drying inputs/ inputs in inputs. lack of time awareness 5 Organic Nil 5 tons/ha Lack of Availabi Training/demonstratio Manure awareness lity of n/availability of inputs (tons / ha) / inputs unavailabi lity of inputs 6 Fertilizer Nil N:P:K Lack of Availabi Training/demonstratio 60:40:40 awareness lity of n/ timely supply of / inputs inputs unavailabi lity of inputs 7 Micro Nil Use of -do- - -do- Nutrient essential micro nutrients. 8 Pest Use of Use of Lack of Use of Introduction of IPM Managem cultural IPM awareness pesticide ent methods s
9 Disease -do- -do- -do- -do- -do- Managem ent.
10 Post Tradition Scientific Lack of Nil Awareness training/ Harvest al post- awareness exposure visits, etc Managem method harvest ent technolog y 11 Weed Hand Use of Lack of Supply Awareness training Managem weeding scientific inputs of inputs and availability of ent technolog inputs/ exposure visit y
Table 19 Gap in Research / Extension / Adoption and Proposed Extension Strategy for Improving the Productivity / Income from Rain fed_Paddy in the District (Direct Sown)
Gap Specific Farmers Strategy to Sl. Items of Existing Recommended in Reasons for Proposed Overcome No Package practice Practice Adopt Gap Strategy gap 1 Sowing Dibbling Dibbling - - - -
Time April April - - -
Method Dibbling Dibbling - - - 2 Varieties Local Local - - - -
3 Seed Rate 25 - 30 25 – 30 kgs - - - - (per ha.) kgs
4 Seed Sun/smoke Use of F Nonavailability Access of Training/de Treatment drying chemicals of inputs/ lack inputs in monstration of awareness time /timely supply of inputs. 5 Organic Nil Nil F - - - Manure (tons / ha) 6 Fertilizer Nil N:P:K F Lack of Availability Training/de 30:20:20 awareness/ of inputs monstration unavailability / timely of inputs supply of inputs 7 Micro Nil Nil F - - - Nutrient
8 Pest Use of Use of IPM P Lack of Use of Introductio Management cultural awareness pesticides n of IPM methods 9 Disease -do- Use of IPM P -do- -do- -do- Management.
10 Post Harvest Traditional Scientific post- F Lack of Nil Awareness Management method harvest awareness training/ technology exposure visits, etc 11 Weed Hand Use of F Lack of inputs Supply of Awareness Management weeding scientific inputs training and technology availability of inputs/ exposure visit
Table 20 Gap in Research / Extension / Adoption and Proposed Extension Strategy for Improving the Productivity / Income from Mustard (Rabi Oilseed) Gap Specific Farmers Strategy Sl. Items of Existing Recommended to in Reasons Proposed No Package practice Practice Overco Adopt for Gap Strategy me gap 1 Sowing Broadcasting Broadcasting - - - -
Time November – November – December December Method Broadcasting Broadcasting 2 Varieties Varuna/ M- Varuna/ M-27/ - - - - 27/ TM-2 TM-2 3 Seed Rate 20 - 25 kgs 10 – 15 kgs - - - - (per ha.)
4 Seed Sun/smoke Use of F Availability Training/de Unavail Treatment drying chemicals of inputs in monstration/ ability time timely of supply of inputs/ inputs. lack of awarene ss 5 Organic Nil 2 - 3 F -do- -do- -do- Manure (tons / ha) 6 Fertilizer Nil N:P:K F Availability Training/de Lack of 60:40:40 of inputs monstration/ awarene timely ss/ supply of unavaila inputs bility of inputs 7 Micro Nil Use of micro F -do- -do- -do- Nutrient nutrient complex 8 Pest Use of Use of IPM F Lack of Use of Introduc Management cultural awareness pesticides tion of methods IPM 9 Disease -do- Use of IPM F -do- -do- -do- Management.
10 Post Harvest Traditional Scientific post- F Lack of Nil Awaren Management method harvest awareness ess technology training/ exposur e visits, etc 11 Weed Hand Use of F Lack of Supply of Awarene Management weeding scientific inputs inputs ss technology training and availabili ty of inputs Table 21 Gap in Research / Extension / Adoption and Proposed Extension Strategy for Improving the Productivity / Income from Pea (Rabi Pulse)
Gap Specific Farmers Strategy Sl. Items of Existing Recommended to in Reasons Proposed No Package practice Practice Overco Adopt for Gap Strategy me gap 1 Sowing Dibbling Line sowing F Lack of Nil Demons awareness- tration Time November – November – December December - - Method Dibbling Line sowing F - Lack of awareness 2 Varieties Arkel Arkel N - - -
3 Seed Rate 30 -35 kgs 30 – 35 kgs N - - - (per ha.)
4 Seed Sun and Use of F Unavailabil Availability Training Treatment Smoke Chemicals ity of of inputs in /demons drying inputs/ lack time tration/ti of mely awareness supply of inputs. 5 Organic Nil 4 - 5 tons/ha F Lack of Availability Training Manure awareness/ of inputs /demons (tons / ha) unavailabili tration/a ty of inputs vailabilit y of inputs 6 Fertilizer Nil N:P:K 20:46:0 F Lack of Availability Training awareness/ of inputs /demons unavailabili tration/ ty of inputs timely supply of inputs 7 Micro Nil Use of essential F -do- - -do- Nutrient micro nutrients.
8 Pest Use of Use of IPM F Lack of Use of Introduc Management cultural awareness pesticides tion of methods IPM 9 Disease -do- -do- F -do- -do- -do- Management.
10 Post Harvest Traditional Scientific post- F Lack of Nil Awaren Management method harvest awareness ess technology training/ exposur e visits, etc 11 Weed Hand Use of F Lack of Supply of Awaren Management weeding scientific inputs iputs ess technology training and availabil ity of inputs/ exposur e visit
Table 22 Gap in Research / Extension / Adoption and Proposed Extension Strategy for Improving the Productivity / Income from Kharif Pulse
Strateg Gap Specific Farmers Sl. Items of Existing Recommended y to in Reasons Proposed No Package practice Practice Overco Adopt for Gap Strategy me gap 1 Sowing Dibbling Line sowing F Lack of Nil Demons awareness- tration Time April – May April – May - - Method Dibbling Line sowing F - Lack of awareness 2 Varieties Local Improve F Lack of - Demons varieties awareness tration 3 Seed Rate 75 kgs 75 kgs - - - - (per ha.)
4 Seed Sun and Use of F Unavailabil Availability Training Treatment Smoke Chemicals ity of of inputs in /demons drying inputs/ lack time tration/ti of mely awareness supply of inputs. 5 Organic Nil 2 - 4 tons/ha F Lack of Availability Training Manure awareness/ of inputs /demons (tons / ha) unavailabili tration/a ty of inputs vailabilit y of inputs 6 Fertilizer Nil N:P:K F Lack of Availability Training 20:60:40 awareness/ of inputs /demons unavailabili tration/ ty of inputs timely supply of inputs 7 Micro Nil Use of essential F -do- - -do- Nutrient micro nutrients.
8 Pest Use of Use of IPM F Lack of Use of Introduc Management cultural awareness pesticides tion of methods IPM 9 Disease -do- -do- F -do- -do- -do- Management.
10 Post Harvest Traditional Scientific post- F Lack of Nil Awaren Management method harvest awareness ess technology training/ exposur e visits, etc 11 Weed Hand Use of F Lack of Supply of Awaren Management weeding scientific inputs inputs ess technology training and availabil ity of inputs/ exposur e visit
Table 23 Gap in Research / Extension / Adoption and Proposed Extension Strategy for Improving the Productivity / income from Maize
Strateg Gap Specific Farmers Sl. Items of Existing Recommended y to in Reasons Proposed No Package practice Practice Overco Adopt for Gap Strategy me gap 1 Sowing Dibbling Line sowing F Lack of Nil Demons awareness tration / Time March - March - April - - awarene April ss Method Line sowing F Lack of Nil campaig Dibbling awareness n -
Demons tration/a warenes s 2 Varieties Vijay Vijat - - - - composite/ composite/navj navjot/ local oy/local 3 Seed Rate / 20 kgs 15 – 20 kgs P - - - ha.)
4 Seed Sun and Use of F Unavailabil Availability Training Treatment Smoke Chemicals ity of of inputs in /demons drying inputs/ lack time tration/ti of mely awareness supply of inputs. 5 Organic Nil 2 tons/ha F Lack of Availability Training Manure awareness/ of inputs /demons (tons / ha) unavailabili tration/a ty of inputs vailabilit y of inputs 6 Fertilizer Nil N:P:K F Lack of Availability Training 80:40:40 awareness/ of inputs /demons unavailabili tration/ ty of inputs timely supply of inputs 7 Micro Nil Use of essential F -do- - -do- Nutrient micro nutrients.
8 Pest Use of Use of IPM F Lack of Use of Introduc Management cultural awareness pesticides tion of methods IPM 9 Disease -do- -do- F -do- -do- -do- Management.
10 Post Harvest Traditional Scientific post- F Lack of Nil Awaren Management method harvest awareness ess technology training/ exposur e visits, etc 11 Weed Hand Use of F Lack of Supply of Awaren Management weeding scientific inputs inputs ess technology training and availabil ity of inputs/ exposur e visit
4.11 Problems and interventions
Table 24 Problems identified in Agriculture and suggested interventions
CROP: RICE
Sl.No Problems identified Existing farming Suggested intervention system 1. Long duration and low Rainfall, WRC and 1) Introduction of medium yield of traditional upland rice paddy duration and high yielding rice varieties (Jhum paddy) variety and check with available local variety 2. Improper seed selection 1. Viable seeds, pure seeds & and awareness regar- various method of selection for ding seed treatment, seed purposes may be adopted. soil treatment etc. 2. Selected seeds should be treated using various like Dithane M-45, Captaf, foltaf, Bavistin @ 2mg/litre of water by wet treatment & also by dry seed treatment .
3. Seed treatment with Bio pesticides such as Pseudomonas spp, Trichoderma spp etc.
4. Seed and soil treatment with Bio-fertilizer such as Azotobacter/ Azospirrillum & P.S.M.
3. Unawareness regarding 1) For acid soils, liming is a and reclamation of soils widely accepted amelioration practices
2) For saline soils, application of Gypsum is widely accepted.
3) Mulching of soils, frequent irrigation drainage, improving irrigation efficiency and green manuring for soil reclamation 4 Lack of fertilizer 1) Creating awareness for management and its adoption of balance dose of application fertilizers. 2) Promotions of farmers to adopt Bio-fertilizers like BGA & Azolla in WRC. 3) Application of Neem cake and introduction of Wood Vinegar/bamboo vinegar, E.M. vermi compost or vermi technology and chemical compositions 5. Infestation of various 1) Introduction of resistant insect pest and diseases and disease free varieties compatible to the region.
2) Application of fungicides and insecticides such as Bavistin to control blast and carbofuran etc to control root knot nematode and stem borers
3)Application of Bio pesticides such as Pseudomonas spp and Trichoderma spp to control blast, leaf blight, brown spot etc.
4) Introduction of Entomopathogenic fungi such as Beaveria bassiana to control stem borer, plant hoppers, leaf hoppers, rice bug and hispa etc.
6. Weeds 1) Introduction of S.R.I.method use of cono weeder for weeding purposes
7. Traditional way of 1) Introduction and promotion for harvesting and post use of paddy thresher, winnower harvest etc. 2) Promotion of improved and modern technology 3) Introduction of Duli structure for storage
CROP : MAIZE
Sl.No Problems identified Existing farming system Proposed interventions
1. Low yield varieties Rainfed (Upland/Jhum) 1) Introduction and promotion of high yielding, short-medium duration varieties through participatory research and extensions. 2. Traditional method of 1) Demonstrations on the sowing practices importance of sowing on line and ridges with the recommended spacing requirement 2) Introduction and promotion of clean cultivation practices 3) Promotions of compatible crops for inter cropping 3. Lack of awareness seed 1) Introduction on application of dressing/treatment seeds with Agrosan GN or Ceresan dry @ 9gm/kg seed (or other Fungicides) 2) Seeds and soil fertilizers such as Azotobacter/ Azospirrillum & P.S.M. 4. Lack of technical know how on fertilizers 1)Awareness cum Demon- application and strations for adoption of balance management dose of fertilizers and time of its applications 2) Promotions/Demonstrations to adopt Bio fertilizers and green manuring crops 3) Introduction and promotions of green manure compost with the available local resources
5 Infestations of various 1) Awareness/Demonstration insect pests & Disease cum training regarding application of insecticides/pesticides/fungicides & identification of insect pest and diseases 2) Introduction and promotions of Bio pesticides & Entomopathogenic fungi and parasitoids such as Trichogram- matids, Basillus Thuringiensis (BT) etc. to control stem borers 6. Lack of knowledge and 1) Demonstration and promotion awareness on basic farm of Maize Sheller etc. implements
CROP: POTATO
Sl.No Problems identified Existing farming Proposed system intervention 1 Lack of availability of Rainfed (Upland & 1) Promotion of the quality seeds/tubers Irrigated) crop by using T.P.S. technology 2) Checking the appropriateness of various varieties in the district. 3) Promotion of suitable through F.L.D. 4) Creating awareness for seed treatment through chemical and bio agents 2 Lack of technical 1) Demonstration of knowhow on planting planting on ridges & technique and time furrows with the recommended spacing 2) Time of planting may be change from Nov-Dec to Sept - Oct & April-May to Feb- March ( For upland condition) Demonstration of cultural practices and earthing up on suitable time 3. Water management Introduction and promotion of micro & macro irrigation technique for maximum water use efficiency. 4. Processing and value 1) Processing of addition various value added products may be demonstrated i.e. making chips, French fry etc. 5. Storage 1) Creating awareness and promotions of cold storage facility in the district.
4.12 Physical and Financial targets Table 25 Proposed Strategies, Physical and Financial targets for Agriculture
Sl. No Proposed Activities Unit cost 2010-11 2011-12 Strategy in Rs Production - - - - - Enhancing seed incentive for 1 replacement rate HYV paddy seeds Distribution of 1500/q 100 / 6.75 150 / 1.12 certified seeds 45 68 of paddy Distribution of 4,500/q 50 / 1.71 50 / 1.71 certified pulse 38 38 seeds Production - - - - - incentives for
certified pulse seeds Distribution of 3,000/q 50 / 8 0.24 50 / 8 0.24 certified oilseeds Transfer of Mixed 5,000/h 20 1.0 20 1.00 2 technology cropping through crop demonstration demonstration with Maize Mixed - cropping
demonstration with Maize Intercropping 5,000/h 10 0.5 10 0.5 demonstration
of Arhar based crops Intercropping 5,000/h 20 1.0 20 1.0 demonstration
of Maize based crop Demonstration 4,000/h 50 2.00 50 2.00
of oilseeds Demonstration 4,000/h 50 2.00 50 2.00
on pulse SRI method of 7,500/h 100 7.50 150 11.25 paddy demonstration Hybrid rice 3,000/h 100 3.00 150 4.50
demonstration Farmers Field 17,000 12 2.04 12 2.04 School (rice, sugarcane, pulses, oilseeds) Varietals 5,000/h 10 0.50 10 0.50 demonstration on pulses Varietals 5,000/h 10 0.50 10 0.50 demonstration on Oil seeds Varietals 5,000/h 10 0.50 10 0.50 demonstration on Maize Promotion SRI - - - - -
Village Integrated INM 17,000/h 10 1.70 10 1.70 Nutrient demonstration 3 Management in rice (FFS) INM 17,000/h 5 8.5 5 8.5 demonstration on sugarcane INM 17,000/h 10 1.70 10 1.70 demonstration on Oilseed Supply of 1,000/h 100 1.00 100 1.00
micronutrients Liming of acid 1,000/h 1,000 10.00 1,000 10.00
soils IPM 17,000/h 50 8.50 50 8.50 Integrated Pest 4 demonstrations management(FFS) on rice IPM 17,000/h 10 1.70 10 1.70 demonstrations
on Rabi Oilseeeds IPM 17,000/h 50 8.50 50 8.50 demonstrations on Rabi Pulse IPM 17.000/h 10 1.70 10 1.70 demonstrations
on Kharif Pulse IPM 17,000/h 10 1.70 10 1.70 demonstrations
on Khafir Oilseeeds IPM 17,000/h 10 1.70 10 1.70 demonstrations on Sugarcane IPM 17,000/h 50 8.50 50 8.50 demonstrations on Maize Supply of 1,000/h 400 4.00 400 4.00 biopesticides
for rice,pulse and Oilseeds Establishment 1,50,000 5 7.50 5 7.50 Promotion of of Vermi- 5 Organic Farming hatchery at Block Level Demonstration 5,000 50 2.50 50 2.50
on compost pit Establishment 15,000 20 3.00 20 3.00 of Vermi- compost units Subsidized 56,250 40 22.50 40 22.50 Farm 6 sale of power Mechanization tillers Subsidy on 25,000 10 22.50 10 22.50 rotavator @ 50% Subsidised 24,000 3 0.72 3 0.72 sale of power
thresher @ 50% Subsidised 25,000 5 1.25 5 1.25 sale of post
hole digger @ 50% Subsidized 5,000 10 0.5 10 0.5
sale of bullock drawn/manual operated implements @ 50% Subsidized 10,000 20 2.00 20 2.00 sale of diesel
pump sets @ 50% Subsidized 1,600 50 0.80 50 0.80 sale of
sprayers @ 50% Harrow @ 20,000 10 2.00 - -
50% Power thresher 24,000 5 1.20 - -
@ 50 % Reaper @ 50% 80,000 3 2.40 - - Cono Weeder 3,000 200 6.00 200 6.00
@ 50% Zero till seed 25,000 5 1.25 - - cum Fert.Drill @ 50% Potato Planter 30,000 5 1.50 - -
@ 50% Raised Bed 25,000 50 12.50 - -
Planter @ 50% Assistance for 24,000 50 12.00 50 12.00 boring of Tube Wells Establishment - - - - - Infrastructure 7 of bio control Development laboratory Assistance for 3,00,00,000 - - 1 300.00 setting up cold
storage at Sub- Division HQ Construction 1,00,00,000 1 100.00 - - of Farmers hostel and chowkider
quarter at Departmental land at District HQ Construction 30,00,000 - - 1 30,00,000 of storage godown at
District HQ and Sub- Division HQ Training of 10,000 / 50 30 3.00 30 3.00 Technology 8 farmers groups farmers/3 Transfer on crop days production technology Training of 20,000 / 3 0.60 3 0.60 VEWs and 30/3 days other extension functionaries on crop production technology at District level Exposure visit 30,000/20 10 3.00 10 3.00 of farmers farmers within the state Exposure visit 50,000/10 10 5.00 10 5.00 of farmers farmers
outside the state Support to State Procurement - - - - - 9 Seed farm (Seed of farm inputs Production Farm) Machinery and - - - - -
equipment Development - - - - - of Farm Infrastructure Innovative Block Level 2,00,000 4 8.00 4 8.00 10 Programme Farmers meet District Level 4,00,000 1 4.00 1 4.00 Exhibition Show Total 322.1
CHAPTER – V ALLIED SECTOR’S STATUS AND PROPOSED PLAN
5.1 Horticulture
Most of the fruit crops and spices crops are grown under rainfed condition. The productivity level is considerably low which need to be raised by practices like rejuvenation programme which comprises of micro and major nutrients applications, plant protection measures, pruning, and proper water management. From available data, the expected yield of Banana is 250 q/ha (State) and in Kolasib district 200 q/ha. The yield gap is about 25%. Similarly in case of oranges the yield gap is 20 % in comparison to national average. In case of vegetables also the productivity is quite low which is about 30% to the national average.
Mizoram with its geographical area of 21,081km. is predominantly a hilly state with varying altitudes, enjoys a splendid blend of climatic conditions of tropical, sub-tropical and temperate zones. This coupled with high mean annual precipitation of 2,500 mm, high relative humidity upto 90% has made the state conducive for the growth and production of crops under rain fed conditions. The soils are loamy to clay with high organic carbon content. With all these advantages the state has enormous scope for cultivation of a wide range of horticultural crops. Scope of growing Horticulture crop: The land which cannot be used for cultivation of cereal crops can be profitably utilized for development of horticulture crops for generating economy to the growers and the state as a whole. Besides, it will offer avenues in creating employment opportunities to rural unemployed population.
Endowed with diverse climate, offers ideal agro climatic conditions for cultivation of a wide variety of tropical and temperate fruits in its hills and valleys. The dominant horticultural crops include pineapple, citrus, banana and areca nut.
5.1.1 POTENTIAL HORTICULTURAL CROPS The State of Mizoram with its ideal agro-climatic conditions is suitable for cultivation of fruits, vegetables, spices, plantation crops, medicinal and aromatic plants and flowering plants. It goes without saying that, there exist tremendous scope aimed potentialities for growing of all these crops. In fact, few crops have already attained commercial importance in the State. Despite poor management, these are yielding some economic benefit to the growers. The fruit crops like mandarin orange, hatkora, banana, passion fruit, grape, some vegetable crops like beans, potato, cole crops, squash etc. spices like ginger, bird‟s eye chillies, turmeric etc. are highly popular and have good economic bearing. The present area under various horticulture crops namely fruits, vegetables, spices and condiments Including plantation crops has been reported to be 45,015 ha. This is only 7.13% of the estimated potential area of 6.31 lakh ha. available for the development of horticulture. This show that the growth of horticulture crops in the State during the earlier plan period has been quite slow despite enormous scope. The present Scheme for development of Horticulture in Mizoram envisages multifaceted dimensions with the basic strategies for the exploitation of the conducive agroclimatic conditions by growing horticulture crops suitable under different conditions, expansion of area under various crops with appropriate growth rate for utilisation of maximum land resource, appropriate use of suitable production technologies, gainful utilisation of man power augmentation of productivity level, generation of higher income to growers and augmentation of marketable surplus to cater the need of the State and outside market etc. The scheme also aims at providing good quality planting materials to the farmers, popularizations of organic farming, Agri/ Horti. tools and implements, and strengthening of infrastructure.
AREA EXPANSION :
To encourage the farmers by way of ensuing family and adequate supply of inputs and other technical assistance. Emphasis has to be given on cultivation of fruits like mandarin orange, passion fruit, Banana, Pineapple, Papaya and Kiwi. The strategy to be adopted for development of horticulture under the expansion programme would be confined to compact area with communication facilities. This will ensure better supervision and extension services, easy transportation of inputs to production areas as well as marketing of the produce. In such areas, high value crops with longer shelf life will be grown to extend economic gain to the growers.
Adoption of “Integrated Approach” in various crops has to be taken up for advanced and important solution for boosting up the productivity of different crops. Due to dry spell period during February-May in the district, well developed irrigation system is required. Installation of drip irrigation system in orchards would ensure optimum availability of water to crops throughout the year. Drip irrigation should also be supplemented with water tanks such as community water tank available near the orchard. For vegetable and floriculture crops, sprinkler irrigation is the best option for supplementing rain water especially during dry spell.
FRUITS Fruit crops such as oranges, banana, pineapple, passion fruit, etc. which have been growing satisfactorily in the State despite poor management practices have been given topmost priority. The land which cannot be used for cultivation of cereal crops can be profitably utilized for fruits thereby generating income to the growers and the state as a whole. The State with its ideal agro-climatic conditions is highly suitable for cultivation of all kinds of fruits ranging from tropical to temperate fruits. As such, it goes without saying that there exist tremendous scope and potentialities for growing of all these crops. Infact few crops already have attained commercial importance in the State despite poor management and these are yielding some economic benefit to the growers. The fruit crops like mandarin orange, banana, passion fruit, pineapple etc. are highly popular and have good economic bearing. Details of Division wise break-up is given at Annexure - The Department proposed to integrated various components under Technology Mission like Community Water Tank, Tube wells, Drip Irrigation, Training of Farmers etc. so that the farmers gets the maximum benefits to increase the production of crop as a whole.
Mandarin Orange An area of 500 Ha. has been covered under Technology Mission, The coverage has to be enlarged. Since satisfactory results are seen and also, the farmers are taking keen interest in taking up the scheme.
Banana Since banana is performing very well in the state, better quality varieties like „Grand Naine‟ and „Tall cavendish‟ is being introduced for commercial cultivation. Since „Grand Naine‟ is an export variety, it is being introduced for export purpose.
Passion fruit This particular fruit has short gestation period but gives good economic bearing. Therefore, many farmers prefer this crop.
Papaya The agro-climatic condition of the state is suitable for production of Papaya. An export oriented variety of papaya i.e. „Hawaiian Solo‟ is being introduced for commercial production.
VEGETABLES The State is far from being self-sufficient in vegetable production even for local consumption especially during rabi season. Major thrust on off-season vegetables has been given to reap better economic benefit besides catering the needs of the State. Growing of Horticulture crops other than vegetables is long gestation programme where no return is gained in the initial year. Further, in the earlier years of plantation lots of interspaces are left out as such without any use by the plants. These interspaces can be gainfully utilized through cultivation of vegetable crops to generate additional income to the growers to sustain the cost of management practices of the long gestation fruit crops besides getting some additional income. This will also ensure optimum utilization of land realizing maximum productivity per unit area.
Chow-Chow Since Chow - Chow shows good potential and has high productivity under Mizoram conditions, it can be encouraged
Cabbage (off - season) Since the state is far from being self sufficient in vegetables especially during rainy season, cultivation of off-season crops is a good option. The crop has given good economic return to the farmers. The state is far from being self sufficient in vegetables especially during rainy season, ,
Tomato Tomato cultivated under green house aids in production of better quality off-sea son crops. The green house grown tomato gives better and more yield.
Capsicum Cultivation of capsicum under Green House enables production of off-season crop. Off season crops yields better economic return.
SPICES Emphasis has to be given for spices crops of high cost low volume like bird‟s eye chillies, black pepper, etc. which will extend economic gain to the growers. This is due to inadequate road network in many of the potential areas. Besides, major thrust have to give on , turmeric, as this crops has already given proved performance under the existing level of management. It is proposed to cover new areas of 300 Ha. under this expansion programme. Besides, like incentive organic farming, on farm handling etc. to give farmers, the maximum benefits to increase the production.
Turmeric This is one of the most widely used spice of the state. It grows very well even without proper management. Therefore, the area under this crop is to be extended in order to meet the local demand as well as for export.
Bird’s eye Chilli Mostly, this crop is marketed in dried form. Hence, it is non-bulky and has long keeping quality making it easy to transport. The state has high productivity and since transportation problem does not arise for this crop. The spices crops will be grown in various parts of the State depending upon their suitability.
FLOWERS The mild climate of the hills in the district has the unique advantage of growing almost all types of flowers round the year. Flowers like rose, anthurium, B.O.P etc. can be grown successfully round the year. Regarding marketing of cut flowers, there may not be much hurdles in its disposal as the state is well connected by air with Kolkata etc. However, improved packaging and quality of flowers will be an important factor. It may be mentioned here that to compete with export market, the plants shall have to be raised under controlled condition so as to maintain the desired quality of the products. Bringing more area under cultivation of flowers like Anthurium, Bird of Paradise (BOP), Rose etc. by way of distributing quality/planting materials to the growers is advisable. Besides integrating various components like community water tank, tube-wells, shade nets, greenhouse, training etc. so that the farmers gets the maximum benefit to increase the production.
Anthurium World class varieties of this flower was introduced in the state with a view to export it. It has shown excellent performance when grown under shade house. It is proposed to cover so as to increase surplus production for sale outside the state. Since it is a moisture loving crop, provision of sprinkler/drip irrigation system would enhance production and quality of flowers. Old plantation requires maintenance in order to maintain he quality and productivity.
Bird of paradise Due to its long shelf life, this flower is encouraging for export. The crop has shown good performance and therefore, expansion of area will yield good results This flower in combination with Anthurium flower will have advantage in packing, considering weight and volume.
Rose There is always a demand for rose in the market. However, for year- round production, cultivation under greenhouse is recommended.
5.1.2 Strategies for Development of Horticulture Sector:
The district has sufficient in fruit production specially higher producer of passion fruit, grapes and citrus among the fruits. In case of vegetables, approximately 80 % of production and 60 % area comes under a single crop i.e. Ginger and the district are dependent on import of other vegetables from external sources. The present vision document emphasis on certain approaches/strategies to fulfill the gap of other vegetables and fruits as well as opening the new horizons of market for export, are as follows :-
Expansion of area 20 % form base year under fruit cultivation.
Expansion of area 15 % for other vegetables except ginger.
Production of off season vegetables.
Increase in productivity.
Basic steps to make the district self sufficient and increase in export potential.
Production of disease free quality planting materials for different horticultural crops.
Identification and promotion of location specific high yielding varieties. Rejuvenation of old orchard and high density planting.
Scientific orchard management and laying out.
Application of balance fertilizer doses.
Introduction of micro irrigation (drip irrigation) for fruit crops.
Application of the principles of IPM, IPNM.
Introduction and promotion of hybrids specially for vegetables.
Production of off season vegetables through green houses and poly houses.
Linkage with global market for organic certified products e.g. ginger, bird eye chili and passion fruit etc.
Post harvest management, processing and value addition of horticultural products
Introducing New technology like tissue culture and propagation.
Strengthening sound research and extension policy and planning for district.
Table 26. Gap in Research / Extension / Adoption and Proposed Extension Strategy for Improving the Productivity / Income from Tomato
Strate Specific Farmers gy to Sl. Items of Existing Recommended Gap in Reasons for Proposed Overc No Package practice Practice Adopt Gap Strategy ome gap 1 Sowing Direct Raising in Hesitate Lack of Assistance of Motiva sowing Nursery, to adopt awareness, infrastructure tion & Time October- transplant & new infrastructure by the trainin November cultivate in technique facility Government. g Method Greenhouse. 2 Varieties Local & Certified and Lack of Financial Provision Provid open Hybrid variety facility constraint from the e pollinated Govt. recom variety mende d seed free of cost 3 Seed Rate 100- 450-500g/Ha Ignorance Unwillingness Impart To (per ha.) 200g/Ha of farmer to adopt training by conduc Govt official t trainin g. 4 Seed No seed Treat seed with Lack of Financial Provision Provid Treatment treatment Bavistin facility constraint from the e to given Govt farmer free of cost 5 Organic 5-10 15-20 ton/Ha Lack of Financial Provision Provid Manure ton/Ha facility constraint from the e to (tons / ha) Govt farmer free of cost 6 Fertilizer Not 60:80:120 kg Lack of Financial Provision To applied NPK/Ha facility constraint from the make Govt provisi on 7 Micro Not Multiplex for Lack of Financial Provision Provid Nutrient applied vegetable facility constraint from the e to Govt. farmer free of cost 8 Pest Tobacco IPM Lack of Financial Provision Provid Management decoction facility constraint from the e to Govt. farmer free of cost 9 Disease Not IPM Lack of Financial Provision Provid Management usually facility constraint from the e to applied Govt. farmer free of cost 10 Post Harvest Hand Early picking Ignorance Unwillingness Impart To Management picked and packing in of farmer to adopt training by conduc and parcel Govt. official t directly trainin sold in g. market 11 Weed Hand Hand weeding Ignorance Unwillingness Impart To Management weeding & weedicides of farmer to adopt training by conduc Govt. official t trainig.
Table 27. Gap in Research / Extension / Adoption and Proposed Extension Strategy for Improving the Productivity / Income from Potato
Strate Specific Farmers gy to Sl. Items of Existing Recommended Gap in Reasons for Proposed Overc No Package practice Practice Adopt Gap Strategy ome gap 1 Sowing Direct Direct sowing, Not NA NA NA sowing, Sept., Oct. for available Time Sept, Oct, Rabi & Jan. – for Rabi Feb. for Kharif Method & Jan. – Feb. for Kharif 2 Varieties Kufrijyoti Kufrijyoti, Lack of Lack of Assistance Provisi Kufri Megha knowledg knowledge from Govt. on at e free of cost 3 Seed Rate 10-12 20 – 25 Qtls (per ha.) Qtls / Ha 4 Seed NIL Treat with Lack of Lack of Assistance Provisi Treatment Mancozeb knowledg knowledge from Govt on at e free of cost 5 Organic 5-6 qtls / 10 – 20 Qtls Lack of Financial Assistance Provisi Manure Ha facility problem from Govt on at (tons / ha) free of cost 6 Fertilizer Not 20: 25 : 20 Lack of Financial Assistance Provisi applied NPK facility problem from Govt on at free of cost 7 Micro Not Multiplex for Lack of Financial Provision Provid Nutrient applied vegetable facility constraint from the e to Govt farmer free of cost 8 Pest Not IPM Lack of Financial Provision Provid Management applied facility constraint from the e to Govt farmer free of cost 9 Disease Not IPM Lack of Financial Provision Provid Management applied facility constraint from the e to . Govt farmer free of cost 10 Post Harvest Harvested Surface dried, Lack of Lack of Awareness Aware Management & directly kept in shade knowledg knowledge training ness sold to for 10-15 days e trainin Market and graded g Govt. 11 Weed Hand Hand weeding Lack of Lack of Awareness Aware Management weeding & weedicides knowledg knowledge training ness e trainin g Govt.
B. Spices
Table 28. Gap in Research / Extension / Adoption and Proposed Extension Strategy for Improving the Productivity / Income from Rhizomatous
Strategy Specific Farmers Sl. Items of Existing Recommended Gap in to Reasons Proposed No Package practice Practice Adopt Overcome for Gap Strategy gap 1 Sowing Sown by To be sown by Lack of Lack of NA Awareness dibbling dibbling in knowledge knowledge campaign Time in March terrace during – May March – May Method 2 Varieties Local Local and Lack of Lack of NA Provision Variety Improved facility facility from Govt. 3 Seed Rate 8-10 Qtls 12-15 Qtls Financial Financial NA Assistance (per ha.) / Ha constraint constraint from Govt. 4 Seed No Treatment with Lack of Lack of Provision Assistance Treatment treatment Ceresan or knowledge knowledge from the from giving Agallol Govt. Govt. 5 Organic Not 25-30 ton / Ha Financial Financial NA Assistance Manure applied constraint constraint from (tons / ha) Govt. 6 Fertilizer Not 75:50:50 Financial Financial NA Assistance applied Kg/Ha constraint constraint from Govt. 7 Micro Not Multiplex for Lack of Financial Provision Provide to Nutrient applied vegetable facility constraint from the farmer Govt free of cost 8 Pest No IPM Lack of Lack of Provision Assistance Management treatment knowledge knowledge from the from usually Govt. Govt. given. 9 Disease No IPM Lack of Lack of Provision Assistance Management. treatment knowledge knowledge from the from usually Govt. Govt. given. 10 Post Harvest Clean To be wash and Lack of Lack of Awareness Awareness Management and sun dried for knowledge knowledge campaign campaign packed one day for in Gunny green ginger. bag Removal of outer skin with split bamboo for dry ginger 11 Weed Hand Hand weeding Lack of Lack of Awareness Awareness Management weeding & mulching knowledge knowledge campaign campaign with green leaves
Table 29. Gap in Research / Extension / Adoption and Proposed Extension Strategy for Improving the Productivity / Income from Chilli
Strategy Specific Farmers Sl. Items of Existing Recommended Gap in to Reasons Proposed No Package practice Practice Adopt Overcome for Gap Strategy gap 1 Sowing Sown by Broadcasting Lack of Lack of Not Awareness broadcasting and knowledge knowledge available campaign Time during transplanting March - during March – Method April April & cultivation in Greenhouse 2 Varieties Local Local & Financial Financial Govt. Govt. improved problem problem Assistance Assistance variety 3 Seed Rate 5 Kg / Ha 5 Kg/Ha for Lack of Lack of Not Awareness (per ha.) broadcasting & knowledge knowledge available campaign 2 Kg /Ha for transplanted 4 Seed Not treated Seed treatment Lack of Lack of Not Awareness Treatment with chemical knowledge knowledge available campaign
5 Organic Usually not 25 – 30 ton / Financial Financial Govt. Govt. Manure applied Ha before problem problem Assistance Assistance (tons / ha) transplanting 6 Fertilizer Usually not 100:50:50 NPK Financial Financial Govt. Govt. applied / Ha problem problem Assistance Assistance 7 Micro Usually not Multiplex Financial Financial Govt. Govt. Nutrient applied problem problem Assistance Assistance
8 Pest Usually not IPM Financial Financial Govt. Govt. Management applied problem problem Assistance Assistance
9 Disease Usually not IPM Financial Financial Govt. Govt. Management. applied problem problem Assistance Assistance 10 Post Harvest Sun drying Dipping fresh Financial Financial Govt. Govt. Management chilli in Dipsol problem problem Assistance Assistance for 5 minutes and dry on racks with multitier wire net trays. 11 Weed Hand Hand weeding Financial Financial Govt. Govt. Management weeding & weedicide problem problem Assistance Assistance
Table 30. Gap in Research / Extension / Adoption and Proposed Extension Strategy for Improving the Productivity / Income from Pineapple
Strategy Specific Farmers Sl. Items of Existing Recommended Gap in to Reasons Proposed No Package practice Practice Adopt Overcome for Gap Strategy gap 1 Sowing Planted in Adoption of Lack of Lack of Not Awareness March – high density knowledge knowledge available campaign Time April planting
Method 2 Varieties Queen Giant Kew & Lack of Lack of Not Awareness Queen knowledge knowledge available campaign 3 Seed Rate 10000 / 15000 / Ha Lack of Lack of Not Awareness (per ha.) Ha knowledge knowledge available campaign
4 Seed Not NA NA NA NA NA Treatment treatment giving 5 Organic Not 20 / Ha Lack of Lack of Not Awareness Manure usually knowledge knowledge available campaign (tons / ha) applied 6 Fertilizer Not 12 grm / plan Lack of Lack of Not Awareness usually of N & K & 4 knowledge knowledge available campaign applied grm / plan of P in two split doses 7 Micro Not Multiplex Lack of Lack of Not Awareness Nutrient usually knowledge knowledge available campaign applied 8 Pest Not IPM Lack of Lack of Not Awareness Management usually knowledge knowledge available campaign applied 9 Disease Not IPM Lack of Lack of Not Awareness Management. usually knowledge knowledge available campaign applied 10 Post Harvest Harvested Application of Lack of Lack of Not Awareness Management and plant growth knowledge knowledge available campaign directly regulator to sold in alter fruit size market and maturity 11 Weed Hand Hand weeding Lack of Lack of Not Awareness Management weeding & Diuron as knowledge knowledge available campaign pre emergent spray
Table 31. Gap in Research income from Banana
Specific Farmers Strategy to Sl. Items of Existing Recommended Gap in Reasons Proposed Overcome No Package practice Practice Adopt for Gap Strategy gap 1 Sowing Planting Planting of Ignorance Ignorance Awareness Awareness Time of Sucker Sword sucker of of campaign campaign Method in March of 2-3 Kg in farmers farmers – April March & April 2 Varieties Tall and Tall Cavendish, Financial Financial Assistance Assistance Dwarf Grand naine problem problem from from Govt. Cavendish Govt. 3 Seed Rate 800 1000 Sucker / Financial Financial Assistance Assistance (per ha.) Sucker / Ha problem problem from from Govt. Ha Govt. 4 Seed No seed Not available Not Not Not Not Treatment treatment available available available available given 5 Organic Not 120 Kg / Ha Financial Financial Assistance Assistance Manure usually problem problem from from Govt. (tons / ha) applied Govt. 6 Fertilizer Not 100:50:100 Kg Financial Financial Assistance Assistance usually / Ha problem problem from from Govt. applied Govt. 7 Micro Not Multiplex for Financial Financial Assistance Assistance Nutrient usually fruit problem problem from from Govt. applied Govt. 8 Pest Hand IPM Financial Financial Assistance Assistance Management picking problem problem from from Govt. Govt. 9 Disease Usually IPM Financial Financial Assistance Assistance Management not problem problem from from Govt. applied Govt. 10 Post Harvest Harvested Application of Financial Financial Assistance Assistance Management and ethylene in problem problem from from Govt. ripened in ripening room Govt. box 11 Weed Hand Hand weeding Financial Financial Assistance Assistance Management weeding and application problem problem from from Govt. of Glycel Govt.
Table 32. Gap in Research / Extension / Adoption and Proposed Extension Strategy for Improving the Productivity / Income from Passion Fruit
Strategy Specific Farmers Sl. Items of Existing Recommended Gap in to Reasons Proposed No Package practice Practice Adopt Overcome for Gap Strategy gap 1 Sowing Planting Planting of Lack of Lack of Awareness Awareness Time of seedling and knowledge knowledge campaign campaign Method seedling grafted in June in June & & July July 2 Varieties Purple & Purple, Yellow Farmers Lack of Awareness Awareness Yellow & Kaveri ignorance knowledge campaign campaign Variety (Purple x Yellow) 3 Seed Rate 400 / Ha 600 / Ha Lack of Lack of Awareness Awareness (per ha.) knowledge knowledge campaign campaign
4 Seed Not Bavistin for Farmers Lack of Awareness Awareness Treatment usually seed treatment ignorance knowledge campaign campaign applied 5 Organic Not 10 qtls / Ha Financial Financial Govt. Govt. Manure usually problem problem Assistance Assistance (tons / ha) applied 6 Fertilizer Not 100:50:100 Financial Financial Govt. Govt. usually NPK / Vine / problem problem Assistance Assistance applied Year 7 Micro Not Multiplex Financial Financial Govt. Govt. Nutrient usually problem problem Assistance Assistance applied 8 Pest Hand IPM Financial Financial Govt. Govt. Management packing problem problem Assistance Assistance
9 Disease Roguing IPM Financial Financial Govt. Govt. Management. problem problem Assistance Assistance
10 Post Harvest Hand Processed in to Farmers Lack of Awareness Awareness Management packing nectar, squash ignorance knowledge campaign campaign & and processed concentrated in to Juice squash 11 Weed Hand Hand weeding NA NA NA NA Management weeding
Table 33 Proposed Strategy for Horticultural Development
Proposed Activities Unit 2010-11 2011-12 Strategy Cost in Phy Fin Phy Fin Rs. In Lakh Fruit M. Orange 0.225 60 13.50 65 14.62 28.12 Development /Ha 5 5 Banana 0.151 / 40 6.00 45 6.75 12.75 Ha Papaya 0.151 / 40 6.00 45 6.75 12.75 Ha Pineapple 0.15 / Ha 45 6.75 45 6.75 12.75 Citrus Rejuvenation 0.15 / Ha 80 12.00 85 12.75 24.75 Overhead charge 3.19 3.47 6.66 Grape 0.15 / Ha 40 6.00 45 6.75 12.75 Avocado 0.15 / Ha 40 6.00 45 6.75 12.75 Mango 0.15 / Ha 50 7.50 55 8.25 15.75 TOTAL 395 66.94 430 72.84 139.7 8 Vegetable Chayote (Squash) 0.13 / Ha 40 5.20 40 5.20 10.40 Development Cabbage 0.13 / Ha 50 6.50 55 7.15 13.65 Tomato 0.13 / Ha 45 5.85 45 5.85 11.70 Broccoli 0.13 / Ha 40 5.20 50 6.50 10.40 Bhindi 0.13 / Ha 50 6.50 55 7.15 13.65 Bitter gourd 0.13 / Ha 50 6.50 55 7.15 13.65 Brinjal 0.13 / Ha 60 7.80 65 8.45 16.25 Carrot 0.13 / Ha 50 6.50 55 7.15 13.65 TOTAL 385 50.05 420 54.60 104.6 5 Plantation Coconut 0.20/Ha 50 10.00 60 12.00 22.00 Crop Areca nut 0.15/Ha 60 9.00 70 10.50 19.50 Development TOTAL 110 19.00 130 22.50 41.50 Spices a) Bird‟s Eye Chillies 0.13/Ha 60 7.80 65 8.45 16.25 Development b) Turmeric 0.13/Ha 70 9.10 75 9.75 18.85 c) Ginger 0.13/Ha 80 10.40 90 11.70 22.10 TOTAL 210 27.30 230 29.90 57.20 Promotion of Model Nursery in Public 20.00/no 4 80.00 4 18.00 98.00 Nursery Sector Model Nursery in Private 10.00 /no 15 150.0 10 100.0 250.0 Sector 0 0 0 Small Nursery in Private 5.00 / no 20 100.0 20 100.0 200.0 Sector (No) 0 Establishmen Banana (ha) Sucker t of New Garden 1st Year Maintained of Banana Floriculture Rose – (Small & Marginal 2.00 / 30 60.00 35 70.10 130.1 farmer (Ha) ) unit 0 Incentives to Floriculture 0.50 / 30 15.00 35 17.50 32.50 Garden (No) unit Seed Vegetable seed Production 10.00/uni 2 20.00 2 20.00 40.00 Infrastructure t Integrated A. Fruits Nutrient Management IPM on Banana cultivation 0.0.25 200 5.00 300 7.50 12.50 / Integrated INM on Pineapple 0.05 250 12.50 250 12.50 25.00 Pest INM on 0.10 150 15.00 150 15.00 30.00 Management Yongchak INM on Passion Fruits 0.10 300 30.00 350 35.00 65.00 IPM on Lime / Lemon 0.025 250 6.25 300 75.00 81.25 B. Vegetables Kharif IPM on French Bean 0.025 200 5.00 250 6.25 11.25 INM on Bhindi 0.05 200 10.00 250 12.50 22.50 INM on Brinjal 0.05 150 7.50 200 10.00 17.50 IPM on Cucurbit 0.025 300 7.50 350 8.75 16.25 INM on Ginger / Turmeric 0.10 450 45.60 500 50.00 95.60 INM on Chillies 0.05 500 25.00 600 30.00 55.00
C. Vegetables Rabi IPM on Pea 0.05 200 10.00 250 12.50 22.50 IPM on Cabbage 0.05 300 15.00 350 17.50 32.50 INM on Cauliflower 0.05 100 5.00 120 6.00 11.00 INM on Potato 0.10 150 15.00 150 15.00 30.00 INM on Radish 0.05 150 7.50 200 10.00 17.50 INM on Knolkhol 0.05 200 10.00 250 12.50 22.50 INM on Tomato 0.05 150 7.50 150 7.50 15.00 Protected Green House (SF & MF) 0.25/no 40 10.00 50 12.50 22.50 Cultivation Green House (Other 10.00/no 10 100.0 15 150.0 250.0 farmer)(Hi Tech) 0 0 0 Shade net Sq m 0.00020 7000 14.00 8000 16.00 30.00 0 0 Mulching (Ha) 0.08/Ha 70 5.60 80 6.40 12.00 Promotion Construction of compost pit 0.10/no 250 25.00 300 30.00 55.00 and Establishment of Vermi- 2.50/unit 30 75.00 35 87.50 162.5 Popularizatio Composts units-Big (No) 0 n of Organic farming Establishment of Vermi- Compost units-Big (no) Demonstration of Organic 0.25/no 20 5.00 25 6.25 11.25 Farming Popularizatio Demonstration on use of 0.20/unit 30 6.00 35 7.00 13.00 n on of Rich Reuter “AA” organic Rich Field Fertilizer 0.20/unit 30 6.00 35 7.00 13.00 Fertilizers (13:40:13) Rich Field Fertilizer 0.20/unit 30 6.00 35 7.00 13.00 (19:19:19) Rich Field Fertilizer 0.20/unit 30 6.00 35 7.00 13.00 (13:0:0) Watershed Watershed Development 50.00/no 5 250.0 6 300.0 550.0 0 0 0 Human Resource Training of VEWs and other 0.25/no 6 1.50 8 2.00 3.50 Development extension functionaries on crop production technology at District Level. Exposure visit outside the 1.50/no 5 7.50 5 7.50 15.00 State on IPM / INM, Plantation, Plant Health Management Exposure visit inside the 1.00/no 6 6.00 6 6.00 12.00 state Training of Entrepreneurs 0.25/no 7 1.75 8 2.00 3.75 Exposure Visits of Farmers 1.00/no 5 5.00 5 5.00 10.00 inside the State Creation of Construction of community 2.00/no 70 140.0 80 160.0 300.0 Water Tanks 0 Resources Farm Subsidized sale of power 1.00/no 15 15.00 20 20.00 35.00 Mechanizatio tillers n Subsidized sale of pump sets 0.25/no 20 5.00 30 7.50 12.50 @ 50% Subsidized sale of sprayers 0.075/no 200 15.00 250 18.75 33.75 @ 50 % Post harvest Assistance for setting up 20.00/uni 4 80.00 80.00 Infrastructure cold storages at Block Level t Development Construction of storage of 5.00/no 5 25.00 5 25.00 50.00 godown at Block Headquarters Establishmen Functional Infrastructure for 5.00/no 5 25.00 5 25.00 50.00 t of Collection & grading (no) Marketing Infrastructure Technology Training of farmer groups 0.25/no 5 1.25 5 1.25 2.50 transfer on crop production technology Training of farmers on the 0.25/no 5 1.25 5 1.25 2.50 use of Organic Fertilizers Training of farmers on INM 0.25/no 6 1.50 6 1.50 3.00 Training of Farmers on IPM 0.25/no 5 1.25 5 1.25 2.50 Training of Farmers on Post 0.25/no 5 1.25 5 1.25 2.50 Harvest Technology on important horticultural crops Exposure visit of farmers 0.50/no 3 1.50 3 1.50 3.00 within the state Exposure visit of farmers 1.50/no 3 4.50 3 4.50 9.00 outside the state Conducting field trials in 0.25/no 5 1.25 5 1.25 2.50 new crop varieties / new practices Innovative Low Cost Potato Storage 10.00/no 5 50.00 5 50.00 10.00 Programme Structure District Level Show 2.00/no 2 4.00 2 4.00 8.00 Project Area Horticulture Link Road 3.00/Km 15 45.00 15 45.00 90.00 Connectivity Capacity (a) Training of Trainers 1.00/no 4 4.00 4 4.00 8.00 Building at(Research institution) (b) Awareness 5.00 5.00 10.00 Campaign/Seminar/Worksh op etc. Infrastructure Technical Support 4.50 4.50 9.00 Mushroom Spawn Production 20.00/uni 1 20.00 20.00 Development t Unit Model Research & Development in 50.00/no 1 50.00 1 50.00 100.0 Horticulture Horticulture Crops 0 Centre Lunglei
5.2 ANIMAL HUSBANDRY STATUS AND SUGGESTED INTERVENTIONS The state is dominated by tribal people known as the Mizos. Majority of the people opt for livestock rearing as it offers economic, food and social security. Livestock provide direct and indirect employment to the people of this region. Livestock production as a full time activity is very common in this region. Almost each and every household owns animals like cattle, pig or poultry. Coupled with the fact that the local population are mainly non vegetarian by habit, the state is taking all the necessary steps to improve the production of egg, meat and milk by introducing improved animal husbandry methods. Due to geographical constraints, large sized farms are not quite feasible in Mizoram; therefore, participation of the masses in livestock farming is being encouraged. The population of cross bred cattle has increased by 16.60 % while the population of indigenous cattle has also increased by 3.88 % during the interval between the 16th and the 17th census. The buffalo and goat population have increased by 6.84 % and 5.88 % respectively. Mithun population has increased by 33.00 % and pig population by 33.09 %. Pig is the most popular livestock in Mizoram and shows the highest percentage of growth in its population. The cross bred population make up for 90 % of the total population while the indigenous pig accounts for only 10 % of the total population. There is a 44.0% decrease in the indigenous population of pigs which may be seen as a positive step in terms of meat production. Poultry population has increased by 55.42 % while the desi type has decreased by 28.02 %. Duck and rabbit population has decreased by 39.15 % and 38.85 % respectively during the period between the 16th and 17th census.
Table 34: Kolasib Livestock Population: District wise (As per 17th Quinquennial Livestock Census-2003)
Sl Species Numbers No. 1. Cattle: 1240 1.Cross bred 4720 2.Indigenous
2. Buffaloes: 9 3. Mithun 4. Sheep 13 5 Goats 3039 6. Mules 7. Pigs: 20774 1.Crossbred. 2763 2.Indigenous. 8. Horse &Ponies 12 9. Dogs. 2249 10. Rabbits 81 11. Fowls: 13920 1.Improved 67591 2.Desi 12. Duck 4673 13. Turkey 25 14. Others 10
5.2.1 Cattle Production The farmers in Lunglei district rear cattle for ploughing, milk and manure and the unproductive animals are sold for meat purpose. There is a saying that milk is not much relished by the tribal people but owing to the increase in literacy rate peoples concern over balanced nutrition, milk and milk products is gaining popularity amongst the tribal communities. There is a bright scope of cattle rearing within the district and the state as a whole. The total number of crossbred and indigenous cattle population in the district is 183 and 2360 respectively (As per 18th census, 2007). Majority of the cattle population are indigenous non-descript type. The indigenous bullocks are short, sturdy and suitable for ploughing. The cows are smaller in size, usually kept to produce offspring and produce very less milk. There is no scientific document to justify their low productivity or reproduction capability. The state AH & Veterinary department, Govt of Mizoram has initiated crossbreeding programmes (exotic germplasm of Jersey & H.F) under various centrally sponsored cattle development programmes. As compared to the rural areas, the population of crossbred cattle are more in the urban areas which indicate the need for strengthening A.I services or natural service through crossbred bulls in the rural areas. 5.2.2. Rearing System
A. Free range or open grazing system: The indigenous non-descript cattle are reared under this system. In this system, the cattle are kept loose in the open fields, road side, reserve forest and river banks for grazing without any attendants. They are brought back home in the evening and are tied in the locally made cattle shed.
Table 35. Research / Extension / adoption Gap and Proposed Strategies for Improving the Productivity / Income from Cow Sl Items of Existing Recommende Ga Specific Farmers Strategy N package practice d practice p Reasons Proposed to o for Gap Strategy Overcome gap 1 Breed Jersey Jersey Crossed No - - - Gap 2 Feed Intensiv Intensive - - - - managemen e t Green 30-40 30-40 - - - - Fodder (Kg / day) Dry Fodder 0 10 Gap Lack of Creating Training (Kg / day) awareness awarenes/procur Procure & Non- e and distribute distribute availability Concentrate 2.5 4 Gap Not Subsidi Subsidi (gms / day) affordable sation sation Vitamins (ml / day) 3 Inter 12 11 months Gap Malnutritio Good Manage Awareness Calving months n ment , Period Training, (months) campaign 4 Health Care ------No of ------Vaccination HSBQ ------FMD 2 times 2 times - - - - 5 General ------Managemen t Housing ( Kutcha Pucca Gap Non- Awareness Bank Loan Pucca / affordable Kutcha) Drinking 20-30 30 Gap - - - Water (lit / day) 6 Average 10-15 15-20 Gap Malnutritio Awareness Campaign Milk Yield n (lit./day)
Table 36. Research / Extension / adoption Gap and Proposed Strategies for Improving the Productivity / Income from Goat
Sl. Items of Existin Recommende Ga Specific Farmers Strategy to N package g d practice p Reasons for Proposed Overcome o practice Gap Strategy gap 1 Breed Desi Desi 2 Feed Free Free range - - - - managemen range t Green Ad lib Ad lib - - - - Fodder (Kg / day) Dry Fodder Nil - - - - - (Kg / day) Concentrate 0.2 kg 0.5 kg Gap Unaffordabl Subsidizatio Subsidizatio (gms / day) e n n Minerals Nil 100 g Gap Unaffordabl Subsidizatio Subsidizatio (gm/day) e n n Vitamins Nil 30 ml Gap Unaffordabl Unaffordable Subsidizatio (ml / day) e n 3 Inter 200 180 days Gap Malnutrition Good Awareness Calving management campaign Period awareness (months) 4 Health Care No of Vaccination HSBQ FMD 2 2 - - - -
Table 37. Research / Extension / adoption Gap and Proposed Strategies for Improving the Productivity / Income from Pig
Sl. Items of Existing Recommended Gap Specific Farmers Strategy to No package practice practice Reasons for Proposed Overcome Gap Strategy Gap 1 Breed Cross Hampshire Gap Non- Awareness Campaign availability 2 Feed Intensive Intensive Gap For hygienic Subsidization Subsidization management Free Semi Intensive measure Range Green 0.5 Kg 0.5 Kg Fodder (Kg / day) Concentrate (gms / day) (i) 0-56 0.1 0.25 Gap Unaffordable Subsidization Subsidization days (piglet) (ii) 56-180 0.5 0.5-1 Gap Unaffordable Subsidization Subsidization days (Grower) (iii) Fatten 1.5 2 – 3 - -do- -do- -do- (iv) 2 3 – 4 - -do- -do- -do- Breeding 3 Inter 180- 170-180days Gap Lack of Creating Training Farrowing 200/days awareness awareness period (months) 4 Health Care (No of Vaccination) (i) FMD - 1 Gap Fund Procure & constrain distribute (ii) Swine 1 1 - - - fever (iii) Piglet 2 2 - - - Anaemia 5 General Management Washing 1/week 1/day Gap Lack of Create Create (times / day) awareness awareness awareness Cleaning 2/day 2/day - - - - (times / day) Housing ( Semi- Pucca Gap Non- Subsidization Subsidization Pucca / pucca affordable Kutcha) Drinking Lit/day 2 lit/day Gap Non- - - Water (lit / affordable day)
Table 38. Research / Extension / adoption Gap and Proposed Strategies for Improving the Productivity / Income from Poultry
Items of Existing Recommended Gap Specific Farmers Strategy to Package Practice Practice Reasons for Proposed Overcome Gap Strategy Gap Breed Kuroiler/Desi WHL/RIR Gap Non- Subsidization Subsidization availability due to lack of funds Feed Intensive/free Intensive/semi- Gap For hygienic Create Create management range intensive measures awareness awareness
Commulative concentrate (gms/bird) (i) 0-7 Days 10 gms 10 gms (ii) 20-28 10 gms 20-30 gms Gap Unaffordable Subsidization Subsidization Days due to lack of funds (iii) 35-42 20 gms 40-50 gms Gap -do- -do- -do- Days Vitamins 0.1ml 0.2 ml Gap -do- -do- -do- (ml/day) For all ages RD F1 1 1 - - - - General Management Housing Kutcha Pukka Gap Unaffordable Subsidization Subsidization (Pucca / Kutcha) Drinking Water (lit / day/ 100 Birds) (i) 0-7 Days 3 ltrs 3 ltrs (ii) 20-28 10 ltrs 10 ltrs Days (iii) 35-42 14 ltrs 14 ltrs Days
5.2.3 Physical and financial Requirement Table 39 Physical and financial Requirement for the Suggested Interventions for Animal Husbandry Sectoral Development
Interventions Unit 2010-11 2011-12 Total cost Rs. Phy Fin Phy Fin (In lakhs) Animal Health i) Distribution of Vety. Aid Kits 0.01 1000 10 1100 11 22 ii) Cosnt. Of vety. Disp. 10 2 20 1 10 30 Cattle and Buffalo Dev. Milk cow induction cow/heifer .7 100 70 120 84 154 expected give 10 lit. of milk per day Piggery development Distribution of 5 piglets (4female +1 .5 150 75 200 100 175 male) of age group 3-4 month. Poultry Development Backyard Poultry scheme Distribution .4 100 40 120 48 88 of 40 grown up low input technology birds Construction of Chick rearing unit with 5 1 5 1 5 10 procurement of poultry appliance in the district Head Office Distribution of 50 Khaki Campbel day .5 20 10 10 5 15 old ducklings a long with feed and other appliance Other Livestock Development i) Incentives to Pony/Breeders/Farmers 1 5 5 3 3 8 ii) Incentive to the farmers under .5 20 10 10 5 15 Goatry Dev. Progr. (4 does and 1 buck) Feed and fodder Dev. i) Construction/ Strengthening of state 150 1 150 150 feed mixing plant ii) Incentive for growing fodder @ Rs, 0.1 10 1 15 1.5 2.5 5000/-beneficiary in terms of seed/fertilizer/fending/ ploughing charges Extension, Education & Training i) Organisation of farmers training .1 20 2 20 2 4 programme @ Rs, 1000/-each. Assistant to Animal Husbandry Co- .1 25 2.5 25 2.5 5 operation/Local bodies Construction of meat marketing shed at 5 1 5 1 5 10 the District Head Qtr. Block Head quarters. Capacity Building 10 - 10 - 10 20
5.3 DISTRICT FISHERIES STATUS AND SUGGESTED INTERVENTIONS Kolasib district is a highly potential district for fishery development, which has been for Fishery emerging as a promising sector. However it is growing only in selected areas and still need much more attention for increasing productivity. Fingerlings production is not seen and supplied by state like Karimganj, Nilambazar in Assam and also by Tripura. Technological intervention for fish seed production and fish farming is need of the time. Increase of water-spread area is to be done by constructing new ponds for increasing production to minimize the gap. Prwan is found to be suitable in some locations of the district, which need promotion and support. Construction of seed farm /hatcheries including prawn seed farm and provision for required inputs including fingerlings will boost the production to meet the growing demand in the district. There are two cold storages facilities at Bilkhawthlir and Kolasib, which require maintenance, and provision for necessary maintenance has been kept under infra-structrure development item. However such activities has to be initiated in villages/areas having potentiality. Some of such villages are Chemphai, Saiphai, Saipum, Chawnpui, Chitephai,Phainuam, Buhchangphai, Phaisen, Bikvamei, Saihapui etc.
FISHERY SECTOR STATUS AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE DISTRICT AND PROPOSED STRATEGIES COMMON FOR ALL DISTRICTS IN MIZORAM
Subsidy pattern for fresh water fisheries sector Items Rate in Percent (%) Maximum Ceiling (in Rs.) General SCs/STs General SCs/STs
Excavation of new tanks in 20% 25% Rs.60,000/ha Rs.1,00,000/ha beneficiaries own land Unit cost Rs.3.00 Unit cost (plain/hill area) lakhs/ha Rs.4.00 lakhs/ha
Renovation of old tank 20% 25% Rs.15,000/ha Rs.18,750/ha
1st year input a) Fin fish culture 20% 25% Rs.10,000/ha Rs.12,500/ha b) Freshwater prawn 20% 25% Rs.36,000/ha Rs.45,000/ha culture
Integrated fish farming 20% 25% Rs.16,000/ha Rs.20,000/ha
Note:- The above norms are common for all Districts and the rates are as per guidelines under CSS and NFDB programmes
COMMON FOR ALL DISTRICTS IN MIZORAM
Specific Farmers’ Strategy to Sl. Item of Recommended reasons for Gap proposed overcome No package Practice Gap strategy Gap 1. Culture Components Semi intensive a) Indian Major composite - - - - carp culture with exotic carp
b) Exotic carp Semi intensive composite culture with c) Prawn Indian Major carp
Polyculture with carp take off stage along with trial 2. Pond preparation 10,000kg/ha/yr Inadequate 80% gap Supply at As proposed a) Organic (RCD) availability of subsidised by farmers manure the inputs and rate at least through (kg/ha) Urea- purchasing for one crop District level 300kg/ha/yr SSP- power of the (initial Departmental b) Inorganic 240kg/ha/yr farmer crop) Sales manure emporium (kg/ha) 500kg/ha/yr
2.5 metres c) Lime (kg/ha) d) Water depth 3. Weed control a) Manual Manual - - - - b) Mechanical - - - - - c) Chemical - - - - -
4. Stocking size/No 15000-20000/ha Inadequate 5000 to - Establishment a) Prawn PL 12-18 availability in 8000/ha of prawn the region hatchery in b) Fry 12000-15000/ha 30% Supply of the state c) Fingerlings 8000-10000/ha Inadequate fish seeds at infrastructure subsidised Creation of for seed rate more production infrastructure and economic for seed inability of production. farmers 5. Feeding schedule 1:1 ratio 4500kg Inadequate 80% Supply of As under a) Rice bran annually purchasing feed at column 2 b) Oil cake capacity on subsidised c) Pelleted feed 2500kg annually the part of the rate farmers 6. Sample netting Recommended Inadequate Only a) Monthly monthly gears 20% of As under As under b) Quarterly available with the column 5. column 2. c) Half yearly the farmers farmers adopted quarterly sample netting 7. Harvesting Through netting As stated 90% As under As under method under column 5. column 2. col.6,90% of the farmers undertake harvesting by draining water 8. Culture method Semi intensive The gap are 1-7 As As preceding composite already preceding columns farming, discussed columns integrated under various farming, item of polyculture of package from carp and prawn 1-7.
TABLE 40: PHYSICAL TARGETS AND FINANCIAL PROJECTION DURING XITH PLAN FOR FISHERIES
Sl. 2010-2011 2011-2012 TOTAL Name of the Scheme Rate No Phy Fin Phy Fin Phy Fin Development of fresh 1 water aquaculture / fishery a) increase in water spread area by 1.00/ha 75 75.00 100 100.00 175 175 constructing new ponds
b) provision of inputs including 0.13/ha 75 9.75 100 13.00 175 22.75 fingerlings
c) Renovation of ponds 0.15/ha 100 15.00 100 15.00 200 30
d) Construction of 10.00/no. 1 10.00 - - 10 seed farm including hatchery in Kolasib district e) construction of fresh water prawn 18.00/no. 1 (pt) 10.00 1 (pt) 8.00 18 seed farm including hatchery 250 ha/ Total for fishery 119.75 300 136.00 255.75 2nos
N.B. : Item no. d and e are proposed to be taken up as PPP (Public Private Partnership) at 3:2 basis of financial investment. Item d as per NFDB norms costs Rs. 16.00 lakhs and item no. e as per NFDB norms costs Rs. 30.00 lakhs.
5.3 SERICULTURE DEVELOPMENT IN THE DISTRICT
The art of silk production is called sericulture that comprises cultivation of mulberry, silkworm rearing and post cocoon activities leading to production of silk yarn. Sericulture provides gainful employment, economic development and improvement in the quality of life to the people in rural area and therefore it plays an important role in anti poverty programme and prevents migration of rural people to urban area in search of employment. Hence several developing nations like China, India, Brazil, Thailand, Vietnam, Indonesia, Egypt, Iran, Sri Lanka, Philippines, Bangladesh, Nepal, Myanmar, Turkey, Papua New Guinea, Mexico, Uzbekistan and some of the African and Latin American countries have taken up sericulture to provide employment to the people in rural area.
SERICULTURE IN MIZORAM
Mizoram occupies an important position on account of its unique flora and fauna. The climate here is congenial for the healthy growth and development of sericulture industry, which covers mulberry, oak tassar, eri and muga culture, the last three being commonly known as non- mulberry culture. Eri culture is one of the most predominant sericulture in the region. The muga culture is unique and confined particularly to the Brahmaputra Valley and is not found in any other part of the world. Silk culture or sericulture is the rearing of insect that produces silk yarn. It is an extremely delicate work that requires patience throughout the entire cycle of rearing silk moths from egg to cocoons. Silk, is acclaimed as the queen of all the textiles, having all the desired qualities of textile, viz., fibre-strength, elasticity, softness, coolness and affinity to dyes. Muga silk is golden yellow in colour, which makes its very attractive. The world demand for natural silk textiles is soaring. Traditional silk producing countries like Japan, Korea, Brazil and Russia have drastically cut production due to socio-economic reasons. India, taking advantage of the situation, has launched a massive developmental Scheme on sericulture. The export of silk has been registering a steady growth of 30% annually. The world silk demand according to a survey conducted by the International Silk Association (ISA) is steadily increasing due to the enhanced awareness about natural fibres and preference for silk fibres. Silk fibres are mostly woven on handlooms, which are quite popular in the domestic as well as export markets.
Use of sericulture
Apart from silk, there are several other bye-products from sericulture. The mulberry fruits are rich in minerals and vitamins and from the roots, barks and mulberry leaves several ayurvedic and herbal medicines are prepared. Some of the woody mulberry trees provide timber which are resistant to termites and the timber is used for making sports items, toys etc. The mulberry branches after silkworm feeding are generally dried and used as fuel particularly in the villages. The foliage of mulberry is used as a fodder for cattle. The mulberry trees are also planted in the embarkment area for protection of the soil to prevent soil erosion, and mulberry trees are planted as avenue trees. The silkworm pupae are rich in oil content and pupal oil is used in cosmetic industry and the remaining pupal cake is a rich source of protein suitable for poultry and fisheries. In some tribal population, the people eat eri pupa as a source of protein and nourishment. The silkworm litter is used for bio-gas production and used as a fuel for cooking in the rural area. Thus sericulture not only provides silk for fashionable clothings, it also provides several very useful bye products to the human society. Therefore, sericulture development provides opportunities to improve the living standards of people in the rural area in developing countries.
Future demand for silk
The present global silk production is fluctuating around 70, 000 to 90, 000 M.T. and the demand for silk is annually increasing by 5%. With the increase in population and also with the increased demand for fashionable clothing items due to fast changing fashion designs in developed countries, the demand for silk is bound to increase even more. For increasing the silk production we require highly productive mulberry varieties and silkworm races and also silkworm races tolerant to adverse climatic conditions and diseases which can come mainly from the sericultural germplasm resources and also from the wild relatives of Bombyx available in the natural habitats.
Conservation of silkworm genetic resources
During the recent years, biodiversity conservation programmes have drawn the attention of many countries including developing nations, because of the genetic erosion due to indiscriminate use of bio resources and damage to the environment, destruction of forest, human interference in eco-system, upsetting the equilibrium of the biosphere.
Improvement in silkworm race heavily depended on the geographical races of B. mori and the wild relatives of Bombyx were not explored, unlike in agriculture. Whereas in agricultural, horticultural and sericultural crop improvement programme the wild species of several crop plants have contributed very valuable genes for resistance to diseases and pests and tolerance to adverse agroclimatic conditions and similar exploitation of genes from wild relatives of B.mori have not been reported.
Biodiversity is the result of evolution that is a continuous phenomenon induced by natural selection pressure and the population of organisms evolve through adaptation to the biotic and abiotic stress. Ever since B.mori was domesticated, the species does not survive in the wild state in natural condition and also does not survive without human care and hence natural selection induced genetic diversity in B.mori is rather very limited to voltinism. Hence, it is very essential to conserve and utilise the wild relatives of Bombyx mori to broaden its genetic diversity, apart from the geographical races, mutants, sex-limited races, evolved breeds and breeders genetic stocks. The wild relatives of Bombyx are very vulnerable and the vulnerability at different spatial and temporal scales are not known. The design of biodiversity network in sericulture involving the complementarity of wild relatives and domesticated B. mori is also not well established. Therefore, conservation of wild as well as domesticated seribiodiversity resources is very essential for sustainable development of sericulture (Fig-3) since loss of genetic resources of domesticated and wild relatives of Bombyx species along with their unique genes may disadvantage future generation.
TABLE 41: PHYSICAL TARGETS AND FINANCIAL PROJECTION DURING XITH PLAN FOR SERICULTRE
(Rs. In Lakh)
2010-2011 2011-2012 TOTAL Sl. Unit cost Name of Activity No (in Rs) Phy Fin Phy Fin Phy Fin Mulberry plantation 1 0.40/ hec 50 20.00 75 30.00 125 50 (expansion of area) Support for silk worm 2 0.13/unit 50 6.50 75 9.75 125 16.25 rearing to farmers Irrigation support (rain 3 water harvest of small 0.15/no. 50 7.50 75 11.25 125 18.75 size) Total 150 34.00 225 51.00 375 85
5.5 SUGGESTED INTERVENTIONS FOR SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION Due to high rainfall area and topographical extremities, the land is exposed to prone to heavy erosion and landslides causing loss of top soils. Water is lost due to deep percolation and runoff causing moisture stress for crop production particularly in winter season. Activities like water harvesting, contour trenching, terracing, gully plugging, aforestation etc. assume importance.
TABLE 42: PHYSICAL TARGETS AND FINANCIAL PROJECTION DURING XITH PLAN FOR SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION
(Rs. In Lakh)
Sl. TOTAL No 2010-2011 2011-2012 Total Activities Unit cost Phy Fin Phy Fin Phy Fin
1 2 3 6 7 8 9 Soil Conservation 0.13/ha 75 9.75 100 13.00 175 22.75 1 Plantation 2 Gully Plugging 0.10/nos. 75 7.50 100 10.00 175 17.50 Contour 22.50 3 0.30/ha 75 100 30.00 175 52.50 Trenching Total 225 39.75 300 53.00 525 92.75
5.6 AGRO-FORESTRY AND SOCIAL FORESTRY
TABLE 43 : Physical targets and Financial projection during xith plan for agro-forestry and social forestry (Rs. In Lakh)
Cost 2010-2011 2011-2012 Total Name of per Sl. No Activity/ Unit unit Phy Fin Phy Fin Phy Fin Component (Rs in lakh) 1 Afforestation Programme through village forest Hect. 0.13/ha 100 13.00 100 13.00 200 26.00 development committee (VFDC) Total 100 13.00 100 13.00 200 26.00
5.7 INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT
Table 44: Physical targets and Financial projection during XI th plan for Infrastructure (Rs. In Lakh)
Cost 2010-2011 2011-2012 Total per Sl. Name of Activity/ Unit unit No Component Phy Fin Phy Fin Phy Fin (Rs in lakh) 1 INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT a) al Godown for storage of production inputs and No. 3.00 10 30.00 10 30.00 20 60.00 outputs for agriculture and horticulture crops b) Rural market shed for agricultural and No. 1.50 10 15.00 10 15.00 20 30.00 horticultural produces c) observance centre (repairing facilities of farm machineries like No 2.00 - - 2 6.00 2 6.00 power tiller, power pump and other implements) d) Maintenance of existing cold storages for fish 2 No. 5.0 1 5.00 1 5.00 2 10.00 produces
e) Post harvest facilities like No. LS LS 5.00 LS 5.00 LS 10.00 grading , packing f) Small scale fruit No. 2.00 1 2.00 1 2.00 2 4.00 processing units Total 24 61.00 25 63.00 49 124.00
5.8 Strengthening of Krishi Vigyan Kendra in the District Krishi Vigyan Kendras (Farm Science Centre), an innovative science based institutions, were thus established mainly to impart vocational training to the farmers and field level extension workers. The concept of vocational training in agriculture through KVK grew substantially due to greater demand for improved agricultural technology by the farmers. They not only required knowledge and understanding of the intricacy of technologies, but also progressively more and more skills in various complex agricultural operations for adoption on their farms. The effectiveness of the KVK was further enhanced by adding the activities related to on-farm testing and Front-Line Demonstration on major agricultural technologies in order to make the training of farmers location specific, need based and resource-oriented. The training programmes were designed to impart the latest knowledge to the farmers through work experience by applying the principles of „Teaching by Doing‟ and „Learning by Doing‟. The prime goal of KVK is to impart training as per needs and requirements in agriculture and allied enterprises to all farmers, farm women and farm youths including school drop-outs in the rural area. No formal certificate or diploma is awarded, irrespective of duration of the courses to avoid the rush for jobs instead of self employment. While designing the courses, the concept of farming system as well as farming situation are taken into account to ensure that the enterprises in which they are trained are commercially and ecologically viable, sustainable and profitable. Such vocational trainings help them to sustain themselves through self-employment and to make them self-reliant economically and thus discourages them to migrate to the urban areas. KVKs provide training not only in agriculture and allied vocations but also in other income-generating activities that may supplement the income of farm families. The methods employed in training could be formal and non-formal or a combination of both, depending upon the needs but emphasis remains to be on work-experience, as suggested by Mohan Singh Mehta Committee Report that “the programme should be operated as a plan of continuing education both in the technical and general sense.” The KVKs, thus are the down-to-earth institutions committed to vocational training, transfer of latest technologies, on farm research and thus, serving as the light house for overall rural development in the district. The activities of the KVK include technology assessment, refinement and transfer, aiming to bridge the gap between the technology developed at the research institutions and its adoption at the field level by the farmers through demonstration of technology/ products etc. and training of farmers, rural youths and extension personnel.
TABLE 45: PHYSICAL TARGETS AND FINANCIAL PROJECTION DURING XITH PLAN FOR TRAINING PROGRAMME (Rs. In Lakh)
Unit Cost 2010-2011 2011-2012 Total Sl Name of Activity/ per No. Component unit Phy Fin Phy Fin Phy Fin (Rs in lakh 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Capacity Building/training a) Demonstration on package of practices, Rice No. 0.15 5 0.75 5 0.75 10 1.50 base with new varieties double cropping (Rabi) b) Training on breeding techniques and No. 0.15 5 0.75 5 0.75 10 1.50 cultural practices on Freshwater Prawn c) Trial on
rejuvenation of Ha. 0.25 5 1.25 2 0.50 7 1.75 Orange and other citrus d) Training on No. 0.15 - - 2 0.30 2 0.30 floriculture e) Training on On- field Soil Sampling & No. 0.15 - - 10 1.50 10 1.50 Testing Techniques
f) Training on Live stock (Poultry No. 0.15 - - 5 0.75 5 0.75 etc.) Production and Rearing g) Training on Food processing & No. 0.15 5 0.75 3 0.45 8 1.20 preservation h) Training on Seed production No. 0.15 6 0.90 6 0.90 12 1.80 technology i) Training on No. 0.15 - - 2 0.30 2 0.30 Organic farming
j) Training on Water harvesting No. 0.15 - - 2 0.30 2 0.30 technology k) Conducted tour of farmers/exposure Groups - - - 2 2.00 2 2.00 visit l) Training on IPM No. 0.15 10 1.50 10 1.50 20 3.0 and INM m) Frontline demonstration for No. 0.15 5 0.75 5 0.75 10 1.50 crop diversification n) Trainers training for farm machineries No. 0.15 - - 5 0.75 5 0.75
o) Conducting Loan mela No. 0.15 - - 2 0.30 3 0.45 5 0.75
p) Training for Organization of farmers‟ Group like No 0.15 5 0.75 2 0.30 3 0.45 10 1.50 WUA/Organic Grower/SHG etc.
q) Training on System of Rice Intensification No 0.15 - - 5 0.75 5 0.75 10 1.50 (SRI)
r) Training on oil palm production No 0.15 - - 2 0.30 3 0.45 5 0.75 technology s) Training on orchard management No 0.15 2 0.30 3 0.45 5 0.75 10 1.50
t) Strengthening of KVK at Kolasib No 1 - - 1 1.50 1 2.50 1 4.00
CHAPTER 6 District Plan
Agricultural productivity in most of the States was quite low, as it were, and the potential for the growth of agriculture was high. The Tenth five year plan target of growth of 4 percent per annum in agriculture and allied sectors, set to reverse the sharp declining of 1996-1997 to 2001-2002 has not been achieved. A sustained and wide spread agricultural growth is a precondition of development in India as more than 50 percent of country‟s work force still depends upon agri. for its livelihood. Comprehensive District Agriculture Plan (C-DAP) focuses on understanding the potential for development, infrastructure needed to support the development and identifying initiatives required. These potentials are to be treated as goals to be achieved with the available flow of resources and additional resources under RKVY. The financial resources required for implementation of suggested under the district plan are presented in this chapter in consolidation.
Table 46 Proposed Strategies, Physical and Financial targets for Agriculture
Sl. Proposed Activities Unit cost 2010-11 2011-12 Total No Strategy in Rs Phy. Fin Phy. Fin Enhancing Production ------seed incentive for 1 replacement HYV paddy rate seeds Distribution of 1500/q 100 / 67,500 150 / 1,01,250 1,68,750 certified seeds 45 68 of paddy Distribution of 4,500/q 50 / 1,71,000 50 / 1,71,000 3,42,000 certified pulse 38 38 seeds Production ------incentives for
certified pulse seeds Distribution of 3,000/q 50 / 24,000 50 / 24,000 48,000 certified 8 8 oilseeds Transfer of Mixed 5,000/h 20 1,00,000 20 1,00,000 2,00,000 technology cropping 2 through crop demonstration demonstration with Maize Mixed - cropping
demonstration with Maize Intercropping 5,000/h 10 50,000 10 50,000 1,00,000 demonstration
of Arhar based crops Intercropping 5,000/h 20 1,00,000 20 1,00,000 2,00,000 demonstration
of Maize based crop Demonstration 4,000/h 50 2,00,000 50 2,00,000 4,00,000 of oilseeds Demonstration 4,000/h 50 2,00,000 50 2,00,000 4,00,000
on pulse SRI method of 7,500/h 100 7,50,000 150 11,25,000 paddy demonstration Hybrid rice 3,000/h 100 3,00,000 150 4,50,000
demonstration Farmers Field 17,000 12 2,04,000 12 2,04,000 School (rice, sugarcane, pulses, oilseeds) Varietals 5,000/h 10 50,000 10 50,000 demonstration on pulses Varietals 5,000/h 10 50,000 10 50,000 demonstration on Oil seeds Varietals 5,000/h 10 50,000 10 50,000 demonstration on Maize Promotion SRI - - - - -
Village Integrated INM 17,000/h 10 1,70,000 10 1,70,000 Nutrient demonstration 3 Management in rice (FFS) INM 17,000/h 5 85,000 5 85,000 demonstration on sugarcane INM 17,000/h 10 1,70,000 10 1,70,000 demonstration on Oilseed Supply of 1,000/h 100 1,00,000 100 1,00,000
micronutrients Liming of acid 1,000/h 1,000 10,00,000 1,000 10,00,000
soils Integrated IPM 17,000/h 50 8,50,000 50 8,50,000 Pest demonstrations 4 management on rice (FFS) IPM 17,000/h 10 1,70,000 10 1,70,000 demonstrations
on Rabi Oilseeds IPM 17,000/h 50 8,50,000 50 8,50,000 demonstrations on Rabi Pulse IPM 17.000/h 10 1,70,000 10 1,70,000 demonstrations
on Kharif Pulse IPM 17,000/h 10 1,70,000 10 1,70,000 demonstrations
on Kharif Oilseeds IPM 17,000/h 10 1,70,000 10 1,70,000 demonstrations on Sugarcane IPM 17,000/h 50 8,50,000 50 8,50,000 demonstrations on Maize Supply of 1,000/h 400 4,00,000 400 4,00,000 biopesticides
for rice, pulse and Oilseeds Establishment 1,50,000 5 7,50,000 5 7,50,000 Promotion of of Vermi- 5 Organic hatchery at Farming Block Level Demonstration 5,000 50 2,50,000 50 2,50,000
on compost pit Establishment 15,000 20 3,00,000 20 3,00,000 of Vermi- compost units Subsidized 56,250 40 22,50,000 40 22,50,000 Farm 6 sale of power Mechanization tillers Subsidy on 25,000 10 2,50,000 10 2,50,000 rotavator @ 50% Subsidized 24,000 3 72,000 3 72,000 sale of power
thresher @ 50% Subsidized 25,000 5 1,25,000 5 1,25,000 sale of post
hole digger @ 50% Subsidized 5,000 10 50,000 10 50,000 sale of bullock drawn/manual
operated implements @ 50% Subsidized 10,000 20 2,00,000 20 2,00,000 sale of diesel
pump sets @ 50% Subsidized 1,600 50 80,000 50 80,000 sale of
sprayers @ 50% Harrow @ 20,000 10 2,00,000 - -
50% Power thresher 24,000 5 1,20,000 - -
@ 50 % Reaper @ 50% 80,000 3 2,40,000 - - Cono Weeder 3,000 200 6,00,000 200 6,00,000
@ 50% Zero till seed 25,000 5 1,25,000 - - cum Fert. Drill @ 50% Potato Planter 30,000 5 1,50,000 - -
@ 50% Raised Bed 25,000 50 12,50,000 - -
Planter @ 50% Assistance for 24,000 50 12,00,000 50 12,00,000 boring of Tube Wells Establishment - - - - - Infrastructure 7 of bio control Development laboratory Assistance for 3,00,00,000 - - 1 3,00,00,000 setting up cold
storage at Sub- Division HQ Construction 1,00,00,000 1 1,00,00,000 - - of Farmers hostel and chowkider
quarter at Departmental land at District HQ Construction 30,00,000 - - 1 30,00,000 of storage godown at
District HQ and Sub- Division HQ Training of 10,000 / 50 30 3,00,000 30 3,00,000 farmers groups farmers/3 Technology 8 on crop days Transfer production technology Training of 20,000 / 3 60,000 3 60,000 VEWs and 30/3 days other extension functionaries on crop production technology at District level Exposure visit 30,000/20 10 3,00,000 10 3,00,000 of farmers farmers within the state Exposure visit 50,000/10 10 5,00,000 10 5,00,000 of farmers farmers
outside the state Support to Procurement - - - - - State Seed of farm inputs 9 farm (Seed Production Farm) Machinery and - - - - -
equipment Development - - - - - of Farm Infrastructure Innovative Block Level 2,00,000 4 8,00,000 4 8,00,000 10 Programme Farmers meet District Level 4,00,000 1 4,00,000 1 4,00,000 Exhibition Show
Sl. No Proposed Strategy Activities Unit 2010-11 2011-12 Total cost Phy Fin Phy Fin Phy Fin in Rs Fruit M. Orange 0.225 /Ha 60 13.50 65 14.625 125 28.125 Develo pment Banana 0.151 / 40 6.00 45 6.75 85 12.75 Ha Papaya 0.151 / 40 6.00 45 6.75 85 12.75 Ha Pineapple 0.15 / Ha 45 6.75 45 6.75 90 13.50 Citrus Rejuvenation 0.15 / Ha 80 12.00 85 12.75 165 24.75 Overhead charge 3.19 3.47 6.66 Grape 0.15 / Ha 40 6.00 45 6.75 85 12.75 Avocado 0.15 / Ha 40 6.00 45 6.75 85 12.75 Mango 0.15 / Ha 50 7.50 55 8.25 105 15.75 TOTAL 395 66.94 430 72.84 825 139.78 Vegeta Chayote (Squash) 0.13 / Ha 40 5.20 40 5.20 80 10.40 ble Develo pment Cabbage 0.13 / Ha 50 6.50 55 7.15 105 13.65 Tomato 0.13 / Ha 45 5.85 45 5.85 90 11.7 Broccoli 0.13 / Ha 40 5.20 50 6.50 90 11.7 Bhindi 0.13 / Ha 50 6.50 55 7.15 105 13.65 Bitter gourd 0.13 / Ha 50 6.50 55 7.15 105 13.65 Brinjal 0.13 / Ha 60 7.80 65 8.45 125 16.25 Carrot 0.13 / Ha 50 6.50 55 7.15 105 13.65 TOTAL 385 50.05 420 54.60 805 104.65 Plantati Coconut 0.20/Ha 50 10.00 60 12.00 110 22.00 on Crop Develo pment Areca nut 0.15/Ha 60 9.00 70 10.50 130 19.50 TOTAL 110 19.00 130 22.50 240 41.50 Spices a) Bird‟s Eye Chillies 0.13/Ha 60 7.80 65 8.45 125 16.25 Develo pment b) Turmeric 0.13/Ha 70 9.10 75 9.75 145 18.85 c) Ginger 0.13/Ha 80 10.40 90 11.70 170 22.10 TOTAL 210 27.30 230 29.90 440 57.20 Promoti Model Nursery in Public 20.00/no 4 80.00 4 18.00 8 98.00 on of Sector Nursery Model Nursery in Private 10.00 /no 15 150.00 10 100.00 25 250.00 Sector Small Nursery in Private 5.00 / no 20 100.0 20 100.0 40 200.00 Sector (No) Establis Banana (ha) Sucker hment of New Garden 1st Year Maintained of Banana Floricul Rose – (Small & 2.00 / unit 30 60.00 35 70.10 65 130.10 ture Marginal farmer (Ha) ) Incentives to Floriculture 0.50 / unit 30 15.00 35 17.50 65 32.50 Garden (No) Seed Vegetable seed 10.00/unit 2 20.00 2 20.00 4 40.00 Infrastr Production ucture Integrat A. Fruits ed Nutrien IPM on Banana 0.0.25 200 5.00 300 7.50 500 12.50 t cultivation Manage ment / Integrat ed Pest Manage ment INM on Pineapple 0.05 250 12.50 250 12.50 500 25.00 INM on 0.10 150 15.00 150 15.00 300 30.00 Yongchak INM on Passion Fruits 0.10 300 30.00 350 35.00 650 65.00 IPM on Lime / Lemon 0.025 250 6.25 300 75.00 550 81.25 B. Vegetables Kharif IPM on French Bean 0.025 200 5.00 250 6.25 450 11.25 INM on Bhindi 0.05 200 10.00 250 12.50 450 22.50 INM on Brinjal 0.05 150 7.50 200 10.00 350 17.50 IPM on Cucurbit 0.025 300 7.50 350 8.75 650 16.25 INM on Ginger / 0.10 450 45.60 500 50.00 950 95.60 Turmeric INM on Chillies 0.05 500 25.00 600 30.00 1100 55.00
C. Vegetables Rabi IPM on Pea 0.05 200 10.00 250 12.50 450 22.50 IPM on Cabbage 0.05 300 15.00 350 17.50 650 32.50 INM on Cauliflower 0.05 100 5.00 120 6.00 220 11.00 INM on Potato 0.10 150 15.00 150 15.00 300 30.00 INM on Radish 0.05 150 7.50 200 10.00 350 17.50 INM on Knolkhol 0.05 200 10.00 250 12.50 450 22.50 INM on Tomato 0.05 150 7.50 150 7.50 300 15.00 Protecte Green House (SF & MF) 0.25/no 40 10.00 50 12.50 90 22.50 d Cultivat ion Green House (Other 10.00/no 10 100.00 15 150.00 25 250.00 farmer)(Hi Tech) Shade net Sq m 0.00020 70 14.00 80 16.00 150 32.00 Mulching (Ha) 0.08/Ha 70 5.60 80 6.40 150 12.00 Promoti Construction of compost 0.10/no 250 25.00 300 30.00 550 55.00 on and pit Popular ization of Organic farming Establishment of Vermi- 2.50/unit 30 75.00 35 87.50 65 162.50 Composts units-Big (No)
Establishment of Vermi- Compost units-Big (no) Demonstration of 0.25/no 20 5.00 25 6.25 45 11.25 Organic Farming Popular Demonstration on use of 0.20/unit 30 6.00 35 7.00 65 13.00 ization Rich Reuter “AA” on of organic Fertiliz ers Rich Field Fertilizer 0.20/unit 30 6.00 35 7.00 65 13.00 (13:40:13) Rich Field Fertilizer 0.20/unit 30 6.00 35 7.00 65 13.00 (19:19:19) Rich Field Fertilizer 0.20/unit 30 6.00 35 7.00 65 13.00 (13:0:0) Waters Watershed Development 50.00/no 5 250.00 6 300.00 11 550.00 hed Human Resourc e Develo pment Training of VEWs and 0.25/no 6 1.50 8 2.00 14 3.50 other extension functionaries on crop production technology at District Level. Exposure visit outside 1.50/no 5 7.50 5 7.50 10 15.00 the State on IPM / INM, Plantation, Plant Health Management Exposure visit inside the 1.00/no 6 6.00 6 6.00 12 12.00 state Training of 0.25/no 7 1.75 8 2.00 15. 3.75 Entrepreneurs Exposure Visits of 1.00/no 5 5.00 5 5.00 10 10.00 Farmers inside the State Creatio Construction of 2.00/no 70 140.0 80 160.0 150 300.00 n of community Tanks Water Resourc es Farm Subsidized sale of power 1.00/no 15 15.00 20 20.00 35 35.00 Mechan tillers ization Subsidized sale of pump 0.25/no 20 5.00 30 7.50 50 12.50 sets @ 50% Subsidized sale of 0.075/no 200 15.00 250 18.75 450 33.75 sprayers @ 50 % Post Assistance for setting up 20.00/unit 4 80.00 4 80.00 harvest cold storages at Block Infrastr Level ucture Develo pment Construction of storage 5.00/no 5 25.00 5 25.00 10 50.00 of godown at Block Headquarters Establis Functional Infrastructure 5.00/no 5 25.00 5 25.00 10 50.00 hment for Collection & grading of (no) Marketi ng Infrastr ucture Technol Training of farmer 0.25/no 5 1.25 5 1.25 10 2.50 ogy groups on crop transfer production technology Training of farmers on 0.25/no 5 1.25 5 1.25 10 2.50 the use of Organic Fertilizers Training of farmers on 0.25/no 6 1.50 6 1.50 12 3.00 INM Training of Farmers on 0.25/no 5 1.25 5 1.25 10 2.50 IPM Training of Farmers on 0.25/no 5 1.25 5 1.25 10 2.50 Post Harvest Technology on important horticultural crops Exposure visit of farmers 0.50/no 3 1.50 3 1.50 6 3.00 within the state Exposure visit of farmers 1.50/no 3 4.50 3 4.50 6 9.00 outside the state Conducting field trials in 0.25/no 5 1.25 5 1.25 10 2.50 new crop varieties / new practices Innovat Low Cost Potato Storage 10.00/no 5 50.00 5 50.00 10 100.00 ive Progra Structure mme District Level Show 2.00/no 2 4.00 2 4.00 4 8.00 30 90.00 Project Horticulture Link Road 3.00/Km 15 45.00 15 45.00 Area Connec tivity Capacit (a) Training of Trainers 1.00/no 4 4.00 4 4.00 8 8.00 y at(Research institution) Buildin g (b) Awareness 5.00 5.00 10.00 Campaign/Seminar/Work shop etc. Infrastr Technical Support 4.50 4.50 5.00 ucture Mushro Spawn Production 20.00/unit 1 20.00 20.00 om Develo pment Unit Model Research & Development 50.00/no 1 50.00 1 50.00 100.00 Horticu in Horticulture Crops lture Centre Lunglei
Table 48: Physical and financial Requirement for the Suggested Interventions for Animal Husbandry Sectoral Development Interventions Unit cost 2010-11 2011-12 Total Rs. (In Phy Fin 22 Fin lakhs) Animal Health i) Distribution of Vety. 0.01 1000 10 30 11 22 Aid Kits ii) Cosnt. Of vety. Disp. 10 2 20 10 30 Cattle and Buffalo Dev. 154 Milk cow induction .7 100 70 84 154 cow/heifer expected give 10 lit. of milk per day Piggery development 175 Distribution of 5 piglets .5 150 75 100 175 (4female +1 male) of age group 3-4 month. Poultry Development 88 Backyard Poultry .4 100 40 120 48 88 scheme Distribution of 40 grown up low input technology birds Construction of Chick 5 1 5 1 5 10 rearing unit with procurement of poultry appliance in the district Head Office Distribution of 50 Khaki .5 20 10 10 5 15 Campbel day old ducklings a long with feed and other appliance Other Livestock Development i) Incentives to 1 5 5 3 3 8 Pony/Breeders/Farmers ii) Incentive to the .5 20 10 10 5 15 farmers under Goatry Dev. Progr. (4 does and 1 buck) Feed and fodder Dev. i) Construction/ 150 1 150 150 Strengthening of state feed mixing plant ii) Incentive for growing 0.1 10 1 15 1.5 2.5 fodder @ Rs, 5000/- beneficiary in terms of seed/fertilizer/fending/ ploughing charges Extension, Education & Training i) Organisation of .1 20 2 20 2 4 farmers training programme @ Rs, 1000/-each. Assistant to Animal .1 25 2.5 25 2.5 5 Husbandry Co- operation/Local bodies Construction of meat 5 1 5 1 5 10 marketing shed at the District Head Qtr. Block Head quarters. Capacity Building 10 - 10 - 10 20
Table 49 : PHYSICAL TARGETS AND FINANCIAL PROJECTION DURING XITH PLAN FOR FISHERIES
(Rs. In Lakh)
2010-2011 2011-2012 TOTAL Sl. Name of the Scheme Rate No Phy Fin Phy Fin Phy Fin Development of fresh 1 water aquaculture / fishery e) increase in water spread area by 1.00/ha 75 75.00 100 100.00 175 175 constructing new ponds
f) provision of inputs including 0.13/ha 75 9.75 100 13.00 175 22.75 fingerlings
g) Renovation of ponds 0.15/ha 100 15.00 100 15.00 200 30
h) Construction of seed farm including 10.00/no. 1 10.00 - - 10 hatchery in Kolasib district e) construction of fresh water prawn 1 18.00/no. 10.00 1 (pt) 8.00 18 seed farm including (pt) hatchery 250 Total for fishery ha/ 119.75 300 136.00 255.75 2nos
Table 50: PHYSICAL TARGETS AND FINANCIAL PROJECTION DURING XITH PLAN FOR SERICULTRE
(Rs. In Lakh)
2010-2011 2011-2012 TOTAL Sl. Unit cost Name of Activity No (in Rs) Phy Fin Phy Fin Phy Fin Mulberry plantation ( 1 0.40/ hec 50 20.00 75 30.00 125 50 expansion of area) Support for silk worm 2 0.13/unit 50 6.50 75 9.75 125 16.25 rearing to farmers Irrigation support (rain 3 water harvest of small 0.15/no. 50 7.50 75 11.25 125 18.75 size) Total 150 34.00 225 51.00 375 85
Table 51 : PHYSICAL TARGETS AND FINANCIAL PROJECTION DURING XITH PLAN FOR SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION
(Rs. In Lakh) Sl. TOTAL No 2010-2011 2011-2012 Total Unit Activities cost Phy Fin Phy Fin Phy Fin
1 2 3 6 7 8 9 10 11 Soil conservation 0.13/ha 75 9.75 100 13.00 175 22.75 1 plantation 2 Gully plugging 0.10/nos. 75 7.50 100 10.00 175 17.50
3 Contour trenching 0.30/ha 75 22.50 100 30.00 175 52.50
Total 225 39.75 300 53.00 525 92.75
Table 52: Physical targets and Financial projection during xith plan for agro-forestry and social forestry (Rs. In Lakh)