DOCSLIB.ORG

Photon Statistics of Light Resonantly Scattered from a Three-Level Atom Rollin Michael Evans Iowa State University

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Photon Statistics of Light Resonantly Scattered from a Three-Level Atom Rollin Michael Evans Iowa State University Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Retrospective Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 1984 Photon statistics of light resonantly scattered from a three-level atom Rollin Michael Evans Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd Part of the Nuclear Commons Recommended Citation Evans, Rollin Michael, "Photon statistics of light resonantly scattered from a three-level atom " (1984). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 8160. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/8160 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Retrospective Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This reproduction was made from a copy of a document sent to us for microfilming. While the most advanced technology has been used to photograph and reproduce this document, the quality of the reproduction is heavily dependent upon the quality of the material submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help clarify markings or notations which may appear on this reproduction. 1.The sign or "target" for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is "Missing Page(s)". If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting through an image and duplicating adjacent pages to assure complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a round black mark, it is an indication of either blurred copy because of movement during exposure, duplicate copy, or copyrighted materials that should not have been filmed. For blurred pages, a good image of the page can be found in the adjacent frame. If copyrighted materials were deleted, a target note will appear listing the pages in the adjacent frame. 3. When a map, drawing or chart, etc., is part of the material being photographed, a definite method of "sectioning" the material has been followed. It is customary to begin filming at the upper left hand comer of a large sheet and to continue from left to right in ecual sections with small overlaps. If necessary, sectioning is continued again—beginning below the first row and continuing on until complete. 4. For illustrations that cannot be satisfactorily reproduced by xerographic means, photographic prints can be purchased at additional cost and inserted into your xerographic copy. These prints are available upon request from the Dissertations Customer Services Department. 5. Some pages in any document may have indistinct print. In all cases the best available copy has been filmed. Universi^ Micrdnlms International 300 N. Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, Ml 48106 8505814 Evans, Rollin Michael PHOTON STATISTICS OF LIGHT RESONANTLY SCATTERED FROM A THREE-LEVEL ATOM Iowa State University PH.D. 1984 University Microfilms Intsrnâtionâl 300 N. zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Ml 48106 Photon statistics of light resonantly scattered from a three-level atom by Rollin Michael Evcins A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Department: Physics Major; Nuclear Physics Approved: Members of the Committee: Signature was redacted for privacy. Signature was redacted for privacy. In Charge of Major Mork Signature was redacted for privacy. FW^ the Major Department Signature was redacted for privacy. For the 'Grabuate College Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 1984 il TABLE OF CONTENTS Pacre CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION "l Nuclear Structure Information Through Optical Means 2 Review of Spectroscopic Methods 3 Photon Statistics and the Photon-Burst Method 6 The Doppler Effect and Fluorescence Lineshapes 11 Equipment 12 Photon Burst and On-Line Methods 13 Photon Burst and Exotic Atom Searches 15 Thesis Structure 17 CHAPTER II. EQUIPMENT 18 Review of Dye Lasers 18 DC Lock 33 Heterodyne Lock 40 Transfer Etalon 45 Havemeter 51 Atomic-Beam Chamber 54 Photon-Burst Counting Electronics 67 CHAPTER III. PHOTON STATISTICS AND FLUORESCENCE LINESHAPES 71 Two-Level System and the Burst Method 71 Photon Number Distributions in a Three-Level System 81 0 Parameters 91 Lineshape Calculations 95 ill CHAPTER IV. BACKGROUND AND ATOMIC VELOCITY EFFECTS 106 Mode 2 Counting and Background 107 Dark Counts 113 Chain Breaking 122 Background Interference 125 CHAPTER V. DATA AND ANALYSIS 139 Photodiode Calibration and Laser Intensity Profile Measurements 140 Upper Level Population Probability 143 Photon Number Distributions 146 Line shape. Data suid Calculations 163 CHAPTER VI. CONCLUSIONS 176 System Sensitivity 176 Photon Number Distributions 180 Spectral Lineshapes 181 REFERENCES 183 PARTIAL TABLE OF SYMBOLS 188 APPENDIX 191 Background Interference 191 1 CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION Through the study of -atomic spectra nuclear magnetic moments, spins, spectroscopic quadrupole moments and changes in mean square charge radii can be obtained. For the past fifty years, atomic spectra have provided information on stable amd long-lived nuclei. It is now possible to extend these studies to short-lived (half life of less than one second) species. The major advantage of spectroscopic techniques over others is their extreme sensitivity. Nuclear scattering experiments, muonic atom or X-ray isotope shift experiments may provide more information than spectroscopic methods, but require macroscopic amounts of material. It is possible with spectroscopic techniques to work with as few as 10,000 atoms/sec (1). This sensitivity opens up exciting possibilities. All the basic laws of nuclear physics have been derived from an intensive study of some 500 nuclei, namely those that are stable or can be reached from stable nuclei by simple nuclear reactions. The number of nuclei that have been produced is close to 1700, and it is conjectured that 7000 nuclei could eventually be identified (2). In exploring these new regions of short-lived nuclei, new nuclear properties or even new nuclear effects might well be discovered. Already nuclear structure and systematics qualitatively different from stable nuclei have 2 emerged In the measurements of a loner chain of neutron deficient Hg isotopes (3). A primary purpose of this work is to extend the sensitivity of optical detection techniques to the one atom/sec level through the use of the photon-burst method. The sensitivity increase is obtained by scattering large numbers of photons from a single atom. Â number of new and interesting effects in the statistics of the resonantly scattered light then become important. Nuclear Structure Information Through Optical Means The addition of neutrons to a nucleus changes its mass, radiusr magnetic moment and shape. Changes in the mass and electromagnetic moments of nuclei can be detected through their effects upon the electrons of the atoms (4). The change in nuclear mass and radius from the addition of neutrons causes a shift in the electron energy levels. This isotope shift can be broken into two parts, one part arising from the change in size of the nucleus and the other arising from the change in mass. Electrons with orbits which penetrate the nucleus (S and states) are sensitive to nuclear size changes. However, the addition of a neutron also changes 'the center of mass of the nucleus-electron- cloud system shifting the electron energy levels. The exact size of this mass shift depends upon correlations between all electrons in the atom,, which makes calculation of this 3 effect very difficult. The estimate of the specific mass shift is the single largest source of error in the determination of the change in nuclear size for this type of experiment. The outer electrons are sensitive to the magnetic dipole and the spectroscopic quadrupole moments of the nucleus. The effect of these moments upon the electronic structure is to split a level into several sublevels. The number of these sublevels depends upon the nuclear and electronic spin. The splitting separations depend upon the electron wavefunction and the sizes of the electromagnetic moments of the nucleus. Review of Spectroscopic Methods A relatively new tool for spectroscopy is the high- power, narrow-frequency tunable laser. The resonant • inte^raction cross section between atoms and photons 'is large 7 17 ("x ) and beam fluxes of 10 photons per sec are not difficult to obtain. The spectral purity aind high degree of polarization of a laser makes possible great selectivity in the atomic transition smd sublevel being probed. The major spectroscopic techniques that have been used to probe short-lived nuclei can be arouped into three types; 1) RAdiation Detected Optical Pumping (RADOP), in which radiation from the nuclear decay is detected; 2) Atomic Beam Resonance (ABR), in which the atom itself is detected; and 4 3) Resonance Fluorescence, in which light scattered by the atom is detected. All of these techniques have been used for many years, but recently lasers have been used to increase their sensitivity. In RÂDOP (3), as well as in the later LINO (Laser Induced Nuclear Orientation (5)) and LINUP (Laser Induced NUclear Polarization (6)) techniques an atom is optically pumped, partially aligning the nucleus with the polarization of the light source. An angular asymmetry may exist in the nuclear decay of the aligned nucleus. This alignment occurs when the laser is in resonance with one of the atomic hyperfine components. The hyperfine structure can be obtained by monitoring the anisotropic nuclear decay as a function of laser frequency. The great strength of this technique is the sensitivity of nuclear radiation detection. The technique of atomic-beam resonance is among the oldest used for hyperfine structure work (7). Huber et al. (8) updated this technique to probe long chains of radioactive alkali isotopes (8, 9). In this system, a laser beam is used to alter the population distribution of the atomic m^ sublevels.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • KAONIC and OTHER EXOTIC ATOMS 243 Atoms Got Underway in Earnest with the Invention and Application of Semiconductor Detectors
    Copyright 1975. All rights reserved KAONIC AND OTHER :.:5562 EXOTIC ATOMS Ryoichi Seki California State University, Northridge, California 91324 Clyde E. Wiegand Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720 CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION................................................ 241 2 BASIC CHARACTERISTICS OF EXOTIC ATOMS. .. 245 3 EXPERIMENTAL FINDINGS. .. 248 3.1 X-Ray Intensities.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 248 248 3.1.1 Kaonic.atoms....................................... .. 3.1.2 Sigmonic atoms.. 250 . .. 3.1.3 Antiprotonic atoms. 250 . .. 3.2 Level Shifts and Widths. 250 . .. 256 3.3 Particle Properties Derivedfrom Exotic Atoms. 3.3.1 Mass.. 257 . .. 258 3.3.2 Magnetic moment.. 259 3.3.3 Polarizability....................................... .. 3.4 Atomic Phenomena Directly Related to Nuclear Properties. 260 '. .. 260 3.4.1 Nuclear quadrupole moment..... ............... .. 260 3.4.2 Dynamical quadrupole (E2) mixing. .. 261 3.5 Products from Nuclear Absorption of K-, �-, and p. 3. 5. 1 Particles observed in nuclear emulsions and bubble chambers.. 261 . 264 3.5.2 Nuclear y rays.. 4 THEORETICAL UNDERSTANDING. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 265 . 4.1 Atomic Capture and Cascade.. 266 Annu. Rev. Nucl. Sci. 1975.25:241-281. Downloaded from www.annualreviews.org Atomic capture.. 266 Access provided by Pennsylvania State University on 02/13/15. For personal use only. 4.1.1 .. .. .. .. .. 267 4.1.2 Atomic cascade.. 268 4.2 Strong Interactions with Nuclei.. 269 4.2.1 K --nucleus optical potential.. - . 4.2.2 p- and � -nucleus optical potential. 276 27 4.3 Two- and One-Nucleon Absorption Products. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 7 . .. 278 5 CONCLUDING REMARKS. 1 INTRODUCTION In this article we attempt to tell what is known about kaonie, sigmonic, and anti protonic atoms.
    [Show full text]
  • Exotic Atom Production with Upcs Joint EF07 and EF06 Discussion
    Exotic atom production with UPCs Joint EF07 and EF06 discussion: UPC physics with ion beams Tuesday Oct 13, 2020 C.A. Bertulani Texas A&M University-Commerce Gerhard Baur Mark Ellermann Fernando Navarra 1 Pair Production with Atomic Capture Bertulani, Baur, Phys. Rep. 163, 299 (1988) Brazilian J. Phys. 18, 559 (1988) '" = + = → (= + '0) + = + '" Ingredients: 1. Perturbation theory 2. Sommerfeld-Maue wavefunction (e+) 2%& ./( 6 " 012+34 Ψ" = ()* ' 1 + 8 3 9 : 2", 4 < ' + − 1 27" =? &" = v" 3. Bound state wavefunction (e-) ./( =>? @ 6 4 Ψ = 1 + =? 8 3 '0 BCD E F 0 % 2 A 2 Pair Production with Capture 33$ '( ) 1 !~ , ,./0 ln 4 − 2.051 10 *+ - − 1 Baur, Bertulani, NPA 505, 835 (1989) Luminosity: 8 = 8: exp −>? LHC, Pb+Pb à >~ 2 hours EF Mainly K-shell capture, with ~ 20% capture in higher atomic orbitals. Antihydrogen production: Baur, PLB 311, 343 (1993) Munger, Brodsky, Schmidt, PRD 49, 3228 (1994) 3 1996 Baur et al, PLB 368, 251 (1996) 4 First Production of AntiHydrogen Baur et al., PLB 368, 251 (1996) Fermilab 1998: Blanford et al, PRL 80, 3037 (1998) 11 events as predicted Bertulani, Baur, PRD 58, 034005 (1998) 5 Antihydrogen • $96 trillion dollars per gram of antihydrogen (most expensive material to produce) • CERN Antiproton Decelerator (AD) + atom trap • ALPHA experiment CERN: 1S ßà 2S transition à H same as H! within 200 ppt Moretti et al., Nature 419, 456 (2002) à no CPT violation à no “source” for baryon asymmetry • Hbar and anti-gravity: Amole et al., Nature Com. 4, 1785 (2013) à ± ($! gravitational)/($! inertial) mass < 75 à not conclusive • No antideuterium, antitritium, or antihelium atoms have ever been produced.
    [Show full text]
  • Arxiv:2104.06076V2 [Nucl-Ex] 19 Apr 2021 Related to This field
    Fundamental physics at the strangeness frontier at DAΦNE. Outline of a proposal for future measurements. C. Curceanu, C. Guaraldo, A. Scordo, D. Sirghi, Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati INFN, Via E. Fermi 54, Frascati, Italy K. Piscicchia Museo Storico della Fisica e Centro Studi e Ricerche Enrico Fermi, Rome, Italy C. Amsler, J. Zmeskal Stefan Meyer Institute of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (SMI), Wien, Austria D. Bosnar Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia S. Eidelman Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics (SB RAS), Novosibirsk and Lebedev Physical Institute (RAS), Moscow, Russia H. Ohnishi, Y. Sada Research Center for Electron Photon Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan The DAΦNE collider at INFN-LNF is a unique source of low-energy kaons, which was used by the DEAR, SIDDHARTA and AMADEUS collaborations for unique measurements of kaonic atoms and kaon-nuclei interactions. Presently, the SIDDHARTA-2 collaboration is underway to measure the kaonic deuterium exotic atom. With this document we outline a proposal for fundamental physics at the strangeness frontier for future measurements of kaonic atoms and kaon-nuclei interactions at DAΦNE, which is intended to stimulate discussions within the broad scientific community performing research directly or indirectly arXiv:2104.06076v2 [nucl-ex] 19 Apr 2021 related to this field. PACS numbers: 13.75.Jz, 36.10.-k, 36.10.Gv, 14.40.-n, 25.80.Nv, 29.30.-h, 29.90.+r, 87.64.Gb, 07.85.Fv, 29.40.-n, 29.40.Gx, 29.40.Wk 1. Introduction The DAΦNE collider at INFN-LNF1,2 is a unique source of strangeness (kaons) in the world: it delivers low-momentum (< 140 MeV/c) nearly monochromatic charged kaons, generated by the decay of the φ resonance formed in electron-positron annihilation.
    [Show full text]
  • “Unmatter,” As a New Form of Matter, and Its Related “Un-Particle,” “Un-Atom,” “Un-Molecule”
    “Unmatter,” as a new form of matter, and its related “un-particle,” “un-atom,” “un-molecule” Florentin Smarandache has introduced the notion of “unmatter” and related concepts such as “unparticle,” “unatom,” “unmolecule” in a manuscript from 1980 according to the CERN web site, and he uploaded articles about unmatter starting with year 2004 to the CERN site and published them in various journals in 2004, 2005, 2006. In short, unmatter is formed by matter and antimatter that bind together. The building blocks (most elementary particles known today) are 6 quarks and 6 leptons; their 12 antiparticles also exist. Then unmatter will be formed by at least a building block and at least an antibuilding block which can bind together. Keywords: unmatter, unparticle, unatom, unmolecule Abstract. As shown, experiments registered unmatter: a new kind of matter whose atoms include both nucleons and anti-nucleons, while their life span was very short, no more than 10-20 sec. Stable states of unmatter can be built on quarks and anti-quarks: applying the unmatter principle here it is obtained a quantum chromodynamics formula that gives many combinations of unmatter built on quarks and anti-quarks. In the last time, before the apparition of my articles defining “matter, antimatter, and unmatter”, and Dr. S. Chubb’s pertinent comment on unmatter, new development has been made to the unmatter topic in the sense that experiments verifying unmatter have been found.. 1. Definition of Unmatter. In short, unmatter is formed by matter and antimatter that bind together. The building blocks (most elementary particles known today) are 6 quarks and 6 leptons; their 12 antiparticles also exist.
    [Show full text]
  • Exotic Atoms Paul Indelicato
    Exotic atoms Paul Indelicato To cite this version: Paul Indelicato. Exotic atoms. Physica Scripta, IOP Publishing, 2004, T112, pp.20-26. hal-00002825 HAL Id: hal-00002825 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00002825 Submitted on 11 Sep 2004 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Exotic atoms Paul Indelicato1,∗, 1 Laboratoire Kastler-Brossel, Ecole´ Normale Sup´erieure et Universit´eP. et M. Curie, Case 74, 4 place Jussieu, F-75252, Cedex 05, France Abstract In this paper I review a number of recent results in the field of exotic atoms. Recent experiments or ongoing experiments with muonic, pionic and antiprotonic hydrogen, as well as recent measurement of the pion mass are described. These experiments provide information about nucleon-pion or nucleon- antinucleon interaction as well as information on the proton structure (charge or magnetic moment distribution). PACS numbers: 06.20.Fn, 32.30.Rj, 36.10.-k, 07.85.Nc ccsd-00002825, version 1 - 12 Sep 2004 ∗Email address: [email protected] 1 1 Introduction Exotic atoms are atoms that have captured a long-lived, heavy particle. This particle can be a lepton, sensitive only to the electromagnetic and weak interactions, like the electron or the muon, or a meson like the pion, or a baryon like the antiproton.
    [Show full text]
  • The Nuclear Physics of Muon Capture
    Physics Reports 354 (2001) 243–409 The nuclear physics of muon capture D.F. Measday ∗ University of British Columbia, 6224 Agricultural Rd., Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z1 Received December 2000; editor: G:E: Brown Contents 4.8. Charged particles 330 4.9. Fission 335 1. Introduction 245 5. -ray studies 343 1.1. Prologue 245 5.1. Introduction 343 1.2. General introduction 245 5.2. Silicon-28 350 1.3. Previous reviews 247 5.3. Lithium, beryllium and boron 360 2. Fundamental concepts 248 5.4. Carbon, nitrogen and oxygen 363 2.1. Properties of the muon and neutrino 248 5.5. Fluorine and neon 372 2.2. Weak interactions 253 5.6. Sodium, magnesium, aluminium, 372 3. Muonic atom 264 phosphorus 3.1. Atomic capture 264 5.7. Sulphur, chlorine, and potassium 377 3.2. Muonic cascade 269 5.8. Calcium 379 3.3. Hyperÿne transition 275 5.9. Heavy elements 383 4. Muon capture in nuclei 281 6. Other topics 387 4.1. Hydrogen 282 6.1. Radiative muon capture 387 4.2. Deuterium and tritium 284 6.2. Summary of g determinations 391 4.3. Helium-3 290 P 6.3. The (; e±) reaction 393 4.4. Helium-4 294 7. Summary 395 4.5. Total capture rate 294 Acknowledgements 396 4.6. General features in nuclei 300 References 397 4.7. Neutron production 311 ∗ Tel.: +1-604-822-5098; fax: +1-604-822-5098. E-mail address: [email protected] (D.F. Measday). 0370-1573/01/$ - see front matter c 2001 Published by Elsevier Science B.V.
    [Show full text]
  • Experiments on Exotic Atom Spectroscopy
    Exp eriments on exotic atom sp ectroscopy D Gotta Institut fur Kernphysik Forschungszentrum Julic h D Julic h Germany Abstract Results are reviewed from recent exotic atom exp eriments using a fo cussing Bragg sp ectrometer The measured energies of the L Xrays from antiprotonic hydrogen and deuterium and the K transition from pionic deuterium are compared to the transition ener gies as calculated from quantum electro dynamics in order to determine the strong interaction antiprotonnucleon and pionnucleon scattering parameters at threshold A high precision exp eriment to determine the mass of the charged pion to ppm has b een started by investigat ing the transitions in pionic nitrogen where the o ccurance of Coulomb explosion has b een seen now directly from the Doppler broadening In a forthcoming high precision exp eriment of the pionnucleon scatter ing length new calibration metho ds using an ECR source will b e used to connect energy standards b oth from exotic and electronic atoms Such techniques oer the p ossibility of high precision studies in few electron systems Intro duction Atoms in which the electron shell is replaced partly or in total by other elementary particles of negative charge are called exotic atoms Up to now the systems with muons pions kaons antiprotons and sigma hyp erons have b een established Muonic and pionic atoms are b eing investigated since years at the meson factories of the PaulScherrerInstitut PSI TRI UMF or earlier at LAMPF At CERN in the years until the LowEnergyAntiprotonRing LEAR provided highquality
    [Show full text]
  • Structure and Dynamics of Highly Charged Ions and Pionic Atoms Martino Trassinelli
    Structure and dynamics of highly charged ions and pionic atoms Martino Trassinelli To cite this version: Martino Trassinelli. Structure and dynamics of highly charged ions and pionic atoms. Atomic Physics [physics.atom-ph]. Univesité Pierre et Marie Curie, Sorbonne Universités, 2017. tel-01674426v2 HAL Id: tel-01674426 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01674426v2 Submitted on 15 Jan 2018 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Universit´ePierre et Marie Curie, Sorbonne Universit´es,Paris, France Habilitation `adiriger des recherches pr´esent´eepar Martino Trassinelli Charg´ede recherche CNRS (INP) Structure and dynamics of highly charged ions and pionic atoms Soutenue le 15 septembre 2017 devant le jury compos´ede : Jean-Michel RAIMOND Professeur (LKB, UPMC, Paris) Pr´esident Fr´edrich AUMAYR Professeur (IAP, Vienne) Rapporteur Jos´eR. CRESPO LOPEZ-URRUTIA´ Professeur (MPI, Heidelberg) Rapporteur Xavier FLECHARD´ Chercheur (CR1 avec HDR) (LPC, Caen) Rapporteur Eva LINDROTH Professeure (Univ. de Stockholm) Examinatrice Preface In this manuscript I present some of my research activities conducted during the past ten years starting from my hiring as researcher at the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS, National Center for Scientific Research) at the Institut des NanoSciences de Paris (INSP, Institute of NanoSciences of Paris).
    [Show full text]
  • Exotic Atoms Are Atoms That Have Captured a Long-Lived, Heavy Particle
    Exotic atoms Paul Indelicato1,∗, 1 Laboratoire Kastler-Brossel, Ecole´ Normale Sup´erieure et Universit´eP. et M. Curie, Case 74, 4 place Jussieu, F-75252, Cedex 05, France Abstract In this paper I review a number of recent results in the field of exotic atoms. Recent experiments or ongoing experiments with muonic, pionic and antiprotonic hydrogen, as well as recent measurement of the pion mass are described. These experiments provide information about nucleon-pion or nucleon- antinucleon interaction as well as information on the proton structure (charge or magnetic moment distribution). PACS numbers: 06.20.Fn, 32.30.Rj, 36.10.-k, 07.85.Nc arXiv:physics/0409058v1 [physics.atom-ph] 12 Sep 2004 ∗Email address: [email protected] 1 1 Introduction Exotic atoms are atoms that have captured a long-lived, heavy particle. This particle can be a lepton, sensitive only to the electromagnetic and weak interactions, like the electron or the muon, or a meson like the pion, or a baryon like the antiproton. An other kind of exotic atom is the one in which the nucleus has been replaced by a positron (positronium, an e+e− bound system) or a positively charged muon (muonium, a µ+e− bound system). Positronium and muonium are pure quantum electrodynamics (QED) systems as they are made of elementary, point-like Dirac particles insensitive to the strong interaction. The annihilation of positronium has been a benchmark of bound-state QED (BSQED) for many years. For a long time there has been an outstanding discrepancy between the calculated (see, e.g., [1] for a recent review) and measured lifetime of ortho-positronium in vacuum, that has been resolved recently [2].
    [Show full text]
  • Exploring the Nature of the Universe
    EXPLORING THE NATURE OF THE UNIVERSE CERN explores the fundamental structure of the universe by operating a sophisticated complex of accelerators that collide beams of particles or direct them onto fixed targets. The results of these collisions are recorded by giant detectors and analysed by thousands of scientists at CERN and beyond. CERN’S ACCELERATOR COMPLEX AND THE productive year for CERN. In addition to the completion of EXPERIMENTS THAT IT FEEDS the process leading to the update of the European Strategy for Particle Physics (see p. 47), 2020 saw many remarkable physics results based on the analysis of data taken The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is CERN’s flagship before the shutdown by both the LHC and the non-LHC machine. It collides proton beams at the highest energies experiments. The results include the first indications that the ever created, and the results of these collisions are recorded Higgs boson interacts with second-generation particles, the by seven experiments – ALICE, ATLAS, CMS, LHCb, LHCf, observation of a new form of matter–antimatter asymmetry MoEDAL and TOTEM – and soon also by FASER, the newest in strange-beauty particles, and the demonstration of a LHC experiment. The year 2020 was the second year of technique to reveal the dynamics of the strong interaction the Laboratory’s ongoing long shutdown, during which between composite particles called hadrons. It was also a the accelerator complex and experiments are undergoing special year because 30 March 2020 marked ten years of intensive maintenance and upgrade work. However, despite the LHC physics programme, which has seen almost 3000 the shutdown and the COVID-19 pandemic, 2020 was a very scientific papers published by the LHC experiments.
    [Show full text]
  • Exotic Atoms, K-Nucleus Scattering and Hypernuclei
    4. 000-3244-84 EXOTIC ATOMS, K-NUCLEUS SCATTERING AND HYPERNUCLEI . ^ - - 0 - Peter D. Barnes Department of Physics, Camegie-Mel Ion Univer Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Abstract: Recent progress in exotic atom physics, kaon-nucleus scattering, and hypemuciear physics is reviewed. Specific problems discussed include searches for muon-nucleon interactions beyond Q£D, a comparison of data and recent calculations of K4 + l2C elastic and inelastic scattering, as well as recent studies^of I and A hypemuclei including new data on the level structure of l^CA . 1. Introduction The physical phenomenon discussed in this session consist of exotic atomic and nuclear systems containing bound hadrons and muons as well as the unbound kaon nucleus scattering problem. These topics are both old and new. Whereas exotic atom systems have been discussed for some thirty years, evidence fo^ I hypernudlei, first seen at CERN and now confirmed at BNL, have only become available in the last three years. In this short introductory talk it will not be possible to comment on all the recent developments in these areas. I choose to discuss therefore some selected problems in each of the three areas: a) exotic atom?, b) kaoti nucleus scattering and c) lambda and sigma hypernuclei. 2. Exotic Atoms In this section we consider both mesonic and hadronic atoms. It is useful to classify the systems studied as being in the nuclear regime, the hydrogen-like regime, or the electronic regime according to whether the average size of the atomio orbit is comparable to the nuclear radius, intermediate, or comparable to the electronic orbit.
    [Show full text]
  • Pillar 1 Roadmap CHIPP Workshop Editing
    Pillar 1 roadmap CHIPP workshop editing August 27, 2020 Contents 1 The present Swiss landscape 2 1.1 High energy . .2 1.2 Low energy . .6 2 Major successes (2017-2020) 8 2.1 High energy . .8 2.2 Low energy . 10 3 The international context 11 4 Synergies with other scientific fields 12 4.1 High energy . 12 4.2 Low energy . 13 5 Vision for the future 14 5.1 High energy . 14 5.2 Low energy . 17 1 1 The present Swiss landscape [(5-15 pages) – This section will be very specific to each field. It can be subdivided into research topics and/or per methodology (theoretical versus experimental, laboratory versus field study, and so on). Alternatively, it could be per geographical location, if there are well defined topics covered by different institutions. It shall be as much as possible inclusive of all the community to leave nobody out. It shall also show what are the major topics in Switzerland, which institutes are leaders in specific research areas, and possibly also what is less developed yet (especially if a new infrastructure is foreseen to fill this gap). How strong is the Swiss network: how much do the scientists of different institutes collaborate together? What are the main infrastructures used? Are they accessible to researchers from other institutions? ] 1.1 High energy Swiss institutes are founding members and significant contributors to three of the four high energy physics experiments at CERN: ATLAS (U Bern and U Geneva), CMS (UZH, PSI and ETHZ) and LHCb (EPFL and UZH). The activities of the Swiss scientists have been spanning a very broad spectrum of physics pursuits: from precision measurements of the Standard Model (SM) to explorations of new phenomena that could answer the open questions of our universe.
    [Show full text]