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THE CLERGY of the EPISCOPAL CHURCH in 1785 by Walter H, Stowe, Nelson W

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THE CLERGY of the EPISCOPAL CHURCH in 1785 by Walter H, Stowe, Nelson W Clergy o" the iiJpiscopal Church in 1785:' North Gprolins "by Lawrence London of t|>e Onftoer^itp of jQortl) Carolina Collection of jRortS CaroHmana boofc toa0 pre^enteti >K tr iy be kept V:0 WEE , r HISTORICAL MAGAZINE of the Protestant Episcopal Church SEPTEMBER, 1951 THE CLERGY OF THE EPISCOPAL CHURCH IN 1785 By Walter H, Stowe, Nelson W. Rightmyer, G. MacLaren Brydon, Lawrence F. London, and Albert Sidney Thomas • BRITISH LEGISLATION AND AMERICAN EPIS- COPACY By Richard G. Salomon m CHRISTOPHER EDWARDS GADSDEN (1785-1852): FOURTH BISHOP OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1840- 1852 By Albert Sidney Thomas m THE RELIGIOUS OPINIONS OF THOMAS JEFFER- SON By Arthur B, Kinsolving 9 ORDINATIONS BY THE BISHOPS OF HONOLULU, 1862-1902 By Andrew Forest Muir • REVIEWS : I. American Church History and Biography II. English and General Church History III. Theology and Philosophy PUBLISHED QUARTERLY : $1.25 THE C0PY.-$4 THE YEAR HISTORICAL MAGAZINE of the Protestant Episcopal Church PuBUSHBD AT 5 Paterson Street, New Brunswick, New Jersey, by authority op General Convention, under the DIRECTION of A JoiNT COMMISSION OF SAID CONVENTION, AND UNDER THE AUSPICES OF THE ChURCH HISTORICAL SOCIETY EDITOR-IN-CHIEF Rev. Walter H. Stowe, s.t.d. 5 Paterson Street, New Brunswick, N. J. ASSOCIATE EDITORS Bby. G. MacLabbn Bbydon, d.d. Prop. Frank J. Klinobbro, ph.d. Richmond, Virginia Los Angeles, California Rev. E. L. Pennington, 8.t.d. Rt. Rev. Edward L. Parsons, d.d. Mobile, Alabama San Francisco, California Rev. Du Bosb Murphy, m.a. Rev. Percy V. Norwood, ph.d. Tuscaloosa, Alabama Evanston, Illinois Rev. Edward R. Hardy, Jr., ph.d. New Haven, Connecticut JOINT COMMISSION OF GENERAL CONVENTION Rt. Rev. John D. Wing, d.d., Chairman Rev. Walter H. Stowe, s.t.d., Vice-Chairman Rev. E. L. Pennington, s.t.d., Secretary Rt. Rev. Edward L. Parsons, d.d. Rev. William W. Manross, ph.d. Rt. Rev. Benjamin F. P. Ivins, d.d. Col. Jackson A. Dykman Rt. Rev. Walter H. Gray, d.d. Prof. Frank J. Klingberg, ph.d. Rev. G. MacLaren Brydon, d.d. Prof. Richard G. Salomon, ph.d. Lawrence F. London, ph.d. Publication and Editorial Office: 5 Paterson St., New Brunswick, N. J. Address all subscriptions to Historical Magazine as above. Four Dollars per year in advance. Checks should be drawn payable to Historical Magazine. All communications and manuscripts for publication, including books and pamphlets for review, to be addressed as above. The editors are not responsible lor the accuracy of the statements of contributors. Entered as second-class matter September 17, 1935, at the Post Office at New Brunswick, N. J., with additional entry at the Post Office at Richmond, Va., under the Act of March 3, 1879. Cp i3o HISTORICAL MAGAZINE of the Protestant Episcopal Church Vol. XX SEPTEMBER, 1951 No. 3 CONTENTS Page THE CLERGY OF THE EPISCOPAL CHURCH IN 1785. 243 By Walter H. Stowe, Nelson W. Rightmyer, G. MacLaren Brydon, Lawrence F. London, and Albert Sidney Thomas BRITISH LEGISLATION AND AMERICAN EPISCOPACY. 278 By Richard G. Salomon CHRISTOPHER EDWARDS GADSDEN (1785-1852): FOURTH BISHOP OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1840-1852.. 294 By Albert Sidney Thomas THE RELIGIOUS OPINIONS OF THOMAS JEFFERSON.. 325 By Arthur B. Kinsolving ORDINATIONS BY THE BISHOPS OF HONOLULU, 1862- 1902 328 By Andrew Forest Muir BOOK REVIEWS (Pages 332-341) I. AMERICAN CHURCH HISTORY AND BIOGRAPHY Communism, Democracy, and Catholic Power (by Paul Blanshard) E. H. eckel Church Lobbying in the Nation's Capital (by Luke Eber- SOle) E. H. ECKEL The Historiographer, 1951 (edited by W. H. Stowe). .R. d. middleton AMONG OUR contemporaries: American Historical Review (April, 1951); The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography (January, 1951); The Alabama Review (April, 1951), edited by dubose murphy 242 HISTORICAL MAGAZINE The History and Background of St. George's Episcopal Churchy Fred- ericksburg, Virginia (by Carrol H. Quenzel) WILLIAM WILSON MANROSS II. ENGLISH AND GENERAL CHURCH HISTORY Tudor Renaissance (by James Lees-Milne) R. D. middleton Salisbury (by R. L. Jowitt) R. D. middleton The Catholic Movement in the Swedish Church (by Gunnar Rosendal) E. R. HARDY, JR. Tract Ninety (by R. D. Middleton) e. h. eckel in. THEOLOGY AND PHILOSOPHY Man Is Not Alone (by Abraham J. Heschel) . w. norman pittenger St. Augustine Against the Academics (trans, and edited by John J. O'Meara) E. R. hardy, jr. The Trouble Behind Our Trouble |HE very lack of knowledge of history is appalling enough. Even worse is the prevalent notion that it is irrelevant to "our problems." One might almost go so far as to say that it is lack of knowledge of history that is the trouble behind our trouble. So many, many things have to work out in certain ways because of their inherent principles. Then go over the same ground ec- clesiastically and politically because they honestly do not know what happened or flowed from the exact same principles in the past.—The Rev. JAMES HARRY PRICE, Rector, The Church of St. James the Less, Scarsdale, New York. The Clergy of the Episcopal Church in 1785 By Walter H. Stowe, Nelson W. Rightmyer, G. MacLaren Brydon, Lawrence F. London and Albert Sidney Thomas Part I The Critical Period in the History of the American Episcopal Church, 1776-1789* By Walter H. Stowe N 1888—almost two generations ago—^John Fiske's The Criti- cal Period of American History, 1783-1789, appeared. Not only was this the most enduring of Fiske's many publications, but it has so influenced our thinking as to make it the popular designa- tion of those years in American history. Fiske's thesis is that the republic was near disaster under the Arti- cles of Confederation, because the government was too weak to cope with the post-war depression, because of the demoralizing effects of depreciating paper money, and the ever-present danger of disunion and anarchy. Under the leadership of a group of men later known as the Federalists, a strong central government was established by the framing and the adoption of the Constitution essentially as it is today, and the foundations were laid for the subsequent greatness of the United States. Fiske's thesis has lately been challenged.^ Whether or not it is modified or overthrown, few will challenge the thesis that the years, 1776-1789, were the most critical period in the history of the Episcopal Church in America. *This introductory essay is reprinted from The Historiographer, Vol. II, No. 1 (Lent, 1951), the organ of the Church Historical Society, 4205 Spruce Street, Philadelphia 4. iBy Merrill Jensen in The New Nation: A History of the Umted States During the Confederation, 1781-1789 (New York, 1950), 433 pp. Few will as yet concede that Jensen has proved his case. 244 HISTORICAL MAGAZINE A "MAIMED" CHURCH When the Revolutionary War struck, the Church of England in the colonies.^ although it had grown considerably, especially during the preceding seventy years, was a "maimed" Church; that is, it had been deprived of "one or more members or their use." It believed that bishops should be leaders of the Church, but it had none in America because the British state would not allow any to be consecrated for the colonies. It believed that every parish or con- gregation should be part of a diocese and under the jurisdiction of a bishop ; but there was no diocese in America, and its actual relationship to the bishop of London was purely nominal : he had no effective control in America except to refuse to license clergymen in its service. It be- lieved that every congregation should be visited by a bishop at least once in three years, but no bishop ever set foot on the soil of the thir- teen colonies for 178 years—^from 1607 to 1785. It believed that a minister must be ordained by a bishop, but to re- ceive holy orders the candidate had to travel 3,000 miles at a cost of £100 sterling, and risk being the one out of every five who never re- turned to America because of death by disease or shipwreck. Its clergy, in contrast to ministers of all other bodies, had to take before ordination a special oath of allegiance to the British king,^ and received no special benefits therefrom. If it be said that the clergy of Virginia and Maryland received their salaries from taxation, which was a special benefit, the answer is that the Congregational ministers in New England also received their salaries from taxation, but were not re- quired to take any special oath of allegiance to the king before ordination. It believed in confirmation of all baptized persons when they reached the age of discretion, but no one was ever confirmed in the American colonies. That office in the Book of Common Prayer was never used for a century and three-quarters, and consequently the sacra- 2In this essay the term "Church of England" or the "Anglican Church" is used until October 19, 1781, the date of the surrender of Cornwallis at Yorktown. It is true that in Virginia, Maryland and the Carolinas, the disestablishment of the Church virtually dissolved its connection with the Church of England before that date. However, William White's The Case of the Episcopal Churches in the United States Considered did not appear until August 6, 1782, and the bishop of London licensed the Rev. John Stewart for Georgia as late as March 31, 1781, and the Rev. Thomas Lambert Moore for New York as late as September 21, 1781. In short, hostilities virtually ceased with the surrender of Cornwallis, and even the loyalist clergy of Connecticut, by electing Samuel Seabury their bishop before the definitive Treaty of Peace, virtually recognized that the Church of England in America was "on its own," and was essentially a group of "Episcopal churches," which had to be transformed into "The Episcopal Church." spor this oath, see Walter H.
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