The effect of hydroxyl on dye-sensitized solar cells assembled with TiO2 nanorods
Lijian Meng(孟立建), Tao Yang(杨涛), Sining Yun(云斯宁), Can Li(李灿) Citation:Chin. Phys. B . 2018, 27(1): 016802. doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/27/1/016802
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Editorial Staff Wang Jiu-Li( Èw) (Editorial Director) Cai Jian-Wei(éï•) Zhai Zhen(+) Chin. Phys. B Vol. 27, No. 1 (2018) 016802
SPECIAL TOPIC — New generation solar cells Effect of hydroxyl on dye-sensitized solar cells assembled with TiO2 nanorods Lijian Meng(孟立建)1,2,†, Tao Yang(杨涛)3, Sining Yun(云斯宁)1, and Can Li(李灿)4
1Functional Materials Laboratory, School of Materials & Mineral Resources, Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi’an 710311, China 2Departamento de F´ısica and Centre of Innovation in Engineering and Industrial Technology, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Instituto Politecnico´ do Porto, Portugal 3Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China 4State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
(Received 20 September 2017; revised manuscript received 18 November 2017; published online 13 December 2017)
TiO2 nanorods have been prepared on ITO substrates by dc reactive magnetron sputtering technique. The hydroxyl groups have been introduced on the nanorods surface. The structure and the optical properties of these nanorods have been studied. The dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) have been assembled using these TiO2 nanorods as photoelectrode. And the effect of the hydroxyl groups on the properties of the photoelectric conversion of the DSSCs has been studied.
Keywords: hydroxyl groups, TiO2 nanorod, dye-sensitized solar cells, sputtering PACS: 68.37.–d, 81.15.Cd, 88.40.H– DOI: 10.1088/1674-1056/27/1/016802
1. Introduction a high temperature. Magnetron sputtering technique has been considered as industrial processes that are applicable to large Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) have attracted signif- scale deposition with high uniformity at a relatively low de- icant attention due to their special features, such as low cost position temperature. In the beginning of this century, some and high light to electricity conversion efficiency. The cells works on DSSC using TiO electrode prepared by sputtering generally are composed by a dye adsorbed nanoporous ma- 2 technique have been reported by Gomez´ et al.[29,30] Recently, terial, typically TiO2, and an electrolyte solution as a hole some other groups have also reported the results on DSSC transport layer containing a dissolved iodide ion/tri-iodide ion based on TiO films prepared by sputtering technique.[31–34] redox couples.[1] The dye molecules absorb light to generate 2 So far, the energy conversion efficiency is still low for the excited electron–hole pairs. The electrons are then injected DSSCs based on sputtered TiO2 films as they cannot adsorb into the porous TiO2 photoelectrode and propagate through it a large amount of dye molecules because of the lower specific until they are collected and transferred to the external elec- surface area resulting from the compact structure which is a tric circuit. The electron transport, recombination, and collec- typical characteristic of the sputtered films. In our previous tion processes are three very important processes in DSSC and work, the TiO nanorods have been made by dc reactive mag- have been extensive studied.[2–18] In order to improve the con- 2 netron sputtering and the effects of the nanorods dimension, version efficiency, the charge recombination possibility must blocking layer, and annealing temperature on the efficiency be reduced. Therefore a high efficiency and fast charge trans- of DSSCs have been reported.[35–39] It is well known that the portation process is required. One dimensional (1D) nanos- ability to adsorb photosensitive dyes can be improved by intro- tructures, such as nanorod, nanotube, and nanowire, show a ducing the surface hydroxyl groups. In this work, the effect of promising solution to improve the charge transportation pro- the surface hydroxyl groups on the structure of the nanorods cess. Electron transport in 1D structure is expected to be is discussed and the DSSCs are assembled using these TiO several orders of magnitude faster than that in random 3D 2 nanorods as the electrode. The photovoltaic properties of the nanostructure.[12,19,20] Many works have been done for 1D DSSCs are studied. structure based DSSC and the conversation efficiency is ap- proaching that for 3D nanoparticles based DSSC.[21–28] Traditionally, the photoelectrodes of DSSC are made by 2. Experimental section a chemical method which needs a high temperature (450 ◦C) The titanium oxide nanorods were deposited both on glass treatment for the densification of the TiO2 films. This high and commercial ITO substrates by dc reactive magnetron sput- temperature treatment will cause a problem for producing the tering technique. The nanorods deposited on glass substrates flexible cells as the polymeric substrates could not endure such were used for the simulations of the transmittance for obtain- †Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected] © 2018 Chinese Physical Society and IOP Publishing Ltd http://iopscience.iop.org/cpb http://cpb.iphy.ac.cn 016802-1 Chin. Phys. B Vol. 27, No. 1 (2018) 016802 ing the film thickness and the optical constants. The nanorods ments were carried out with a princeton 2273 applied research deposited on ITO substrates were used for dye-sensitized so- electrochemical system, a 500 W xenon lamp under AM 1.5G lar cells. The resistance of the ITO substrate is 30–40 Ω (100 mW·cm−2) illumination, and a water filter. The light in- per square. The titanium metal with a purity of 99.99% tensity was adjusted to 100 mW/cm2. The cells were tested (Φ60 × 3 mm, Grikin Advanced Materials Co. Ltd.) was used using a metal mask with an active area of 0.15 cm2. as the sputtering target. The vacuum chamber was pumped us- ing a turbo molecular pump backed with a mechanic pump. 3. Results and discussion Before the deposition, the chamber was pumped down to In order to see the formation of the hydroxyl group in 1 × 10−3 Pa, and then high purity Ar and O gases were in- 2 the sample surface, the detailed XPS spectra of O 1s and Ti troduced into the chamber through the individual mass flow 2p for TiO2 nanorods prepared with and without water have controller. The oxygen partial pressure and the total sputter- been measured as shown in Fig.1. The O 1s peak can be ing pressure in the chamber were kept at 0.3 Pa and 1.5 Pa, deconvoluted by three peaks located at 529.8 eV, 531.6 eV, respectively for all deposition processes. The target–substrate and 533.2 eV respectively. The strongest peak located at distance was kept at 60 mm. No extra heating and biasing was 529.8 eV can be attributed to O–Ti bonding (O2−), while the applied to the substrate during all the deposition processes. other two peaks located at the higher energy side (531.6 eV The sputtering current and the cathode potential were kept at and 533.2 eV) can be attributed to the hydroxyl groups (OH−) 0.5 A and 400 V, respectively for all the depositions. The de- and hydrate and/or adsorbed water (H2O). It can be seen that position time was 6 hours. The hydroxyl group was introduced the intensity of the peaks related with the OH groups is much by passing the oxygen gas through water before it was intro- higher for the sample prepared with water than that for the duced into the chamber. The water was kept at the room tem- sample prepared without water. It can be suggested that the perature before it was introduced into the chamber. We did not hydroxyl groups have been formed by introducing the water measure the temperature of the water after it was introduced during the sputtering process and result in a high OH group into the chamber. It is suggested that the temperature would peak intensity. For Ti 2p, two peaks located at 458.2 eV and be increased due to the effect of the plasma in the chamber. 463.8 eV are detected, which correspond to Ti 2p3/2 and 2p1/2, The sample prepared by this method was designated as the respectively. The samples prepared with and without water sample prepared with water and the sample prepared by nor- show similar Ti 2p spectra. It indicates that the introducing of mal condition was designated as the sample prepared without the hydroxyl groups does not affect the Ti 2p spectra. water. SEM images of the TiO2 nanorods prepared with and The transmittance of the films was measured using a without water are shown in Fig.2. It can be seen that the sam- Jasco V-550 UV–Vis spectrophotometer. The film thickness ples prepared with and without water have a similar nanorod and the optical constants were calculated by fitting the trans- structure. The increase of the surface hydroxyl group does not mittance using Scout software. The x-ray diffraction (XRD) affect the TiO2 nanorod structure. measurements were carried out using a Rigaku miniflex go- Figure3 shows the XRD patterns of TiO 2 nanorods pre- niometer (30 kV, 15 mA). The surface morphologies were pared with and without water. All the peaks in the XRD studied using field emission scanning electron microscope patterns can be indexed as the anatase phase of TiO2 and (FE-SEM). In order to get the clear images, the low vac- the diffraction data are in good agreement with PDF card uum model has been used. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy 21–1272. No other phase of TiO2 is observed. It can be (XPS) was recorded on a Thermo Escalab 250 equipped with seen that the TiO2 nanorods prepared with and without water a monochromatic Al Kα x-ray source. The spectra were have a preferred orientation along the [110] direction. How- analyzed using CasaXPS (Casa Software, Ltd.). A stan- ever, the TiO2 nanorods prepared with water have a stronger dard Shirley baseline without any offset was used for back- (220) diffraction peak intensity than that prepared without wa- ground correction. The C 1s spectrum for adventitious car- ter. The intensity of the (101) diffraction peak is similar for bon (284.8 eV) was used for charge correction. The de- the two samples. The (101) and the (220) peak intensities posited TiO2 films were sensitized with N719 dye by soaking have been calculated by fitting the XRD patterns and the ratio the films in an ethanolic solution of the N719 dye (0.5 mM I(220)/I(101) for the nanorods prepared with and without wa- of (Ru(II)L2(NCS)2:2TBA, where L = 2,2’-bipyridyl-4,4’- ter has been obtained. The ratio is 61 and 24 for the nanorods dicarboxylic acid) for 24 hours at room temperature. The prepared with and without water, respectively. From Fig.3, it counter-electrode is sputtered Pt on the FTO glass and the elec- can be seen that the (101) peak intensity does not have a very trolyte is composed of 0.1 M I2, 0.1 M LiI, 0.6 M 1-hexyl-3- clear change for the samples prepared with and without water. methylimidazolium iodide, and 0.5 M 4-tert-butylpyridine in It means that the preferred orientation along the [110] direc-
3-methoxypropionitrile. The photocurrent–voltage measure- tion is enhanced for the TiO2 nanorods prepared with water. 016802-2 Chin. Phys. B Vol. 27, No. 1 (2018) 016802
O2- with water O 1s with water Ti 2p
(a) (b)
OH-
H2O
Intensity
Intensity
without water without water
Intensity
Intensity
536 534 532 530 528 468 466 464 462 460 458 456 454 Binding energy/eV Binding energy/eV
Fig. 1. (color online) High-resolution XPS spectra for the (a) O 1s and (b) Ti 2p peaks and respective fitting of the TiO2 nanorods prepared with and without water.
500.0 nm 500.0 nm
Fig. 2. (color online) The SEM images of TiO2 nanorods prepared with and without water.
The average surface energies of the crystal planes of of grains formed in the films will affect the development of the anatase TiO2 are related to the percentages of the 5- the texture for the polycrystalline films. The effects of strain foldcoordinated titanium atoms on the specific planes and are energy minimization are qualitatively similar to those of sur- 1.09 J/m2, 0.90 J/m2, 0.53 J/m2, and 0.44 J/m2 for the [110], face and interface energy minimization in that normal grain [001], [100], and [101] crystal planes, respectively.[40] Usu- growth can not occur until the subpopulation of grains favored ally, the [101] planes dominate anatase TiO2 single crystal, by strain energy minimization has consumed all grains with which are thermodynamically stable due to a low surface en- other orientations.[41] The competition between surface en- ergy. However, both the surface energy and the strain energy ergy and strain energy during film growth might contribute to 016802-3 Chin. Phys. B Vol. 27, No. 1 (2018) 016802 the changes in texture of the grains as observed in Fig.3. For 2.8 sufficiently thin films, surface and interface energy minimizing 2.7 with water without water textures are favored; but for the thicker films with higher elas- n 2.6 tic strains, strain energy minimizing textures are formed.[41] 2.5 It means that the (110) texture is dominated by strain energy 2.4 minimization and the (101) texture is dominated by surface en- 2.3
ergy minimization in the growth process. By introducing wa- index Refractive 2.2 ter during the sputtering process, the mobility of the adatoms 2.1 in the substrate might be low, which results in favorable strain 2.0 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 energy minimizing textures during grain growth and a high Wavelength/nm (220) diffraction peak intensity. Fig. 5. (color online) The refractive index of the TiO2 nanorods pre- pared with and without water. (220) with water without water Figure6 shows the absorption spectra of the TiO 2 nanorods prepared with and without water. It can be seen that the dye absorption (around 500 nm wavelength) is much
higher for TiO2 nanorods prepared with water than that pre- pared without water. Although the specific surface area is not
Intensity (116) (101) measured, the morphology and the dimension of the nanorods are very similar for the samples prepared with and without water as shown in Fig.2. It means that the specific surface 20 30 40 50 60 70 area does not change with the introduction of the hydroxyl 2θ/(Ο) groups. Therefore, the increase of the dye absorption results
Fig. 3. (color online) The x-ray diffraction patterns of TiO2 nanorods from the formation of the hydroxyl groups on the surface of deposited onto ITO substrates with and without water. the nanorods. The J–V curves of DSSCs using TiO2 nanorods prepared with and without water as photoelectrode are plot- 100 with water ted in Fig.7 and the operation parameters are summarized in without water Table1. The photoelectric conversion efficiency is calculated 80 using the equation 60 J V FF η = sc oc × 100%, Pin 40 where η is the conversion efficiency, Jsc is the short circuit
Transmittance/% 20 current density which depends on the charge injection and transportation, Voc is the open circuit voltage which is most 0 likely related with the difference between the Fermi level of 400 500 600 700 800 900 Wavelength/nm the semiconductor electrode and the redox potential in the FF Fig. 4. (color online) The transmittance of the TiO2 nanorods deposited electrolyte, is the fill factor which is related to functioning on glass substrate with and without water. of the TiO2/electrolyte interface, the higher the recombination of conduction band electrons with the electrolyte, the lower [12] Figure4 shows the specular transmittance spectra of the FF will be, and Pin is the incident light energy. It can be TiO2 nanorods prepared with and without water. The transmit- seen clearly that the solar cell assembled with TiO2 nanorods tance of the nanorods prepared with water is slightly higher prepared with water has a higher photocurrent density com- than that of the nanorods prepared without water. By fitting paring to that prepared without water. The presence of the the transmittance, the dispersion of the refractive index can be hydroxyl groups increases the absorption of the dye molecular extracted. The results are shown in Fig.5. The nanorods pre- and results in a high photocurrent. However, a negative ef- pared without water have a higher refractive index than that fect is also introduced by the hydroxyl groups on the nanorod prepared with water. The refractive index is related with the surface. As it can be seen from Table1 that the fill factor is packing density of the sample. The hydroxyl groups in the lower for the solar cell assembled with nanorods prepared with sample surface may result in a decrease of the packing density water, which may reduce the conversion efficiency. It is no yet and a low refractive index. very clear why the introduction of the hydroxyl reduces the fill 016802-4 Chin. Phys. B Vol. 27, No. 1 (2018) 016802 factor. It is suggested that the introduction of the hydroxyl will References modify the parasitic resistances of the cell and result in a low [1] O’Regan B and Gratzel M 1991 Nature 353 737 fill factor. The conversion efficiency is dominated by the pho- [2] Wang H X and Peter L M 2012 J. Phys. Chem. C 116 10468 [3] Wang H X, Liu M N, Zhang M, Wang P, Miura H, Cheng Y and Bell J tocurrent. By introducing the hydroxyl groups on the nanorods 2011 Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 13 17359 surface, the efficiency is increased from 3.1% to 3.8%. [4] Burke A, Ito S, Snaith H, Bach U, Kwiatkowski J and Gratzel M 2008 Nano Lett. 8 977 [5] Gu Z Y, Gao X D, Li X M, Jiang Z W and Huang Y D 2014 J. Alloys Compd. 590 33 1.0 [6] Zhao X G, Jin E M and Gu H B 2013 Appl. Surf. Sci. 287 8 [7] Zhang X B, Tian H M, Wang X Y, Xue G G, Tian Z P, Zhang J Y, Yuan S K, Yu T and Zou Z G 2013 Mater Lett. 100 51 0.8 [8] Zhang X H, Ogawa J, Sunahara K, Cui Y, Uemura Y, Miyasaka T, Fu- rube A, Koumura N, Hara K and Mori S 2013 J. Phys. Chem. C 117 2024 0.6 [9] Zhang X B, Tian H M, Wang X Y, Xue G G, Tian Z P, Zhang J Y, Yuan S K, Yu T and Zou Z G 2013 J. Alloys Compd. 578 309 [10] Kuo Y Y, Lin J G and Chien C H 2012 J. Electrochem. Soc. 159 K46 Absorbance [11] Kwon Y S, Song I Y, Lim J, Park S H, Siva A, Park Y C, Jang H M and 0.4 with water without water Park T 2012 Rsc Adv. 2 3467 [12] Thavasi V, Renugopalakrishnan V, Jose R and Ramakrishna S 2009 Mat. Sci. Eng. R 63 81 0.2 400 500 600 [13] Park J T, Chi W S, Jeon H and Kim J H 2014 Nanoscale 6 2718 [14] Wu M X, Lin X, Wang Y D, Wang L, Guo W, Qu D D, Peng X J, Wavelength/nm Hagfeldt A, Gratzel M and Ma T L 2012 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 134 3419 Fig. 6. (color online) Absorption spectra of TiO2 nanorods prepared [15] Wu M X, Lin X, Wang T H, Qiu J S and Ma T L 2011 Energ. Environ. with and without water after dye sensitized. Sci. 4 2308 [16] Liang D W, Tang Q W, Chu L, Li Q H, He B L, Cai H Y and Wang M 2013 Rsc Adv. 3 25190 [17] He B L, Tang Q W, Luo J H, Li Q H, Chen X X and Cai H Y 2014 J. 15 Power Sources 256 170
-2 with water [18] Gao Y F, Nagai M, Seo W S and Koumoto K 2007 J. Am. Ceram. Soc.
cm without water 90 831 S [19] Zhu K, Neale N R, Miedaner A and Frank A J 2007 Nano Lett. 7 69 [20] Law M, Greene L E, Johnson J C, Saykally R and Yang P D 2005 Nat. 10 Mater. 4 455 [21] Adachi M, Murata Y, Takao J, Jiu J, Sakamoto M and Wang F 2004 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 126 14943 [22] Jiu J, Isoda S, Wang F and Adachi M 2006 J. Phys. Chem. B 110 2087. 5 [23] Shao F, Sun J, Gao L, Chen J Z and Yang S W 2014 Rsc Adv. 4 7805 [24] Sabba D, Agarwala S, Pramana S S and Mhaisalkar S 2014 Nanoscale Res. Lett. 9 14 [25] Ren J B, Que W X, Yin X T, He Y C and Javed H M A 2014 Rsc Adv. 4 7454. Photocurrent density/mA Photocurrent 0 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 [26] Ngamsinlapasathian S, Sakulkhaemaruethai S, Pavasupree S, Ki- Voltage/V tiyanan A, Sreethawong T, Suzuki Y and Yoshikawa S 2004 J. Photoch. Photobio. A 164 145 Fig. 7. (color online) Current-potential characteristics of the TiO2 nanorods prepared with and without water. [27] Lee B H, Song M Y, Jang S Y, Jo S M, Kwak S Y and Kim D Y 2009 J. Phys. Chem. C 113 21453 [28] Wang L J, Li Q, Hao Y Z, Shen S G and Xu D S 2016 Acta Phys. -Chim. Sin. 32 983
Table 1. Performance comparison of the DSSCs assembled with TiO2 [29] Gomez M M, Lu J, Olsson E, Hagfeldt A and Granqvist C G 2000 Sol. nanorods prepared with and without water. Energ. Mat. Sol. C 64 385 [30] Gomez M M, Lu J, Solis J L, Olsson E, Hagfeldt A and Granqvist C G −2 Jsc/mA·cm Voc/V FF η/% 2000 J. Phys. Chem. B 104 8712 Without water 8.4 0.64 0.58 3.1 [31] Hossain M F, Biswas S, Takahashi T, Kubota Y and Fujishima A 2008 With water 12.1 0.63 0.50 3.8 Thin Solid Films 516 7149 [32] Waita S M, Aduda B O, Mwabora J M, Granqvist C G, Lindquist S E, Niklasson G A, Hafeldt A and Boschloo G 2007 J. Electroanal. Chem. 4. Conclusion 605 151 [33] Kang S H, Kang M S, Kim H S, Kim J Y, Chung Y H, Smyri W H and Sung Y E 2008 J. Power Sources 184 331 TiO2 nanorods were prepared by dc reactive magnetron [34] Sung Y M and Kim H J 2007 Thin Solid Films 515 4996 sputtering. The hydroxyl groups on the nanorod surface were [35] Meng L J, Ma A, Ying P, Feng Z and Li C 2011 J. Nanosci. Nanotech- nol. 11 929 introduced by passing the oxygen reactive gas through water. [36] Meng L J and Li C 2011 Nanosci. Nanotech. Lett. 3 181 The preferred orientation along the [110] direction has been [37] Meng L J, Li C and dos Santos M P 2011 J. Inorg. Organomet. P 21 enhanced and the dye absorption has been improved by the 770 [38] Meng L J, Li C and dos Santos M P 2013 J. Inorg. Organomet. P 23 hydroxyl groups. The DSSCs assembled using TiO2 nanorods 787 with hydroxyl groups show a better conversion efficiency than [39] Meng L J, Ren T and Li C 2010 Appl. Surf. Sci. 256 3676 [40] Lazzeri M, Vittadini A and Selloni A 2002 Phys. Rev. B 65 119901 those using TiO2 nanorods without hydroxyl groups. [41] Thompson C V 2000 Annu. Rev. Mater. Sci. 30 159
016802-5 Chinese Physics B
Volume 27 Number 1 January 2018
TOPICAL REVIEW — New generation solar cells
018811 Editorial Qingbo Meng
018803 Interfaces of high-efficiency kesterite Cu2ZnSnS(e)4 thin film solar cells Shoushuai Gao, Zhenwu Jiang, Li Wu, Jianping Ao, Yu Zeng, Yun Sun and Yi Zhang 018805 Promise of commercialization: Carbon materials for low-cost perovskite solar cells Yu Cai, Lusheng Liang and Peng Gao
018806 Theoretical study on the kesterite solar cells based on Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4 and related photovoltaic semicon- ductors Dingrong Liu, Dan Han, Menglin Huang, Xian Zhang, Tao Zhang, Chenmin Dai and Shiyou Chen 018808 Recent progress of colloidal quantum dot based solar cells Huiyun Wei, Dongmei Li, Xinhe Zheng and Qingbo Meng
SPECIAL TOPIC — New generation solar cells
015202 Preparation of Se-based solar cell using spin-coating method in ambient condition Menghua Zhu, Yaxin Deng, Weiwei Liu and Xin Li
016402 Regulation of Zn/Sn ratio in kesterite absorbers to boost 10% efficiency of Cu2ZnSn(S, Se)4 solar cells Xue Min, Jiangjian Shi, Linbao Guo, Qing Yu, Pengpeng Zhang, Qingwen Tian, Dongmei Li, Yanhong Luo, Huijue Wu, Qingbo Meng and Sixin Wu
016802 Effect of hydroxyl on dye-sensitized solar cells assembled with TiO2 nanorods Lijian Meng, Tao Yang, Sining Yun and Can Li 017305 Novel hole transport layer of nickel oxide composite with carbon for high-performance perovskite solar cells Sajid, A M Elseman, Jun Ji, Shangyi Dou, Hao Huang, Peng Cui, Dong Wei and Meicheng Li
017804 Electron transport properties of TiO2 shell on Al2O3 core in dye-sensitized solar cells Dongmei Xie, Xiaowen Tang, Yuan Lin, Pin Ma and Xiaowen Zhou
018401 Importance of ligands on TiO2 nanocrystals for perovskite solar cells Yao Zhao, Yi-Cheng Zhao, Wen-Ke Zhou, Rui Fu, Qi Li, Da-Peng Yu and Qing Zhao 018503 Performance enhancement of ZnO nanowires/PbS quantum dot depleted bulk heterojunction solar cells
with an ultrathin Al2O3 interlayer Shuaipu Zang, Yinglin Wang, Meiying Li, Wei Su, Meiqi An, Xintong Zhang and Yichun Liu
018804 420 nm thick CH3NH3PbI3−푥Br푥 capping layers for efficient TiO2 nanorod array perovskite solar cells Long Li, Cheng-Wu Shi, Xin-Lian Deng, Yan-Qing Wang, Guan-Nan Xiao and Ling-Ling Ni
(Continued on the Bookbinding Inside Back Cover) 018807 Key parameters of two typical intercalation reactions to prepare hybrid inorganic–organic perovskite films Biao Shi, Sheng Guo, Changchun Wei, Baozhang Li, Yi Ding, Yuelong Li, Qing Wan, Ying Zhao and Xiaodan Zhang
018809 Precisely tuning Ge substitution for efficient solution-processed Cu2ZnSn(S, Se)4 solar cells Xinshou Wang, Dongxing Kou, Wenhui Zhou, Zhengji Zhou, Qingwen Tian, Yuena Meng and Sixin Wu
018810 TiO2 composite electron transport layers for planar perovskite solar cells by mixed spray pyrolysis with
precursor solution incorporating TiO2 nanoparticles Jiaqi Tian, Hongcui Li, Haiyue Wang, Bo Zheng, Yebin Xue and Xizhe Liu
TOPICAL REVIEW — Soft matter and biological physics
013101 Control water molecules across carbon-based nanochannels Xianwen Meng and Jiping Huang 014401 A review of recent theoretical and computational studies on pinned surface nanobubbles Yawei Liu and Xianren Zhang 018704 Mutation-induced spatial differences in neuraminidase structure and sensitivity to neuraminidase in- hibitors Zhi-wei Yang, Dong-xiao Hao, Yi-zhuo Che, Jia-hui Yang, Lei Zhang and Sheng-li Zhang 018901 Dominant phase-advanced driving analysis of self-sustained oscillations in biological networks Zhi-gang Zheng and Yu Qian
SPECIAL TOPIC — Soft matter and biological physics
018203 To what extent of ion neutralization can multivalent ion distributions around RNA-like macroions be described by Poisson–Boltzmann theory? Gui Xiong, Kun Xi, Xi Zhang and Zhi-Jie Tan 018701 A network of conformational transitions in an unfolding process of HP-35 revealed by high-temperature MD simulation and a Markov state model Dandan Shao and Kaifu Gao 018703 Improved data analysis method of single-molecule experiments based on probability optimization Weili Zhai, Guohua Yuan, Chao Liu and Hu Chen
RAPID COMMUNICATION
013102 Spin polarization and dispersion effects in emergence of roaming transition state for nitrobenzene iso- merization Zhi-Yuan Zhang, Wan-Run Jiang, Bo Wang, Yan-Qiang Yang and Zhi-Gang Wang
017104 Direct observation of melted Mott state evidenced from Raman scattering in 1푇 -TaS2 single crystal Qing Hu, Cong Yin, Leilei Zhang, Li Lei, Zhengshang Wang, Zhiyu Chen, Jun Tang and Ran Ang
(Continued on the Bookbinding Inside Back Cover) 017105 Measurement of the bulk and surface bands in Dirac line-node semimetal ZrSiS Guang-Hao Hong, Cheng-Wei Wang, Juan Jiang, Cheng Chen, Sheng-Tao Cui, Hai-Feng Yang, Ai-Ji Liang, Shuai Liu, Yang-Yang Lv, Jian Zhou, Yan-Bin Chen, Shu-Hua Yao, Ming-Hui Lu, Yan-Feng Chen, Mei-Xiao Wang, Le-Xian Yang, Zhong-Kai Liu and Yu-Lin Chen
017504 Two-dimensional transport and strong spin–orbit interaction in SrMnSb2 Jiwei Ling, Yanwen Liu, Zhao Jin, Sha Huang, Weiyi Wang, Cheng Zhang, Xiang Yuan, Shanshan Liu, Enze Zhang, Ce Huang, Raman Sankar, Fang-Cheng Chou, Zhengcai Xia and Faxian Xiu
017803 Optical study on intermediate-valence compounds Yb1−xLuxAl3 J L Lv, J L Luo and N L Wang
GENERAL
010201 Improved reproducing kernel particle method for piezoelectric materials Ji-Chao Ma, Gao-Feng Wei and Dan-Dan Liu 010202 Finite-time robust control of uncertain fractional-order Hopfield neural networks via sliding mode con- trol Yangui Xi, Yongguang Yu, Shuo Zhang, and Xudong Hai 010203 A novel stable value iteration-based approximate dynamic programming algorithm for discrete-time nonlinear systems Yan-Hua Qu, An-Na Wang and Sheng Lin 010204 Quantum Monte Carlo study of hard-core bosons in Creutz ladder with zero flux Yang Lin, Weichang Hao and Huaiming Guo 010301 Solution of the spin-one DKP oscillator under an external magnetic field in noncommutative space with minimal length Bing-Qian Wang, Zheng-Wen Long, Chao-Yun Long and Shu-Rui Wu 010302 Non-Markovian speedup dynamics control of the damped Jaynes–Cummings model with detuning Kai Xu, Wei Han, Ying-Jie Zhang and Heng Fan 010303 Quantum speed limit time of a two-level atom under different quantum feedback control Min Yu, Mao-Fa Fang and Hong-Mei Zou 010304 Quantum coherence and non-Markovianity of an atom in a dissipative cavity under weak measurement Yu Liu, Hong-Mei Zou and Mao-Fa Fang 010305 Improved quantum randomness amplification with finite number of untrusted devices based on a novel extractor Ming-Feng Xu, Wei Pan, Lian-Shan Yan, Bin Luo, Xi-Hua Zou, Peng-Hua Mu and Li-Yue Zhang 010306 Novel quantum watermarking algorithm based on improved least significant qubit modification for quantum audio Zhi-Guo Qu, Huang-Xing He and Tao Li 010307 Soliton excitations in a polariton condensate with defects Abderahim Mahmoud Belounis and Salem Kessal
(Continued on the Bookbinding Inside Back Cover) 010308 Transitionless driving on local adiabatic quantum search algorithm Feng-guang Li, Wan-su Bao, Shuo Zhang, Xiang Wang, He-liang Huang, Tan Li and Bo-wen Ma 010501 Current transport and mass separation for an asymmetric fluctuation system with correlated noises Jie Wang and Li-Juan Ning 010502 Detection of meso-micro scale surface features based on microcanonical multifractal formalism Yuanyuan Yang, Wei Chen, Tao Xie and William Perrie 010503 Topological horseshoe analysis and field-programmable gate array implementation of a fractional-order four-wing chaotic attractor En-Zeng Dong, Zhen Wang, Xiao Yu, Zeng-Qiang Chen and Zeng-Hui Wang 010504 Controllable optical superregular breathers in the femtosecond regime Yang Ren, Zhan-Ying Yang, Chong Liu and Wen-Li Yang 010701 Leader-following consensus of discrete-time fractional-order multi-agent systems Erfan Shahamatkhah and Mohammad Tabatabaei
ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS
013201 A new fully quantum-mechanical method used to calculate the collisional broadening coefficients and
shift coefficients of Rb 퐷1 lines perturbed by noble gases He and Ar Wei Zhang, Yanchao Shi, Bitao Hu and Yi Zhang 013202 Simulating resonance-mediated two-photon absorption enhancement in rare-earth ions by a rectangle phase modulation Da-Long Qi, Ye Zheng, Wen-Jing Cheng, Yun-Hua Yao, Lian-Zhong Deng, Dong-Hai Feng, Tian-Qing Jia, Zhen-Rong Sun and Shi-An Zhang 013203 Photoelectron longitudinal momentum distributions containing nondipole effects Yi-Ning Huo, Jian Li and Feng-Cai Ma 013301 Attosecond transient absorption spectroscopy: Comparative study based on three-level modeling Zeng-Qiang Yang, Di-Fa Ye and Li-Bin Fu 013401 Plasma-screening effects on positronium formation Jia Ma, Yuan-Cheng Wang, Ya-Jun Zhou and Heng Wang 013701 Comparison of the sensitivities for atom interferometers in two different operation methods Xiao-Chun Duan, De-Kai Mao, Xiao-Bing Deng, Min-Kang Zhou, Cheng-Gang Shao, Zhu Zhu and Zhong- Kun Hu
ELECTROMAGNETISM, OPTICS, ACOUSTICS, HEAT TRANSFER, CLASSICAL MECHANICS, AND FLUID DYNAMICS
014101 A broadband cross-polarization conversion anisotropic metasurface based on multiple plasmon reso- nances M Ismail Khan and Farooq A Tahir 014201 Birefringence via Doppler broadening and prevention of information hacking Humayun Khan, Muhammad Haneef and Bakhtawar
(Continued on the Bookbinding Inside Back Cover) 014202 Aberration correction of conformal dome based on rotated cylindrical lenses for ultra-wide field of re- gard Linyao Yu, Yongfeng Hong, Zhifeng Cheng and Bao Zhang 014203 Super-sensitive phase estimation with coherent boosted light using parity measurements Lan Xu and Qing-Shou Tan 014204 Broad bandwidth interference filter-stabilized external cavity diode laser with narrow linewidth below 100 kHz Guan-Zhong Pan, Bao-Lu Guan, Chen Xu, Peng-Tao Li, Jia-Wei Yang and Zhen-Yang Liu 014206 Design of photonic crystal fiber with elliptical air-holes to achieve simultaneous high birefringence and nonlinearity Min Liu, Jingyun Hou, Xu Yang, Bingyue Zhao and Ping Shum 014301 Temperature rise induced by an annular focused transducer with a wide aperture angle in multi-layer tissue Meng Qi, Jiehui Liu, Yiwei Mao and Xiaozhou Liu 014302 Acoustic radiation force induced by two Airy–Gaussian beams on a cylindrical particle Sha Gao, Yiwei Mao, Jiehui Liu and Xiaozhou Liu 014501 Envelope solitary waves and their reflection and transmission due to impurities in a granular material Wen-Qing Du, Jian-An Sun, Yang-Yang Yang and Wen-Shan Duan
PHYSICS OF GASES, PLASMAS, AND ELECTRIC DISCHARGES
015201 Excitation of chorus-like waves by temperature anisotropy in dipole research experiment (DREX): A numerical study Hua Huang, Zhi-Bin Wang, Xiao-Gang Wang and Xin Tao
CONDENSED MATTER: STRUCTURAL, MECHANICAL, AND THERMAL PROPERTIES
016101 Bandgap engineering to tune the optical properties of BexMg1−x푋 (푋 = S, Se, Te) alloys B Sabir, N A Noor, M Rashid, Fasih Ud Din, Shahid M Ramay and Asif Mahmood 016102 Synthesized few-layers hexagonal boron nitride nanosheets Zhao-Jun Mo, Zhi-Hong Hao, Xiao-Jie Ping, Li-Na Kong, Hui Yang, Jia-Lin Cheng, Jun-Kai Zhang, Yong-Hao Jin and Lan Li 016103 Bulk and surface damages in complementary bipolar junction transistors produced by high dose irradi- ation J Assaf
016201 First-principles calculations on elastic, magnetoelastic, and phonon properties of Ni2FeGa magnetic shape memory alloys Wangqiang He, Houbing Huang, Zhuhong Liu and Xingqiao Ma 016202 Ejecta from periodic grooved Sn surface under unsupported shocks Wen-Bin Liu, Dong-Jun Ma, An-Min He and Pei Wang
(Continued on the Bookbinding Inside Back Cover) 016301 Magnetism and piezoelectricity of hexagonal boron nitride with triangular vacancy Lu-Si Zhao, Chun-Ping Chen, Lin-Lin Liu, Hong-Xia Yu, Yi Chen and Xiao-Chun Wang
016401 Transport properties of mixing conduction in CaF2 nanocrystals under high pressure Ting-Jing Hu, Xiao-Yan Cui, Jing-Shu Wang, Jun-Kai Zhang, Xue-Fei Li, Jing-Hai Yang and Chun-Xiao Gao 016701 Spin-dependent balance equations in spintronics Zheng-Chuan Wang 016702 Two types of ground-state bright solitons in a coupled harmonically trapped pseudo-spin polarization Bose Einstein condensate T F Xu 016703 A combined system for generating a uniform magnetic field and its application in the investigation of Efimov physics Rui Yao, Zhen-Dong Sun, Shu-Yu Zhou, Ying Wang and Yu-Zhu Wang 016801 Charge distribution in graphene from quantum calculation Ze-Fen Liang, Sheng-Ling Ma, Hong-Tao Xue, Fan Ding, Jingbo Louise Liu and Fu-Ling Tang
CONDENSED MATTER: ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE, ELECTRICAL, MAGNETIC, AND OPTI- CAL PROPERTIES
017101 Density functional theory analysis of electronic structure and optical properties of La-doped Cd2SnO4 transparent conducting oxide Mei Tang, Jia-Xiang Shang and Yue Zhang
017102 Structural, electronic, and mechanical properties of cubic TiO2: A first-principles study Debashish Dash, Chandan K Pandey, Saurabh Chaudhury and Susanta K Tripathy 017103 Electronic and mechanical properties of half-metallic half-Heusler compounds CoCrZ (Z = S, Se, and Te) Hai-Ming Huang, Chuan-Kun Zhang, Ze-Dong He, Jun Zhang, Jun-Tao Yang and Shi-Jun Luo 017301 Optical interaction between one-dimensional fiber photonic crystal microcavity and gold nanorod Yang Yu, Ting-Hui Xiao and Zhi-Yuan Li 017302 Raman spectrum study of δ-doped GaAs/AlAs multiple-quantum wells Wei-Min Zheng, Wei-Yan Cong, Su-Mei Li, Ai-Fang Wang, Bin Li and Hai-Bei Huang 017303 Closed-form internal impedance model and characterization of mixed carbon nanotube bundles for three-dimensional integrated circuits Qijun Lu, Zhangming Zhu, Yintang Yang, Ruixue Ding and Yuejin Li
017304 Electronic states and spin-filter effect in three-dimensional topological insulator Bi2Se3 nanoribbons Genhua Liu, Pingguo Xiao, Piaorong Xu, Huiying Zhou and Guanghui Zhou 017401 Directional mechanical and thermal properties of single-layer black phosphorus by classical molecular dynamics Afira Maryam, Ghulam Abbas, Muhammad Rashid and Atif Sattar 017402 High-pressure synchrotron x-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopic study of plumbogummite Duan Kang, Xiang Wu, Guan Yuan, Sheng-Xuan Huang, Jing-Jing Niu, Jing Gao and Shan Qin
(Continued on the Bookbinding Inside Back Cover) 017501 Influences of La and Ce doping on giant magnetocaloric effect of EuTiO Zhao-Jun Mo, Qi-Lei Sun, Jun Shen, Mo Yang, Yu-Jin Li, Lan Li, Guo-Dong Liu, Cheng-Chun Tang and Fan-Bin Meng 017502 Strong anti-strain capacity of CoFeB/MgO interface on electronic structure and state coupling Fei Guo, Yaping Wu, Zhiming Wu, Ting Chen, Heng Li, Chunmiao Zhang, Mingming Fu, Yihong Lu and Junyong Kang 017503 Multiferroic and enhanced microwave absorption induced by complex oxide interfaces Cuimei Cao, Chunhui Dong, Jinli Yao and Changjun Jiang 017801 A general method for large-scale fabrication of Cu nanoislands/dragonfly wing SERS flexible substrates Yuhong Wang, Mingli Wang, Lin Shen, Yanying Zhu, Xin Sun, Guochao Shi,Xiaona Xu,Ruifeng Li and Wanli Ma 2+ 017802 Substitution priority of Eu in multi-cation compound Sr0.8Ca0.2Al2Si2O8 and energy transfer Zhi-Ping Yang, Zhen-Ling Li, Zhi-Jun Wang, Pan-Lai Li, Miao-Miao Tian, Jin-Ge Cheng and Chao Wang
INTERDISCIPLINARY PHYSICS AND RELATED AREAS OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
018101 Facilitative effect of graphene quantum dots in MoS2 growth process by chemical vapor deposition Lu Zhang, Yongsheng Wang, Yanfang Dong, Xuan Zhao, Chen Fu and Dawei He 018201 A novel multi-scroll chaotic generator: Analysis, simulation and implementation Gui-Tao Zhang and Fa-Qiang Wang
018202 Pressure-induced structural evolution of apatite-type La9.33Si6O26 Guangchao Yin, Hong Yin, Meiling Sun and Wei Gao 018501 Photon-counting chirped amplitude modulation lidar system using superconducting nanowire single- photon detector at 1550-nm wavelength Hui Zhou, Yu-Hao He, Chao-Lin Lu,¨ Li-Xing You, Zhao-Hui Li, Guang Wu, Wei-Jun Zhang, Lu Zhang, Xiao- Yu Liu, Xiao-Yan Yang and Zhen Wang 018502 Improved performance of Ge n+/p diode by combining laser annealing and epitaxial Si passivation Chen Wang, Yihong Xu, Cheng Li and Haijun Lin 018702 Excessive levitation for the efficient loading of large-volume optical dipole traps Xiaoqing Wang, Yuqing Li, Guosheng Feng, Jizhou Wu, Jie Ma, Liantuan Xiao and Suotang Jia 018801 Efficient design of perovskite solar cell using mixed halide and copper oxide Navneet kour, Rajesh Mehra and Chandni 018802 A compact and high-power silicon-wafer solar strip-cells-array module integrated with an array concen- trator Jie Lin, Mengxia Chen, Yongqi Ke, Caiying Ren, Zesheng Xu, Yaoju Zhang and Chaolong Fang
COMMENT 014205 Comment on “Band gaps structure and semi-Dirac point of two-dimensional function photonic crystals” by Si-Qi Zhang et al. Hai-Feng Zhang