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BOLETIM Petbio | UFMA ISSN: 2237-6372 ANO 14, N BOLETIM PETBio | UFMA ISSN: 2237-6372 ANO 14, N. 51, MAR /2020 A BELEZA E OS DESAFIOS DA VIDA NO MAR Um mergulho nos recifes naturais e artificiais do Brasil Imagem: https://www.mundoportugues.pt/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2018/04/australia_coral.jpg Imagem: ENSAIO LINHA DE PESQUISA As bailarinas que brilham no mar Profa. Dra. Marianna Basso Jorge O mistério da bioluminescência da lula de Humboldt ISSN: 2237-6372 ANO 14, N. 51, MAR 2020 SUMÁRIO Notícias Ensaios O rastreamento de predadores marinhos para a 3 delimitação de áreas de conservação no Oceano Antártico 4 Produção científica vem do mar! Por Gabriele Silva Neves Por Larissa Helena Sousa Baldez Carvalho De olho no oceano! 5 Plásticos: problemáticas e soluções 19 Linha de pesquisa Por Daniely Feitoza Aires, Adones Almeida Rocha e Gustavo Augusto Silva Santos Profa. Dra. Marianna Basso Jorge Conheça as linhas de pesquisa desenvolvidas por esta pesquisadora! Megalodon, o maior tubarão que já existiu Por Vinicios Olegario e Daniely Feitoza 6 Quando e o que levou a extinção do gigante dos mares? Por Ana Vitória Santos Jorge 7 Pequenos, porém, sinalizadores de grandes 20 Entrevista mudanças O PETBio entrevistou a petiana egressa e Organismos da meiofauna como bioindicadores para mestranda em Microbiologia, Ana Carolina de mudanças globais e impactos humanos Araújo Butarelli Por Vinicios Olegario Mesquita Arraes Por Vinicios Olegario Mesquita Arraes e Anna Letícia Silva Da Costa 16 As bailarinas que brilham no mar O mistério da bioluminescência da lula de Humboldt Por Juliana Rivas Figueredo Pereira Artigo: 17 Lagosta-boxeadora de um soco só A beleza e os desafios da Por Ana Caroline Carvalho Araujo vida no mar: Um mergulho nos recifes Branco é a cor mais quente 18 O fenômeno do branqueamento de corais e sua relação naturais e artificiais do com o aquecimento global Brasil Por Juliana Mendes Sousa 8 Por Roberta Neves Alcântara 2 Boletim PETBio UFMA / nº 51/ Março de 2020 NOTÍCIA Pixabay.com Imagem: EDITORIAL O rastreamento de predadores Caros leitores, marinhos para delimitação de áreas Os ambientes marinhos constituem mais de 70% da superfície de nosso planeta e, em sua vastidão, são os lares de incontáveis e maravilhosas formas de vida. de conservação no Oceano Antártico Além de sua beleza, elevada biodiversidade, bem como pelo espírito de aventura e um “que” de Larissa Helena Sousa Baldez Carvalho mistério, investigar estes sistemas biológicos é extremamente importante, visto que atuam direta- Curso de Ciências Biológicas/UFMA - São Luís mente na homeostase global (p.ex. regulação dos De norte a sul, de leste a oeste, os diferentes ecossistemas da Terra climas). Esse constitui o principal objetivo da Biolo- gia Marinha (ou Oceanografia Biológica), que, em um interligam-se, sendo alguns integrantes da manutenção das condições ambientais sentido amplo, pode ser definida como “o estudo dos ao redor do mundo. O Oceano Antártico, por exemplo, possui uma vasta extensão, organismos, suas inter-relações e com os ambientes que habitam (oceânicos, costeiros e transicionais, tendo uma diversidade considerável na sua fauna, além de possuir áreas propícias como manguezais e estuários)”. A Biologia Marinha para a extração de petróleo e gás natural. Em 1959, foi assinado o Tratado da compreende uma abordagem interdisciplinar de in- vestigação destes sistemas biológicos e representa um Antártida entre diversas nações, como o Reino Unido, França, Brasil e Japão, com meio para o uso racional de seus recursos, resolu- o objetivo de ter a área para pesquisas científicas, tendo em vista a diversidade ção de problemas decorrentes de suas dinâmicas e dos presente no território e a sua atuação em processos biogeoquímicos e no sistema impactos das nossas ações nestes sistemas. climático mundial. Nesta edição 51, o Boletim PETBio tem como Entretanto, apesar da curiosidade e empenho de diversos países, os temática a Biologia Marinha. No artigo “A beleza e os desafios no mar”, temos uma discussão sobre os re- ecossistemas da Antártica foram afetados por atividades de exploração para fins cifes naturais, as ameaças que estes sistemas vêm econômicos, como a pesca em massa. Um exemplo desta relação, é o caso do crustáceo sofrendo e uma possível forma de enfrenta-las. Já nos ensaios, observamos a abordagem interdisciplinar Euphausia superba, chamado de krill antártico. Esta é uma espécie abundante e dela da Biologia Marinha de forma explícita, com uma mi- extrai-se um óleo para fins farmacêuticos, mas a sua exploração em grande escala ríade de questões relacionadas a diversas áreas da causou impactos diretos nas relações tróficas, pois trata-se de uma espécie-chave, ciência, desde a Paleontologia à Biotecnologia. Como entrevistada, temos Ana Carolina de Araújo uma vez que se encontra próxima da base da cadeia alimentar e são consumidos por Butarelli, petiana egressa do PET Biologia e muitos animais de níveis tróficos superiores. Com isso, pesquisadores desenvolveram atualmente mestranda em Ciências Biológicas (Microbiologia) na Universidade de São Paulo (USP). uma pesquisa que utilizou as rotas de diferentes espécies de predadores marinhos Apresentamos a Linha de Pesquisa da Profa. Dra. para mapear quais áreas seriam de maior importância. Marianna Basso Jorge, da Universidade Federal do Maranhão, que tem contribuído de forma essencial Realizou-se, então, análises por meio do cruzamento dos dados de aves para a compreensão da ecotoxicolo- e mamíferos sobre qual região era preferida entre eles, utilizando como indicador gia nos ambientes marinhos maranhenses. de área ecológica significante. Observou-se que a distribuição desses locais era relacionada com ambientes adequados para a reprodução e repouso, tendo a BOLETIM PETBIO UFMA temperatura da superfície da água e o vento como fatores que influenciavam na Ano 14, N. 51, Março de 2020 ISSN: 2237-6372 escolha da área. Mesmo tendo o reconhecimento de sua importância, ainda há ameaças que cercam esses ecossistemas no Oceano Antártico. O aquecimento CORPO EDITORIAL global tem colocado em risco algumas áreas ecológicas utilizadas pelos animais rastreados na pesquisa, pois a temperatura da água tem se modificado, assim como Realização a distribuição territorial do gelo tem diminuído em certos locais e aumentado em Grupo PET Biologia - UFMA outros, ocasionando mudanças no deslocamento e reprodução dos grupos. Supervisão geral Além disso, é necessário uma força tarefa entre as diferentes nações para Profº Drº Leonardo Dominici Cruz controlar a quantidade de animais capturados, proteger espécies específicas, assim Revisores como ter um bom diálogo entre as leis de diferentes países, uma vez que há espécies Profº Drº Leonardo Dominici Cruz que migram para águas internacionais . Gabrielle Silva Neves Juliana Mendes Sousa No final das contas, acredita-se que uma boa rede de áreas protegidas Juliana Rivas Figueredo Pereira tende a suavizar os efeitos das mudanças climáticas e diminuir os estresses ambientais Roberta Neves Alcantara causados pela exploração econômica, como a pesca e caça. O aquecimento global Revisão do artigo é uma realidade e, apesar de muitas espécies se adaptarem às novas condições, ter Profa. Dra. Marianna Basso Jorge dados sobre áreas de maior biodiversidade é uma alternativa em potencial para a Diagramação conservação da natureza. O Oceano Antártico trata-se de um exemplo de como a Ana Caroline Carvalho Araujo ciência pode auxiliar a política nas tomadas de decisões a respeito do gerenciamento Ana Vitória Santos Jorge dos impactos no ambiente. Com o auxílio dela, as medidas de proteção tomadas Fabricio Pires Chagas Larissa Helena Sousa Baldez Carvalho podem ser melhor direcionadas, assim como ter um uso mais responsável de Ruth Myrian de Moraes e Silva recursos financeiros e tecnológicos. CONTATOS E-mail Referências [email protected] HINDELL, M.A.; et al. Tracking of marine predators to protect Southern Ocean ecosystems. Nature, Site [s. l.], 18 mar. 2020. DOI https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2126-y. Disponível em: https://www. petbioufma.wordpress.com nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2126-y#citeas. Acesso em: 25 mar. 2020. Instagram instagram.com/petbioufma/ Boletim PETBio UFMA / nº 51 / Março de 2020 3 ENSAIO Produção científica vem do mar! Gabrielle Silva Neves Ciências Biológicas- Gabrielle UFMA Silva Neves Ciências Biológicas- UFMA/São Luís s medusas, popularmente conhecidas como águas-vivas, ser decompostos por microrganismos, não deixando resíduos po- são animais invertebrados pertencentes ao grupo dos cni- luentes, como ocorre no caso dos microplásticos que, atualmente, dários. Esse grupo é bastante diverso e conta com a pre- ocupam boa parte dos oceanos. Asença de animais sésseis, como os pólipos, que podem formar co- Além da beleza e biodiversidade desses animais que vêm Freepick Fonte: lônias dando origem aos recifes de corais, as anêmonas e hidras, encantando a humanidade há séculos, as medusas também con- bem como organismos natantes, representados pelas águas-vivas e tribuem de forma científica e medicinal, bem como possibilitam o caravelas (colônias flutuantes). Embora esses animais não apresen- desenvolvimento de pesquisas que objetivam reduzir os impactos tem sistemas circulatório e respiratório, eles foram os primeiros a da poluição causada por compostos não biodegradáveis que são apresentarem células nervosas, mecanismos de locomoção e uma diariamente despejados na natureza. Por ser um grupo pouco es- cavidade digestiva. tudado, inúmeras descobertas ainda podem ser realizadas com o Os cnidários são exclusivamente aquáticos,
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