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ANNALES Ma³e Miasta W Sieci Osadniczej Województwa

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ANNALES Ma³e Miasta W Sieci Osadniczej Województwa ANNALES UNIVERSITATIS MARIAE CURIE-SK£ODOWSKA LUBLIN POLONIA VOL. LVIII, 7 SECTIO B 2003 Zak³ad Geografii Ekonomicznej Instytut Nauk o Ziemi UMCS MA£GORZATA DAMS-LEPIARZ Ma³e miasta w sieci osadniczej województwa lubelskiego w okresie transformacji ustrojowej w Polsce Small towns in the settlement network in the Lublin voivodeship during the transformation period in Poland WSTÊP Ma³e miasta w sieci osadniczejMa³gorzata województwa Dams-Lepiarz lubelskiego w okresie transformacji... Ma³e miasta s¹ wa¿nymi ogniwami w sieci osadniczej województwa lubel- skiego. Jednak w ostatnich latach w zwi¹zku z przeprowadzeniem przemian go- spodarczych w Polsce znaczna ich czêæ utraci³a dotychczasowe bodce rozwo- jowe, wskutek zamykania nierentownych zak³adów pracy. W rezultacie pe³ni¹ one obecnie g³ównie funkcje us³ugowe dla obszarów wiejskich. Niestety, trud- na sytuacja rolnictwa oraz znaczna dekoncentracja funkcji pozarolniczych na obszary wiejskie mog¹ w du¿ym stopniu ograniczyæ ich rozwój. Istotnym problemem w badaniach powiêconych ma³ym miastom jest okrelenie kryterium ich wyró¿nienia sporód ogó³u miast. Najczêciej jest to wielkoæ zaludnienia poni¿ej 20 tys. mieszkañców. Takie rozró¿nienie przyj- muje GUS, a tak¿e wielu autorów zajmuj¹cych siê miastami, jak Wysocki (1975), We³pa (1982), Kachniarz (1987), Siemiñski (1987). Kryterium to ma charakter subiektywny, dlatego te¿ nie nale¿y do rzadkoci przyjmowanie in- nych progów wielkociowych: do 10 tys. mieszkañców (Szlachta 1980), a na- wet ostrzejszych, tj. do 5 tys. mieszkañców (Chojnicki, Czy¿ 1989, Szymañska 1992, Soko³owski 1992). W niniejszej pracy za ma³e miasto uznano orodki li- cz¹ce poni¿ej 20 tys. mieszkañców. Wspó³czesna sieæ miejska województwa lubelskiego obejmuje 41 miast, w tym 28 ma³ych, 12 rednich (do 100 tys. mieszkañców) i jedno du¿e (Lub- 158 Ma³gorzata Dams-Lepiarz lin). Ten zbiór miast poddano statystyczno-opisowej analizie, obejmuj¹cej okres 15 lat transformacji ustrojowej w Polsce. MA£E MIASTA W STRUKTURZE PRZESTRZENNEJ MIEJSKIEJ SIECI OSADNICZEJ WOJEWÓDZTWA LUBELSKIEGO Województwo lubelskie le¿y we wschodniej czêci Polski i wraz z s¹sied- nimi województwami: wiêtokrzyskim i podkarpackim stanowi najs³abiej zur- banizowany region w Polsce. wiadczy o tym nie tylko ma³y udzia³ ludnoci mieszkaj¹cej w miastach, który w 2001 roku wynosi³ 47% (przy redniej krajo- wej 61,9%), ale równie¿ bardzo niski wskanik umiastowienia; na 10 000 km2 przypada niewiele ponad 16 miast, podczas gdy w Polsce powy¿ej 28. Nale¿y przy tym podkreliæ, ¿e rozmieszczenie miast jest wybitnie nierównomierne, zdecydowanie wiêcej jest ich w zachodniej czêci województwa (ryc. 1). Naj- mniej orodków rozwinê³o siê wzd³u¿ granicy z Ukrain¹ i Bia³orusi¹, a sieæ Ryc. 1. Miasta wed³ug liczby mieszkañców w 2001 r. Towns according to the number of inhabitants in 2001 Ma³e miasta w sieci osadniczej województwa lubelskiego w okresie transformacji... 159 miejska tej czêci regionu sk³ada siê g³ównie z miast redniej wielkoci. Ma³e miasta koncentruj¹ siê zw³aszcza w zachodniej czêci województwa oraz w s¹- siedztwie Lublina i Zamocia. Te rozbie¿noci w poziomie umiastowienia poszczególnych podregionów województwa lubelskiego ilustruje tab. 1. Podregiony zosta³y wyró¿nione zgodnie z Nomenklatur¹ Jednostek Terytorialnych do Celów Statystycznych (NTS), opracowan¹ na podstawie europejskiej Nomenklature of Territorial Units for Statistics NUTS, która stanowi podstawê ró¿nych dziedzin statystyki regionalnej. Ma zastosowanie do przeprowadzania porównañ rozwoju spo³ecz- no-gospodarczego regionów i opracowywania programów rozwoju regionalne- go. Województwo lubelskie zosta³o podzielone na trzy podregiony: bialskopod- laski, che³msko-zamojski i lubelski. Tab. 1. Zagêszczenie miast w podregionach województwa lubelskiego w 2001 r. Density of towns in the subregions of the Lublin vivodeship in 2001 Podregion Wyszczególnienie bialskopodlaski che³msko-zamojski lubelski 2 Powierzchnia w km 5977,2 9290,0 10847,4 Liczba miast ogó³em 6 14 21 Liczba miast ma³ych 5 9 14 2 Liczba miast/ 10 000 km 10,0 15,1 21,3 2 Powierzchnia w km /miasto 996,0 663,6 468,9 2 Powierzchnia w km /1 ma³e miasto 1195,4 1032,2 703,4 ród³o: Opracowanie w³asne na podstawie Banku Danych Regionalnych, GUS. Najmniejsze zagêszczenie miast wykazuje podregion bialskopodlaski, który skupia zaledwie 10% ludnoci miejskiej województwa, podczas gdy jego udzia³ w powierzchni wynosi prawie 23%. Jedno miasto przypada na bardzo du¿y ob- szar (996,0 km2), ponaddwukrotnie wiêkszy ni¿ w podregionie lubelskim (468,9 km2) i trzykrotnie wiêkszy od przeciêtnego obszaru przypadaj¹cego na jedno miasto w Polsce (355,3 km2). Jest to sytuacja bardzo niekorzystna, gdy¿ zbyt du¿a odleg³oæ do miasta zmniejsza jego atrakcyjnoæ. Wzrost kosztów dojazdu powoduje ograniczenie wiadczonych us³ug dla ludnoci wiejskiej. Równoczenie rozwój nowych form sprzeda¿y, a w szczególnoci handlu obwonego na wsi (ok. 1/3 ogó³u podmiotów handlowych) ogranicza potrzebê czêstego wyjazdu do miast, co w konsekwencji hamuje ich rozwój. Sieæ miej- sk¹ tej czêci województwa tworz¹ w wiêkszoci orodki s³abe demograficznie, o niewielkim zaludnieniu. Tylko Bia³a Podlaska nale¿y do miast rednich, nato- miast pozosta³e to miasta ma³e, z których ¿adne nie przekroczy³o nawet 15 tys. mieszkañców. 160 Ma³gorzata Dams-Lepiarz Lepsz¹ sytuacjê ma podregion che³msko-zamojski, gdzie jedno miasto przypada na 663,6 km2, a tym samym odleg³oci miêdzy miastami s¹ mniejsze. Okazuje siê jednak, ¿e obszar obs³ugiwany przez ma³e miasta (z pominiêciem miast rednich) w obu omawianych podregionach jest bardzo podobny, gdy¿ w bialskopodlaskim wynosi 1195 km2 (ma³e miasta stanowi¹ tu a¿ 83% ogó³u miast), a w che³msko-zamojskim 1032 km2 (64% ogó³u miast). Analizuj¹c roz- mieszczenie i wielkoæ miast (ryc. 1) mo¿na jednak stwierdziæ, ¿e podobieñ- stwo jest tylko czêciowe, gdy¿ ma³e miasta w podregionie bialskopodlaskim, maj¹ zdecydowanie wiêcej mieszkañców, co prawdopodobnie wynik³o z konie- cznoci wiadczenia us³ug dla du¿ego obszaru obs³ugi. Natomiast ma³e miasta podregionu che³msko-zamojskiego nale¿¹ do grupy najmniejszych jednostek znajduj¹cych siê w województwie i s¹ rozmieszczone bardzo nierównomiernie. Koncentruj¹ siê g³ównie na obszarze miêdzy Zamociem, Bi³gorajem a Toma- szowem Lubelskim. W du¿ej mierze s¹ to miasta m³ode, które zosta³y restytuo- wane (uzyska³y ponownie prawa miejskie) w okresie transformacji ustrojowej. Dla ich rozwoju du¿¹ konkurencjê stanowi¹ miasta rednie, które s¹ nie tylko znacznie bardziej atrakcyjnym miejscem zamieszkania, ale maj¹ równie¿ znacz- nie wiêkszy rynek pracy i bogatsz¹ ofertê us³ugow¹. Dodatkowym atutem miast rednich s¹ dogodniejsze po³¹czenia komunikacyjne. Te czynniki mog³y mieæ znaczny wp³yw na dynamikê ludnociow¹ miast. Jak siê bowiem okazuje, sporód ma³ych miast, po³o¿onych w po³udniowo-za- chodniej czêci podregionu, w drugiej po³owie lat 90., tylko Krasnobród zwiê- kszy³ liczbê mieszkañców, natomiast w pozosta³ych (Szczebrzeszyn, Zwierzy- niec, Józefów, Frampol, Tarnogród) uleg³a ona znacznemu zmniejszeniu. Najkorzystniej przedstawia siê sytuacja w podregionie lubelskim. Tutaj gê- stoæ miast jest dwukrotnie wy¿sza ni¿ w podregionie bialskopodlaskim i wyno- si ponad 21 miast na 10 000 km2. Liczba miast jest tu wy¿sza ni¿ w obu pozo- sta³ych podregionach ³¹cznie. Skupiaj¹ one ponad 65% ludnoci miejskiej woje- wództwa. Mimo to wskanik umiastowienia jest zdecydowanie mniejszy od redniej krajowej (prawie o 7 miast/10 000 km2). Tak¿e i tutaj dominuj¹ miasta ma³e, które stanowi¹ ponad 66% ogó³u. Rozmieszczone s¹ g³ównie wzd³u¿ za- chodniej granicy podregionu. CECHY STRUKTURY WIELKOCIOWEJ MIAST Strukturê wielkociow¹ miast cechuje daleko posuniêta monocentrycznoæ, poniewa¿ Lublin, najwiêksze miasto regionu, skupia prawie 34% ludnoci miejskiej. Dystans wielkociowy miêdzy Lublinem a miastami redniej wiel- koci jest wiêc bardzo du¿y, natomiast miasta redniej wielkoci maj¹ zbli¿on¹ liczbê ludnoci. Drugi co do wielkoci orodek (Che³m) ma prawie piêciokrot- Ma³e miasta w sieci osadniczej województwa lubelskiego w okresie transformacji... 161 nie mniej mieszkañców, co oznacza, ¿e stosunek liczby ludnoci dwóch najwiê- kszych miast województwa wynosi 4,9:1, a pierwszego do trzeciego wg kolej- noci 5,1:1. W roku 1970 proporcje te by³y znacznie gorsze i wynosi³y odpo- wiednio: 6,3:1 oraz 6,9:1. Jak siê wiêc okazuje, dysproporcje ludnociowe miêdzy Lublinem a Che³mem i Zamociem wyranie siê zmniejszy³y. Od roku 1988 udzia³ ludnoci Lublina w stosunku do ogó³u ludnoci miejskiej wojewó- dztwa zmniejszy³ siê o 1,7%. Zmala³a równie¿ jego przewaga w stosunku do miast rednich (tab. 2). Miasta rednie województwa lubelskiego cechuje s³abe zró¿nicowanie wielkociowe, gdy¿ przewa¿aj¹ orodki od 20 do 50 tys. mieszkañców, które stanowi¹ 66,6% ogó³u miast tej grupy wielkociowej. W rozpatrywanym okre- sie jedno z miast rednich (Hrubieszów) spad³o do grupy miast ma³ych. Tab. 2. Zmiany proporcji zaludnienia miasta Lublina Changes of population ratio of Lublin Wyszczególnienie 1988 1995 2001 Liczba ludnoci miejskiej 955 680 1 030 345 1 043 584 Liczba ludnoci Lublina 339 901 354 552 354 026 Udzia³ procentowy ludnoci 35,6 34,4 33,9 Lublina M1/M2 5,4 5,1 4,9 M1/M3 5,7 5,3 5,1 ród³o: Opracowanie w³asne na podstawie danych statystycznych GUS. M1 liczba ludno- ci Lublina, M2 liczba ludnoci Che³ma, M3 liczba ludnoci Zamocia. Ma³e miasta stanowi¹ wprawdzie najliczniejsz¹ grupê, obejmuj¹c¹ ponad 68% ogó³u miast województwa (tab. 3), ale skupiaj¹ zaledwie 20% ludnoci miejskiej. Wspó³czesna pozycja tych miast w sieci miejskiej regionu uleg³a ob- ni¿eniu w stosunku do roku 1988, kiedy to ich udzia³ w ogólnej liczbie miast wynosi³ 71,4%, a w liczbie ludnoci miejskiej prawie 25%. Zbiorowoæ ma³ych miast jest wewnêtrznie zró¿nicowana. Po³owa ich ogó- ³u (14 miast) nie przekracza 5 tys. mieszkañców, a trzy nie osi¹gaj¹ nawet 2,5 tys. W grupie najmniejszych znalaz³y siê dwa miasta restytuowane w roz- patrywanym okresie (Frampol i Tyszowce) oraz Ostrów Lubelski, w którym li- czba ludnoci wynosi niewiele ponad 2 tys.
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