STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY TECTONICS DIVISION Newsletter
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The Evolution of the Indian Ocean Mega-Undation
Tectonophysics - Elsevier Publishing Company, Amsterdam Printed in The Netherlands THE EVOLUTION OF THE INDIAN OCEAN MEGA-UNDATION (CAUSING THE: INDIGO-FUGAL SPREADING OF GONDWANA k’I<AGMENTS) R.W. VAN BI<MILlL;LEN Geological Institute, State University, Utrecht (The Netherlands) (Received April 1, 1965) In the first section the geomechanical model of mega-undations is elaborated: (1) The lower mantle may have a Newtonian viscosity, but the upper mantle? which is largely in a crystalline state, shows an Andradean viscosity, with hot-creep phenomena and the formation of lamellae separated by zones or planes of high strain rate. (2) Reliable solutions of the mechanics in the fault planes of earthquake foci indicate that the spreading of the mega-undations is characterized in the outer 400 km by the farther advance of the higher structural levels with re- spect to the underlying ones: whereas the movements in the foci of deep earth- quakes underneath the Japan Sea and South America indicate a reverse pro- cess, the lower blocks moving faster towards the Pacific than the overlying ones. This is explained by the geomechanical model of the mega-undations. (3) The crest of the mega-undations shifts in the course of time, either gradually or by steps. The effects of such shifts are discussed and illustrated. (4) Four stages of evolution of mega-undations are distinguished: (a) young, (b) early mature or precocious, (c) late mature or ripe, and (d) fossil mega-undations. These stages are illustrated by type examples. In the section on the development of the Indian Ocean Mega-Undation this geomechanical model is tested by an analysis of the geotectonic evolution of the Indian Ocean and the surrounding shields. -
The Geology of the Enosburg Area, Vermont
THE GEOLOGY OF THE ENOSBURG AREA, VERMONT By JOlIN G. DENNIS VERMONT GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CHARLES G. DOLL, State Geologist Published by VERMONT DEVELOPMENT DEPARTMENT MONTPELIER, VERMONT BULLETIN No. 23 1964 TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE ABSTRACT 7 INTRODUCTION ...................... 7 Location ........................ 7 Geologic Setting .................... 9 Previous Work ..................... 10 Method of Study .................... 10 Acknowledgments .................... 10 Physiography ...................... 11 STRATIGRAPHY ...................... 12 Introduction ...................... 12 Pinnacle Formation ................... 14 Name and Distribution ................ 14 Graywacke ...................... 14 Underhill Facics ................... 16 Tibbit Hill Volcanics ................. 16 Age......................... 19 Underhill Formation ................... 19 Name and Distribution ................ 19 Fairfield Pond Member ................ 20 White Brook Member ................. 21 West Sutton Slate ................... 22 Bonsecours Facies ................... 23 Greenstones ..................... 24 Stratigraphic Relations of the Greenstones ........ 25 Cheshire Formation ................... 26 Name and Distribution ................ 26 Lithology ...................... 26 Age......................... 27 Bridgeman Hill Formation ................ 28 Name and Distribution ................ 28 Dunham Dolomite .................. 28 Rice Hill Member ................... 29 Oak Hill Slate (Parker Slate) .............. 29 Rugg Brook Dolomite (Scottsmore -
Plate Tectonics
Plate tectonics tive motion determines the type of boundary; convergent, divergent, or transform. Earthquakes, volcanic activity, mountain-building, and oceanic trench formation occur along these plate boundaries. The lateral relative move- ment of the plates typically varies from zero to 100 mm annually.[2] Tectonic plates are composed of oceanic lithosphere and thicker continental lithosphere, each topped by its own kind of crust. Along convergent boundaries, subduction carries plates into the mantle; the material lost is roughly balanced by the formation of new (oceanic) crust along divergent margins by seafloor spreading. In this way, the total surface of the globe remains the same. This predic- The tectonic plates of the world were mapped in the second half of the 20th century. tion of plate tectonics is also referred to as the conveyor belt principle. Earlier theories (that still have some sup- porters) propose gradual shrinking (contraction) or grad- ual expansion of the globe.[3] Tectonic plates are able to move because the Earth’s lithosphere has greater strength than the underlying asthenosphere. Lateral density variations in the mantle result in convection. Plate movement is thought to be driven by a combination of the motion of the seafloor away from the spreading ridge (due to variations in topog- raphy and density of the crust, which result in differences in gravitational forces) and drag, with downward suction, at the subduction zones. Another explanation lies in the different forces generated by the rotation of the globe and the tidal forces of the Sun and Moon. The relative im- portance of each of these factors and their relationship to each other is unclear, and still the subject of much debate. -
Samuel Warren Carey
““Nebraska”Nebraska” YoichiroYoichiro YoshikawaYoshikawa (1988)(1988) TheThe MiracleMiracle PlanetPlanet EXPANSION TECTONICS SAMUEL WARREN CAREY (1911-2002) ““ IfIf 5050 millionmillion believebelieve inin aa fallacyfallacy itit isis stillstill aa fallacy.”fallacy.” SAMUELSAMUEL WARRENWARREN CAREYCAREY *Commemorative memoir dedicated to Samuel Warren Carey, conducted by Giancarlo Scalera (Istituto Nazionale di Geofísica e Vulcanología, Roma, Italia). During the editorial process of this book, Emeritus Professor Samuel Warren Carey passed away on 20 March 2002 at age 90. He was born at Campbelltown, New South Wales on 1st November 1911, and attended school at the Canterbury Boys High School. Carey’s father was a printer, who became a public lecturer when he arrived in Australia. His mother’s people were early Australian settlers. The Carey home was a farm near Campbelltown and as a boy, little Samuel walked nearly twelve kilometers to School and back each day, an activity that prepared him for work in harsh climatic and environmental conditions. Sam Carey’s large family included two sisters and four brothers, one of whom died in World War II. At the University of Sydney, in 1929, Carey enrolled in chemistry, physics, and mathematics and only as a fourth subject, geology. However, he was soon reoriented towards geology as his main subject by Sir Edgeworth David, an Antarctic explorer. This preference developed from his liking for fieldwork in geology, combined with lab work. He was strongly inclined towards sports (hockey, sailing, rugby, marksmanship, canoeing) and physical activities (cave exploration, rock climbing, hiking, jungle expeditions, parachuting). He graduated in Geology from the University of Sydney earning a Bachelor of Science with First Class Honours in 1933, Master of Science in 1934, and Doctor of Science in 1939. -
The Orocline Concept in Geotectonics
The Orocline Concept in Geotectonics PART I By S. WARREN CAREY University of Tas'lnnnin (WITH 22 'f};XT FIGURES) A_BSTRACT The face of the globe shows muny areas where orogenic belts wheel in trend 0 through large angles, sometimes as much as 180 • Such a fOHn could have one of two origins. Either the orogenic zon(; had that shape from the beginning, or the bend represents an impressed strain (here defined as an orucline). Classieal geology has always made the first assumption, explicitly or implicitly, using the concept of cratons around which the orogens were moulded. However, logical ~cientific analysis demands that we should also examine the consequences of making the second assump tion. Twenty-five such cases occur on the face of the globe. In e-;m-y casp the major structures of the region not only agree with the assumption, but k'53e1' eomp:ressiona] and tensional structures fall where they would be prpdicted by the impressed strain theory. and quite unexpected solutions of other major tectonic: problems reRulL. Six of these oroclines are workod out in detail in this paper. Six ll101-e are presented more briefly. When all such oroclines, together with other identifiable strains, are reversed, there appears a Laurasia substantially identical with that deduced by Du Toit on wholly different grounds. INTRODUCTION Sir James Hall first made the induction that observed contortions in strata were actual deformations of heds originally flat, and therewith structural geology began. A century and a half has seen much progress, but most of it has been towards increasing our understanding of the internal anatomy of orogens. -
The Origin of Rocks and Mineral Deposits – Using Current Physical Chemistry of Small Particle Systems”1 Is Not a Boastful Or Exaggerated Claim
Firenze University Press www.fupress.com/substantia Research Article Summary of the Nature and Contents of “The Origin of Rocks and Mineral Deposits – Using Citation: J. Elliston (2017) Summary of the Nature and Contents of “The Origin Current Physical Chemistry of Small Particle of Rocks and Mineral Deposits – Using Current Physical Chemistry of Small Systems” Particle Systems”. Substantia 1(2): 19-62. doi: 10.13128/substantia-26 Copyright: © 2017 J. Elliston. This is John Elliston an open access, peer-reviewed article published by Firenze University Press Elliston Research Associates Pty Ltd, 10B The Bulwark, CASTLECRAG 2068, New South (http://www.fupress.com/substantia) Wales, Australia and distribuited under the terms of the E-mail: [email protected] Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distri- bution, and reproduction in any medi- Abstract. The book referred to in this title is a comprehensive interdisciplinary scien- um, provided the original author and tific treatise that introduces revolutionary new knowledge achieved by competent use source are credited. of the scientific method. The research on which it is based has been more thoroughly and critically reviewed than is usual for scientific works and the international edition Data Availability Statement: All rel- evant data are within the paper and its has recently been published. Supporting Information files. However, correct statements and advertising of the publisher and booksellers are disbelieved because many scientists assume the author is claiming to have discovered Competing Interests: The author the origin of rocks and mineral deposits. Millions of dollars are spent each year on declared that no competing interests research endeavouring to understand the formation of ore deposits. -
OBITUARY SAMUEL WARREN CAREY, AO, 1911-2002 by Patrick G
Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania, Volume 137, 2003 95 OBITUARY SAMUEL WARREN CAREY, AO, 1911-2002 by Patrick G. Quilty and Maxwell R. Banks QUILTY, P.G. & BANKS, M.R. 2003 (19:xii): Obituary, Samuel Warren Carey, AO, 1911-2002. Papers and Proceedings ofthe Royal Society ofTasmania 137: 95-98. https://doi.org/10.26749/rstpp.137.95 ISSN 0080-4703. School of Earth Sciences, University ofTasmania, Private Bag 79, Hobart, Tasmania, 7001, Australia. Emeritus Professor S. Warren Carey, AO The Royal Society of Tasmania lost one of its members of military career (written up in several books). As the war long standing on 20 March 2002 when Emeritus Professor effort was winding down, he took the opportunity to come Samuel Warren Carey died in Hobart at the age of 90. to Tasmania as Government Geologist. He accepted an He was born near Campbelltown, New South Wales, and appointment as Foundation Professor of Geology at the attended Campbelltown Primary School before secondary University of Tasmania, a post he held fi-om 1946 until education at Canterbury High School. He obtained an Exhi his retirement at the end of 197 6. bition to the University of Sydney, and a Teachers' Training He had an important influence on Tasmanian geology College Scholarship, commencing in 1929. He enrolled in through his publications as Government Geologist, and his Geology I as a fourth subject on the advice of one of his consultancy to the Hydro-Electric Commission. He invited teachers, and this determined the direction of his career. leading geologists, such as R. -
The Deformation Cf Inhomogenous Materials and Consequent Geological Inflications
THE DEFORMATION CF INHOMOGENOUS MATERIALS AND CONSEQUENT GEOLOGICAL INFLICATIONS by NICHOLAS CHARLES GAY A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the University of London August, 1966. (±) ABSTRACT This thesis is a theoretical and experimental study of the deformation of inhomogenous materials by- simple and pure shear. The model adopted is that of a homogenous, Newtonian fluid matrix, in which are embedded rigid or deformable inclusions. The inclusions are ellipsoidal or elliptical in shape and the deformable ones are also assumed to be Newtonian bodies, but they may differ from the matrix in coefficient of viscosity. Published work on rock deformation is reviewed to show that rock does, in certain geological environments, approxi- mate closely to a Newtonian body. Equations are derived to describe the motion and changes in shape of the inclusions (or particles as they are called) during deformation of-the model. These equations are checked experimentally and, within the limits of the experimental error, the results agree satisfactorily with the theory. The behaviour of systems containing a large number of particles is discussed and the strains developed in the matrix around the inclusions are examined. The application of the theoretical concepts to certain problems in structural geology, such as the rotation of crys- tals, the development of preferred orientations and the deformation of conglomerates, is considered. Particular emphasis is laid on the use of the theoretical equations to determine the finite strain in rock. (ii) TABLE OF CONTENTS Page CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION A. GENERAL STATEMENT 1 B. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 5 C. LIST OF SYMBOLS 6 CHAPTER II VISCOSITY AND THE VISCOUS FLOW OF ROCKS' A. -
K43: Field Development Report Technical: Storage
February 2016 K43: Field Development Report Technical: Storage K43: Field Development Report IMPORTANT NOTICE The information provided further to UK CCS Commercialisation Programme (the Competition) set out herein (the Information) has been prepared by Capture Power Limited and its sub-contractors (the Consortium) solely for the Department of Energy and Climate Change in connection with the Competition. The Information does not amount to advice on CCS technology or any CCS engineering, commercial, financial, regulatory, legal or other solutions on which any reliance should be placed. Accordingly, no member of the Consortium makes (and the UK Government does not make) any representation, warranty or undertaking, express or implied, as to the accuracy, adequacy or completeness of any of the Information and no reliance may be placed on the Information. In so far as permitted by law, no member of the Consortium or any company in the same group as any member of the Consortium or their respective officers, employees or agents accepts (and the UK Government does not accept) any responsibility or liability of any kind, whether for negligence or any other reason, for any damage or loss arising from any use of or any reliance placed on the Information or any subsequent communication of the Information. Each person to whom the Information is made available must make their own independent assessment of the Information after making such investigation and taking professional technical, engineering, commercial, regulatory, financial, legal or other -
Ice Petrofabrics, Tuktoyaktuk, Nwt
ICE PETROFABRICS, TUKTOYAKTUK, N.W.T., CANADA by ALAN WILLIAM GELL B.Sc, Liverpool University, 1971 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS in the Department of Geography We accept this thesis as conforming to the required standard THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA August, 1973 In presenting this thesis in partial fulfilment of the requirements for an advanced degree at the University of British Columbia, I agree that the Library shall make it freely available for reference and study. I further agree that permission for extensive copying of this thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted by the Head of my Department or by his representatives. It is understood that copying or publication of this thesis for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. Department of GEOGRAPHY The University of British Columbia Vancouver 8, Canada Date 22<th September, 1973 ABSTRACT This thesis attempts to elucidate the origin and deformation of a folded sequence of ice and icy sediment in Tuktoyaktuk, N.W.T., Canada. Tuktoyaktuk lies between the maximum and late Wisconsin limits of glaciation. Bodies of underground ice in permafrost have character• istic Ice crystal sizes and shapes and inclusions dependent on the mode of ice growth and subsequent deformational or other history. The ice body which was studied lies beneath 2 m of fluvioglacial sands and 0.6 m of gravel. The ice-icy sediment foliation has been deformed into subhorizontal isoclinal folds, the major movement being from the SSW. Folds are classified into three styles. -
Journal and Proceedings of The
i i \Main" | 2003/4/21 | 18:25 | page 1 | #1 i i JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS OF THE R O Y A L S O C I E T Y O F N E W S O U T H W A L E S Volume 135 Parts 3 and 4 (Nos 405{406) 2003 ISSN 0035-9173 PUBLISHED BY THE SOCIETY PO BOX 1525, MACQUARIE CENTRE, NSW 2113 Issued April 2003 i i i i i i \Main" | 2003/4/21 | 18:25 | page 56 | #2 i i THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF NEW SOUTH WALES OFFICE BEARERS FOR 2002-2003 Patrons His Excellency the Right Reverend Dr Peter Hollingworth AC, OBE, Governor General of the Commonwealth of Australia. Her Excellency Professor Marie Bashir, AC, Governor of New South Wales. President Mr D.A. Craddock, BSc(Eng) NSW, Grad.Cert. Management UWS. Vice Presidents Prof. P.A. Williams, BA (Hons), PhD Macq. Dr W.E. Smith, MSc Syd, MSc Oxon, PhD NSW, MInstP, MAIP. Mr C.F. Wilmot Hon. Secretary (Gen.) vacant (acting Hon. Sec. Prof. P.A. Williams) Hon. Secretary (Ed.) Mrs M. Krysko von Tryst, BSc, Grad.Dip.Min.Tech NSW, MAusIMM. Hon. Treasurer Prof R.A. Creelman, BA, MSc, PhD Hon. Librarian Dr E.V. Lassak, MSc, PhD NSW, ASTC, FRACI Councillors Mr J.R. Hardie, BSc Syd, FGS, MACE. Prof. J. Kelly, BSc Syd, PhD Reading, DSc NSW Ms K. F. Kelly, BSc(Hons) Mr M.F. Wilmot, BSc Prof M.A. Wilson, PhD, DSc. Auck, FRACI, C.Chem. Southern Highlands Rep. Mr C.M. Wilmot The Society originated in the year 1821 as the Philosophical Society of Australasia. -
Section Three: Geology and Geomorphology
SECTION THREE: GEOLOGY AND GEOMORPHOLOGY 3- 0 3.1 GENERAL STATEMENT Geology is one of the principal factors that govern the geomorphic and hydrologic processes within a watershed. Geology includes rock type and sequence (lithology and stratigraphy); soils; tectonics (faults, seismicity, and folds), and mass wasting (landslides). The lithology and stratigraphy of rocks in the La Honda watershed strongly influence the channel form and the composition of the sediment in the streambed and banks. The lithology of the bedrock also influences the extent of soil development, shear strength, porosity, depth, vegetation productivity, and erodibility, as well as the depth and style of landslides, and the magnitude of ground acceleration during earthquakes. The rates of tectonic uplift affect the stream gradient and rate of downcutting, and extent of bank/bed erosion. Geologic ages are noted herein in millions of years (Ma) for older rocks or events, and in years before present (BP) for younger. A Geologic time scale is included in Appendix W. 3.2 PREVIOUS WORKS Numerous works have provided invaluable background to this study. Brabb et al. (2000) mapped the bedrock units in the La Honda area. Sarna-Wojcicki et al. (1991); Turner (1970); and Fox et al. (1985) determined the ages of the Mindego basalt and the Tahana Member of the Purisma Formation. Wagner and Nelson (1954) compiled the San Mateo Area Soil Survey based on the USDA-SCS soil classification system. Wieczorek (1982) discussed the weathering characteristics of bedrock in the area, and their effect on the style and extent of landsliding. Wieczorek (1984) mapped landslide parameters in the La Honda area.