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Systématique Moléculaire Et Biogéographie De Trois Genres Malgaches Menacés D’Extinction Delonix, Colvillea Et Lemuropisum (Caesalpinioideae : Leguminosae)

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Systématique Moléculaire Et Biogéographie De Trois Genres Malgaches Menacés D’Extinction Delonix, Colvillea Et Lemuropisum (Caesalpinioideae : Leguminosae) Université de Montréal Systématique moléculaire et biogéographie de trois genres malgaches menacés d’extinction Delonix, Colvillea et Lemuropisum (Caesalpinioideae : Leguminosae) par Marielle Babineau Centre sur la Biodiversité Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale Département de Sciences Biologiques Faculté des Arts et Sciences Mémoire présenté à la Faculté des Arts et Sciences en vue de l’obtention du grade de Maîtrise en sciences biologiques février 2013 © Marielle Babineau, 2013 Université de Montréal Faculté des études supérieures et postdoctorales Ce mémoire intitulé : Systématique moléculaire et biogéographie de trois genres malgaches menacés d’extinction Delonix, Colvillea et Lemuropisum (Caesalpinioideae : Leguminosae) Présenté par : Marielle Babineau a été évalué par un jury composé des personnes suivantes : Anne Bruneau, directrice de recherche Simon Joly, membre du jury Luc Brouillet, président du jury Résumé Ce mémoire porte sur les relations phylogénétiques, géographiques et historiques du genre afro-malgache Delonix qui contient onze espèces et des genres monospécifiques et endémiques Colvillea et Lemuropisum. Les relations intergénériques et interspécifiques entre les espèces de ces trois genres ne sont pas résolues ce qui limite la vérification d’hypothèses taxonomiques, mais également biogéographiques concernant la dispersion de plantes depuis ou vers Madagascar. Une meilleure compréhension des relations évolutives et biogéographiques entre ces espèces menacées d’extinction permettrait une plus grande efficacité quant à leur conservation. L’objectif de ce mémoire est de reconstruire la phylogénie des espèces à l’aide de régions moléculaires des génomes chloroplastique et nucléaire, d’identifier les temps de divergences entre les espèces et de reconstruire l’aire géographique ancestrale pour chacun des groupes. Ce projet démontre que le genre Delonix n’est pas soutenu comme étant monophylétique et qu’une révision taxonomique s’impose. Les relations intergénériques demeurent floues quant à la position phylogénétique de Colvillea et nos résultats suggèrent de l’hybridation ou un assortiment incomplet de cette lignée. Les espèces sont apparues et se sont diversifiées au Miocène à partir d’un ancêtre commun du sud de Madagascar. La phylogénie montre deux clades associés aux aires géographiques de répartition des espèces opposant les espèces largement répandues à celles majoritairement restreintes au fourré aride. Différentes hypothèses afin d’expliquer la dispersion des Delonix africains au Miocène à partir de Madagascar sont discutées. Un point de mire sur les interactions biotiques et abiotiques, passées et présentes, dans le fourré aride de Madagascar est recommandé en terme de conservation. Mots-clés : Delonix, Colvillea, Lemuropisum, loci nucléaire à faible copie, phylogénie, biogéographie, taxonomie, Madagascar, dispersion longue distance, conservation II Abstract This thesis discusses the phylogenetic, geographic, and historic relationships of the eleven species of the afro-madagascan genus Delonix, as well as the endemic, monospecific genera Colvillea and Lemuropisum. The intergeneric and interspecific relationships of these taxa are unresolved which limits the evaluation of taxonomic changes suggested by some studies and of conflicting biogeographical hypotheses regarding plant dispersal around Madagascar. These species are all endangered, therefore a better understanding of their evolutionary pattern would benefit conservation efforts in Madagascar. The objective of this thesis is to reconstruct a phylogeny using multiple loci from two distinct genomes, and to use it to reconstruct the ancestral geographic range of species and estimate the times of divergence of the lineages. Results indicate that genus Delonix is not supported as monophyletic and a taxonomic revision is necessary. The exact position for Colvillea is ambiguous and suggests hybridization or incomplete lineage sorting for this taxon. Species evolved mostly during the Miocene from southern Madagascan ancestors. The phylogeny shows two clades associated with the geographic distribution of species, opposing the widespread species to the rare and mostly southern, endemic, spiny thicket species. The different hypotheses that could explain the Miocene long distance dispersal of the two African Delonix species from Madagascar are discussed. We recommend that conservation efforts should focus on past and present biotic and abiotic interactions in the Madagascar spiny thicket, considering that this unique habitat is an evolutionary cradle for at least three genera. Keywords : Delonix, Colvillea, Lemuropisum, low-copy nuclear loci, phylogeny, biogeography, taxonomy, Madagascar, long distance dispersal, conservation III Table des matières ! !"#$%"&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&'! 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