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Gender Equality and Empowerment of Women Through ICT Edwina Sandys

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Gender Equality and Empowerment of Women Through ICT Edwina Sandys asdf PUBLISHED TO PROMOTE THE GOALS OF THE BEIJING DECLARATION AND THE PLATFORM FOR ACTION September 2005 Gender equality and empowerment of women through ICT Edwina Sandys UNITED NATIONS Division for the Advancement of Women Department of Economic and Social Affairs women 2000 and beyond September 2005 and the Internet. Traditional tech- Gender equality nologies continue to be important for large numbers of people around the world, particularly in rural areas. and empowerment However, new technologies have a vast potential for empowerment of women through which needs to be fully exploited. The term ICT has been used to encompass technological innovation ICT and convergence in information and communication leading to the devel- “The so-called digital divide is actually several gaps in one. opment of so-called information or There is a technological divide—great gaps in infrastructure. knowledge societies, with resulting There is a content divide. A lot of web-based information is changes in social interaction, eco- simply not relevant to the real needs of people. And nearly nomic and business practices, politi- 70 per cent of the world’s websites are in English, at times cal engagement, education, health, crowding out local voices and views. There is a gender divide, 6 with women and girls enjoying less access to information tech- leisure and entertainment. Over the nology than men and boys. This can be true of rich and poor past decade, there has been a grow- countries alike”. ing understanding that these tech- nologies can be powerful instruments United Nations Secretary-General, Kofi Annan for advancing economic and social Statement to the World Summit on the Information Society, development through the creation of Geneva, 10 December 2003 new types of economic activity, employment opportunities, improve- Introduction fits of new technologies, especially ments in health-care delivery and other ICT, are made available to all. To services, and the enhancement of achieve this goal, a United Nations networking, participation and advo- World Summit on the Information cacy within society. ICT also have ICT and development Society (WSIS) was planned in two the potential to improve interaction The role of Information and phases. The first phase, the Geneva between Governments and citizens, Communication Technologies (ICT) as Summit in December 2003, aimed to fostering transparency and account- a tool for development has attracted develop political will and to establish ability in governance. the sustained attention of the United the foundations for an Information While the potential of ICT for stim- Nations over recent years. Strategic Society for all. In total, 175 Govern- ulating economic growth, socio- partnerships have been developed with ments endorsed the Declaration of economic development and effective donors, the private sector and civil soci- Principles3 and Plan of Action at the governance is well recognized, the ety, and working groups and task forces first phase.4 The second phase of benefits of ICT have been unevenly have been established to enhance inter- WSIS is planned for November 2005 distributed within and between coun- agency collaboration throughout the in Tunis. tries. The term “digital divide” refers United Nations system. Information and Communication to the differences in resources and In 2000, the Economic and Social Technologies comprise a complex and capabilities to access and effectively Council adopted a Ministerial Decla- heterogeneous set of goods, appli- utilize ICT for development that exist ration on the role of information tech- cations and services used to produce, within and between countries, nology in the context of a knowledge- process, distribute and transform regions, sectors and socio-economic based economy.1 In 2001, the information. The ICT sector consists groups. Secretary-General established a high- of segments as diverse as telecom- The digital divide is often charac- level Information and Communication munications, television and radio terized by low levels of access to Technologies Task Force to provide broadcasting, computer hardware, technologies. Poverty, illiteracy, lack overall leadership to the United software and services and electronic of computer literacy and language bar- Nations on the formulation of strate- media (for example, the Internet and riers are among the factors imped- gies to put ICT at the service of electronic mail).5 Information and ing access to ICT infrastructure, espe- development.2 communication needs can be met by cially in developing countries. Internet The Millennium Declaration more traditional means, such as print usage figures collected by the adopted in 2000 underscored the media and fixed telephone lines, or International Telecommunications urgency of ensuring that the bene- by satellite technology, mobile phones Union (ITU) in 2003 illustrate this gap 2 September 2005 women 2000 and beyond in access. For instance, in 2003, the divide is specifically addressed, there Women. The Commission identified United States reported 5,558 Internet is a risk that ICT may exacerbate significant gender differences in lev- users per 10,000 persons, compared existing inequalities between women els of access to, control of and with 690 users per 10,000 persons and men and create new forms of advantages accruing from a wide in Asia and 156 users per 10,000 per- inequality. range of technological develop- sons in Africa.7 If, however, the gender dimensions ments.10 It concluded that “the infor- The enthusiasm over the rapid of ICT—in terms of access and mation revolution appeared to be growth of ICT and their applications use, capacity-building opportunities, by-passing women; that information have generated a variety of initiatives employment and potential for empow- society literature was silent on gen- to foster the use of ICT for devel- erment—are explicitly identified and der issues, and that neither research opment, including research, projects, addressed, ICT can be a powerful cat- nor practical projects in the infor- workshops and other activities. Many alyst for political and social empow- mation technology field had of these initiatives are directed at erment of women, and the promo- addressed the specific circum- addressing the growing digital divide. tion of gender equality. stances of women”.11 Increased attention is being paid to This report provides a summary of The Beijing Declaration and reviewing and evaluating the impact critical gender equality issues related Platform for Action12 adopted at the of these initiatives. Early findings point to ICT and development and outlines Fourth World Conference on Women to mixed results about the impact of potential opportunities for women’s in 1995 drew attention to the emerg- 10 years of experience in ICT for economic, social and political empow- ing global communications network development. erment. Key strategies and tools to and its impact on public policies, as An InfoDev report published in address the gender digital divide in well as the attitudes and behaviour 2003 suggests that despite the vast national and international contexts are of individuals. It called for the amounts of resources that have been presented. Examples of good prac- empowerment of women through invested in efforts to increase access tice on gender equality and ICT are enhancing their skills, knowledge, to ICT in developing countries and elaborated throughout the report. access to and use of information among the poor, these technologies The report focuses on the two- technologies.13 It also included a have not proven as transformative as fold need to address the gender divide strategic objective: “Increase the expected.8 The InfoDev report indi- and reduce inequalities related to ICT participation and access of women cates that to harness ICT more effec- and to identify ways to use ICT pro- to expression and decision-making tively for development and poverty actively and effectively to promote in and through the media and new reduction, ICT must be mainstreamed gender equality and the empower- technologies of communication”.14 as tools for broader strategies and ment of women. Based on knowledge and experi- programmes for building opportunity ence that had emerged in the pre- and empowering the poor. The report vious five years, the twenty-third spe- further states that the ICT for devel- Historical background cial session of the General Assembly, opment agenda should identify the on attention to held in June 2000 to review progress broader changes required in devel- gender equality in implementation of the Platform for 15 oping countries, the role ICT can have and ICT Action, recognized that ICT had cre- in effecting these changes, and to be ated new opportunities for women more selective and strategic about and contributed to knowledge shar- the attention and resources devoted ing, networking and electronic com- to the dissemination of these tech- Intergovernmental merce activities. Member States nologies.9 processes acknowledged that poverty, lack of Over the past decade, the United access and opportunities, illiteracy Nations intergovernmental processes (including computer illiteracy) and lan- Gender equality and ICT have played a leading role in identi- guage barriers prevented women fying key issues and proposing strate- from using ICT, including the Internet. While there is recognition of the gic actions to enhance women’s Steps were proposed to ensure that potential of ICT as a tool for the pro- empowerment through
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