About the Author Moustafa Gadalla is an Egyptian-American independent Egyptologist, who was born in Cairo, Egypt in 1944. He holds a Bachelor of Science degree in civil engineering from Cairo University. Gadalla is the author of eleven internationally acclaimed books about the various aspects of the Ancient Egyptian his- tory and civilization and its influences worldwide. He is the chairman of the Tehuti Research Foundation—an international, U.S.-based, non-profit organization, dedicated to Ancient Egyp- tian studies. From his early childhood, Gadalla pursued his Ancient Egyptian roots with passion, through continuous study and re- search. Since 1990, he has dedicated and concentrated all his time to researching and writing. Other Books By The Author [See details on pages 268-272] Egyptian Mystics: Seekers of the Way Egyptian Cosmology: The Animated Universe - 2nd ed. Egyptian Divinities: The All Who Are THE ONE Egyptian Harmony: The Visual Music Historical Deception: The Untold Story of Ancient Egypt - 2nd ed. Egyptian Rhythm: The Heavenly Melodies Exiled Egyptians: The Heart of Africa Pyramid Handbook - 2nd ed. Tut-Ankh-Amen: The Living Image of the Lord Egypt: A Practical Guide This Book is Dedicated to The Baladi People of Egypt and Hispania Acknowledgement We appreciate the ability to display charts and tables from various references, as noted in the book. The title of this book refers to the Romany, which is one of several names given to these people (others being Gypsies, Bohemians, etc). The term Romany is preferred because it does not have an unjustifyably negative connotation like the terms “Gypsies” and “Bohemians” do. The term Ro- many is derived from the Ancient Egyptian word, Rom-at, which means Egyptian people. This book will show that all these different names have meaning only in Egyptian context. Book Cover (Front): Ausar (Osiris) is shown in the form of a bull, bearing a mummy of the deceased on his back. [From a coffin in the British Museum (No. 29,888).] Book Cover (Back): An Ancient Egyptian flamenco dancer is accompanied by hand clappers. Book Cover Artwork by: K&D Design, North East, PA, USA Book Production by: Moustafa Gadalla and Faith Cross Egyptian Romany The Essence of Hispania Moustafa Gadalla Maa Kheru (True of Voice) Tehuti Research Foundation International Head Office: Greensboro, NC, U.S.A. Egyptian Romany The Essence of Hispania by Moustafa Gadalla Published by: Tehuti Research Foundation P.O. Box 39406 Greensboro, NC 27438-9406, U.S.A. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, record- ing or by any information storage and retrieval system without written permis- sion from the author, except for the inclusion of brief quotations in a review. Copyright © 2004 by Moustafa Gadalla, All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America, 2004 Publisher’s Cataloging-in-Publication Gadalla, Moustafa, 1944- Egyptian romany : the essence of hispania / Moustafa Gadalla. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. LCCN 2004095121 ISBN-13 978-1-931446-19-9 ISBN-10 1-931446-19-9 ISBN-13 978-1-931446-20-2 (E-book) ISBN-10 1-931446-20-2 (E-book) 1. Gypsies--Their Egyptian origin. 2. Gypsies--Influences in Hispania. 3. Ethnology--Hispania. 4. Hispania--Social life and customs. 5. Iberia--Antiquities. 6. Egyptian lan- guage--Influence on European languages. 7. Egypt--Reli- gion--Influence. 8. Egypt--Civilization. I. Title Manufactured in the United States of America Published 2004 Table of Contents Dedication and Acknowledgment 2 Table of Contents 5 Preface 9 Standards and Terminology 14 Map of the Mediterranean Basin 16 Map of Ancient Egypt 17 Map of the Iberian Peninsula 18 1. The Romany (Gypsy) Essence of Hispania 21 The Egipcianos of Hispania The Egyptian-Iberian Fugitives The Cultured Romany/Gitanos The Most Religious The Timeless Egyptian-Hispanic Culture 2. Our Heavenly Mother 37 The Ascension of the Queen Lady of Sorrow The Virgin Mother with the 10,000 Names Matrilineal/Matriarchal Society The Ama Rules The Revered Ama The Bull of His Mother 3. Out of Egypt 55 The Mirages of Iberia The Egyptian Romany Colonies The Egyptian Influence in the Eastern Mediterranean The Spread of the Egyptian Religion The Twin Sisters 6 Egyptian Romany: The Essence of Hispania 4. The Egyptian-Hispanic Alloys 67 Who Needed Iberian Minerals? The Egyptian Knowledge of Metallurgy and Metalworking The Golden Silver Alloy (Electrum) The Copper and Bronze Alloys The Glazing Alloys The Egyptian Mining Experience Fortifications of Isolated Communities 5. In the Beginning – Almeria 83 The Sirets and Petrie Archeological Connections The Telling Tombs Dry Weather Farming The Early (New) Settlers 6. Masters of the Seas 93 The Egyptian Ships Egyptian Goods The Egyptian Geodesy Patrons and Shrines of the Seafarers Our (Holy) Mother of the Sea 7. Merchants of the Seas 107 The Phoenicians’ Homeland The Egyptian-Phoenician Connection The Egyptianized Phoenicians The Seafaring Phoenician/Carthaginians The (Non-) Phoenician Iberian Colonies 8. Canopus and Cádiz: A Tale of Two Harbors 117 The Gitano Dancers of Cádiz Egyptian Fishing Techniques at Cádiz The Many (Egyptian) Names of Cádiz The Immortal Hercules: The Egyptian Lord of Travel The Greater Canopus Harbor (Alexandria before Alexander): Maiden of the Seas Table of Contents 7 The Foundation of Cádiz The Lost Temples of Cádiz 9. The Assyrian Devastation and Aftershocks 133 The Assyrian Assaults The Egyptian Exodus Turdetania Urbanization The Persian Rampage of Egypt 10. Romanticizing the Romans 141 Romanticizing the Romans The Fictional Romanization of Iberia The (Non-) Roman Temples and Tombs 11. The Moors and the Egyptians 149 The Identification of the “Moors” (The Moabi Brothers) The Nomadic Moorish Rulers The Civilized Populace The Egyptian Green Revolution The Egyptian Hispanic Arts and Crafts The Egyptian Housing and Gardens of Iberia 12. The Origin of the Hispanic Languages/Dialects 167 The Egyptian Source of the Arabic Language Sound Shifts and Linguistic Studies The Distinction of a Language The Intimate Egyptian-Hispanic Tongue The Divine Mother Language Romancing the Mother Tongue Writing Variations and Linguistic Studies 13. The Animated Religious Traditions 191 The Animated Cosmic Order The Role of Saints 8 Egyptian Romany: The Essence of Hispania The Cyclical Renewal Festivals Egyptian Mysticism in Galicia (Priscillianism) Santiago de Compostela The Egyptian/Iberian Mystical Societies 14. The Egyptian-Hispanic Musical Heritage 207 The Egyptian Romany Muses The Music of Civilization The Heavenly Musical Forms Love Conquers All Singing and Poetry The Musical Instruments Rhythmic Dancing The Musical Activities The Heavenly Muses Glossary 237 Selected Bibliography 240 Sources and Notes 249 Index 258 About TRF Books 268 Order Form 272 Preface It has been said that history is “written” (more correctly dictated/colored) by the winner(s) of the latest conflict. This is very true in the case of Hispania (Spain and Portugal), where the history books are tailored by the descendants of the northern “winners” of the Reconquest. The true build- ers of the Hispanic society were pushed out of their lands by the northern “winners”. Subsequently, these homeless people of non-European stock were called “nomadic” and “uncul- tured”. This silent and peaceful majority—the truly civi- lized—were called by many names—Mossarabs (Mozarabs), Gypsies (Gitanos), Romany, Moriscos, Mudehars (Mudejars), . .etc. The true voices of Hispania—such as the poet Federico Garcia Lorca—highlighted and celebrated these people of non-European stock as the true people of culture in Hispania. Lorca wrote in his book, Gitano Ballads [1928], . .the gitano is the most distinguished, profound and aristocratic element in my country, the one that most rep- resents its way of being and best preserves the fire, the blood and the alphabet of Andalusian and universal truth. To further humiliate these people of culture—the Ro- many—western academicians denied their Egyptian heritage and arbitrarily and forcefully assigned/imposed an Indian ethnicity on them. The essence of Hispania—namely the people known as the Romany, Gitano, etc—will be the centerpiece of this book, which will show the neglected historical evidence about the Egyptian roots of the Romany of Hispania and the intimate relationship between Ancient Egypt and Iberia. The role of the Egyptians in the Iberian history was credited to others, 10 Egyptian Romany: The Essence of Hispania such as the Phoenicians, Romans, Arabs, Berbers, etc. These commonly held views are without supporting evidence and are mostly (if not totally) based on the repetitive assertions of unfounded views—sheer repetition and nothing else makes them appear to be “unquestionable facts”. This book will contradict most of the present common theories and will provide the evidence that shows the inti- mate relationship between Egypt and Hispania— archeologically, historically, culturally, ethnologically, lin- guistically, etc. Chapter one, The Romany (Gypsy) Essence of Hispania, sorts through the subject of the Gypsies and differentiates the Egyptian Romany from non-Egyptian nomadic groups. It highlights their Egyptian characteristics and relates them to the Gitanos, Moriscos, Mozarabs, Mudejars, etc. Chapter two, Our Heavenly Mother, shows how Ancient Egypt and Iberia share the intense love for the Virgin Mother (known in Ancient Egypt as Auset (Isis) and in Christian- ity as Mary/Maria). A shortened version of the story of Auset and Ausar is presented, so as to draw parallels between the Ancient Egyptian Auset and the Virgin Mary. The role of Mary/Auset formed the basis for the matrilineal/matri- archal societal framework. This chapter also shows the role of the bull in Ancient Egypt and Iberia, and that the prac- tices of bullfights and running of the bulls in Iberia can only be found in Ancient Egypt, since at least 5,000 years ago. Chapter three, Out of Egypt, gives an overview of the major pitfalls in the common theories about the history of Iberia.