The Handbook British Astronomical Association

THE HANDBOOK

OF THE BRITISH ASTRONOMICAL ASSOCIATION 2008

2007 OCTOBER ISSN 0068-130-X CONTENTS

CALENDAR 2008 ...... 2 PREFACE...... 3 SKY DIARY FOR 2008 ...... 4 VISIBILITYOFPLANETS...... 5 RISING AND SETTING OF THE PLANETS IN LATITUDES 52°N AND 35°S ...... 6–7 ECLIPSES...... 8–12 TIME...... 13–14 RADIOTIMESIGNALS...... 15 EARTHANDSUN...... 16–18 MOON...... 19 SUN’SSELENOGRAPHIC COLONGITUDE ...... 20 MOONRISE AND MOONSET ...... 21–23 LUNAROCCULTATIONS...... 24–32 GRAZINGLUNAROCCULTATIONS...... 33–34 PLANETS –EXPLANATIONOFTABLES...... 35 APPEARANCEOFPLANETS...... 36 MERCURY...... 37–38 VENUS...... 39 MARS...... 40–41 MINORPLANETS...... 42–56 Website; Orbital elements and ephemerides; Astrometry; Occultations of stars by minor planets; Photometry; NEO close approaches to Earth JUPITER...... 57–60 SATELLITESOFJUPITER...... 61-73 Configurations; Eclipses, occultations and transits SATURN...... 74–77 SATELLITES OF SATURN ...... 78–84 URANUS...... 85 NEPTUNE...... 86 PLUTO...... 87–88 COMETS...... 89–96 Orbital elements and magnitude parameters; Ephemerides for: 6P/d’Arrest, 8P/Tuttle, 19P/Borelly, 26P/Schwassmann-Wachmann, 46P/Wirtanen, 85P/Boethin,144P/Kushida, 2006OF2 (Broughton, 2006Q1 (McNaught. METEOR DIARY...... 97–99 VARIABLESTARS...... 100–105 Algol; X Tauri; RZ Cassiopeiae; Mira Stars; U Orionis EPHEMERIDESOFDOUBLESTARS...... 106–107 BRIGHT STARS...... 108 GALAXIES...... 109–110 SUN, MOON AND PLANETS:Physicaldata...... 111 SATELLITES(NATURAL):Physicalandorbitaldata...... 112–113 ELEMENTS OF PLANETARY ORBITS ...... 114 PROGRAMANDDATALIBRARY...... 115 INTERNETRESOURCES...... 116–117 CONVERSIONFORMULAEANDERRATA...... 117 ASTRONOMICAL AND PHYSICAL CONSTANTS ...... 118–119 MISCELLANEOUSDATAANDTELESCOPEDATA...... 119

Front Cover: British Astronomical Association

HANDBOOK FOR 2008

EIGHTY-SEVENTH YEAR OF PUBLICATION

BURLINGTON HOUSE, PICCADILLY, LONDON, W1J 0DU Telephone 020 7734 4145 2 Calendar BAA Handbook 2008 f r y r 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 a o a e e 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 D b Y 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 m ...... e ...... n d n d n d n d n d k . . . . c . . . . e e e e e u u u u n n n n e t t t t e e e e e o o o o o i i i i y e e u h u h u h u h u r a u r a u r a u r a u a f D D o W M T W T F S S M T W T F S S M T W T F S S M T W T F S S M T W r f r y e 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 a o a e b 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 D Y 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 m ...... e ...... n d n d n d n d k . . . . . v . . . . e e e e u u u u n n n n n e t t t t t e e e e o o o o i i i i y o e u h u h u h u h a u r a u r a u r a u r a u a f N D o W S S M T W T F S S M T W T F S S M T W T F S S M T W T F S S f r y 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 a o r a e 7 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 e D Y 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 b o ...... t ...... c d n d n d n d n d k ...... e e e e u u u u u n n n n e t t t t e e e e e o o o o i i i i i y e O h u h u h u h u h r a u r a u r a u r a u r a f D o W W T F S S M T W T F S S M T W T F S S M T W T F S S M T W T F r f r y e 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 a o a b e 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 7 D Y 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 m ...... e ...... t n d n d n d n d n k ...... e e e e e u u u u n n n n e p t t t t e e e e o o o o o i i i i y e u h u h u h u h u e r a u r a u r a u r a u a f S D o W M T W T F S S M T W T F S S M T W T F S S M T W T F S S M T f r y 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 t a o a e s 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 D Y u 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 g ...... u n d n d n d n d k ...... e e e e u u u u n n n n n e t t t t t e e e e o o o o i i i i i y A e u h u h u h u h r a u r a u r a u r a u r a u a f D o W F S S M T W T F S S M T W T F S S M T W T F S S M T W T F S S 8 0 f r y 0 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 a o a e 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 2 D Y 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

y l ...... u R d n d n d n d n d k ...... e e e e e u u u u u J n n n n e t t t t e e e e e o o o o i i i i y e u h u h u h u h u h r a u r a u r a u r a u a f A D o W T W T F S S M T W T F S S M T W T F S S M T W T F S S M T W T D f r y N 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 a o a e 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 D E Y 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 e L n ...... u n d n d n d n d n k ...... e e e e u u u u J n n n n n e t t t t A e e e e o o o o o i i i i y e u h u h u h u h u r a u r a u r a u r a u a f D o W S M T W T F S S M T W T F S S M T W T F S S M T W T F S S M C f r y 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 a o a e 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 D Y 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 y a ...... M n d n d n d n d k ...... e e e e u u u u u n n n n e t t t t t e e e e o o o o i i i i i y e h u h u h u h u h r a u r a u r a u r a u r a a f D o W T F S S M T W T F S S M T W T F S S M T W T F S S M T W T F S f r y 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 a o a e 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 D l Y 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 i r ...... p d n d n d n d n d k ...... e e e e e u u u u n n n n e t t t t e e e e e o o o o i i i i y A e u h u h u h u h u r a u r a u r a u r a u a f D o W T W T F S S M T W T F S S M T W T F S S M T W T F S S M T W f r y 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 a o a e 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 9 h D Y c ...... r ...... n d n d n d n d n k . . . . . a . . . . e e e e u u u u n n n n n e t t t t t e e e e o o o o o i i i i y e u h u h u h u h a u r a u r a u r a u r a u a f M D o W S S M T W T F S S M T W T F S S M T W T F S S M T W T F S S M f r y y 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 a o a r e 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 a D Y ...... u ...... r n d n d n d n d k ...... e e e e u u u u n n n n e b t t t t e e e e o o o o i i i i i y e u h u h u h u h e r a u r a u r a u r a u r a f F D o W F S S M T W T F S S M T W T F S S M T W T F S S M T W T F f r y 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 a y o a r e 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 D a Y ...... u ...... d n d n d n d n d k . . . . n . . . . e e e e e u u u u u n n n n e t t t t e e e e e o o o o i i i i y a e u h u h u h u h u h r a u r a u r a u r a u a f J D o W T W T F S S M T W T F S S M T W T F S S M T W T F S S M T W T h t n y o a 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 f D o M 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 BAA Handbook 2008 Preface 3 PREFACE The general arrangement of the Handbook remains much the same as in 2007 except that we have used A5 format. The work of the Director has been greatly eased by the help of the Editor, Valerie White, who has seen all the material through the press. Andrew Sinclair provided all the tables and diagrams for Saturn’ssatellites, the two diagrams for the rising and setting of planets, and the diagram of the appearances of the planets. He also gave assistance with the grazing lunar occultations map. Mitsuo Kawata, International Lunar Occultation Centre, Japan, provided the predictions of lunar occultations. Barry Leggett prepared the table of the satellites of Jupiter from data supplied by William Thuillot of the Institut de Mécanique Céleste et de Calcul des Ephémérides, who also supplied the diagrams of Jupiter’ssatellites. Roger Dymock, Andrew Elliott and Richard Miles provided the data on minor planets and Jonathan Shanklin contributed the comet data. Solar and lunar eclipse maps and diagrams were provided by Fred Espenak, NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center. Neil Bone contributed the Meteor Diary. Des Loughney prepared the information on eclipsing binaries. John Isles contributed the data on Mira stars and double stars. The information for U Orionis and the diagrams for Uranus, Neptune and NGC 1275 were provided by John Toone. Roger Dymock provided the Pluto diagrams and Max White the list of radio time signals. The elements of Pluto’sorbit were provided by the late Andrew Hollis. Programs to calculate data have been written as follows: lunar librations by Ken Hall, Mercury and Venus ephemerides by the late John Williams and modified by Tony Evans who also provided the Mars ephemeris and central meridian. The Director has written programs for the calendar page, the ephemerides of the Sun, Jupiter and Saturn, the central meridians of Systems I, II and III of Jupiter, and of Systems I, II and III of Saturn, the Moon’sphases, apsides and rise and set times, the time page, eclipse data, the sky diary, the Sun’sselenographic colongitude, bright stars, and all other data not mentioned above. The following people gave valuable assistance in reading the proofs: Terry Moseley, John Vetterlein and Terry Williams. Unless stated otherwise, all data are tabulated for 0h UT on the date indicated.

GORDON E. TAYLOR Director, Computing Section 20 Badgers Walk Deanland Wood Park Golden Cross, Hailsham East Sussex, England, BN27 3UT 4 Sky Diary BAA Handbook 2008 SKY DIARY for 2008 (see p.35 for explanation) m d h Phenomena m d h Phenomena 1 04 04 Meteors - Quadrantids 7 10 18 Mars 0°.64S of Saturn 1 05 03 Moon 7°S of Venus 7 17 13 Moon 3°S of Jupiter 1 07 10 Moon 4°S of Jupiter 7 29 20 Mercury Sup. Conj. Sun 1 09 16 Moon 0°.3S of Mercury 8 01 10 Total eclipse of Sun 1 20 00 Moon 1°N of Mars 8 01 16 Moon 1°S of Mercury 1 22 05 Mercury Gt. Elong. E. 8 02 13 Moon 2°S of Venus 1 25 04 Moon 3°S of Saturn 8 03 11 Moon 3°S of Saturn 2 01 12 Venus 0°.59N of Jupiter 8 04 09 Moon 4°S of Mars 2 04 06 Moon 4°S of Jupiter 8 12 07 Meteors - Perseids 2 04 12 Moon 4°S of Venus 8 13 15 Moon 3°S of Jupiter 2 06 18 Mercury Inf. Conj. Sun 8 13 17 Venus 0°.22S. of Saturn 2 07 02 Moon 5°S of Mercury 8 15 08 Neptune Opposition Sun 2 07 04 Annular Eclipse of Sun 8 15 20 Mercury 0°.63S of Saturn 2 16 08 Moon 2°N of Mars 8 16 21 Partial Eclipse of Moon 2 21 04 Total Eclipse of Moon 8 21 16 Mercury 1°S of Venus 2 21 10 Moon 3°S of Saturn 8 31 02 Moon 4°S of Saturn 2 24 10 Saturn Opposition Sun 9 01 16 Moon 5°S of Venus 2 26 18 Mercury 1°N of Venus 9 01 21 Moon 3°S of Mercury 3 03 02 Moon 4°S of Jupiter 9 02 04 Moon 5°S of Mars 3 03 11 Mercury Gt. Elong. W. 9 08 18 Mercury 3°S of Mars 3 05 14 Moon 0°.2S of Mercury 9 09 21 Moon 3°S of Jupiter 3 05 19 Moon 0°.2N of Venus 9 11 04 Mercury Gt. Elong. E. 3 15 03 Moon 2°N of Mars 9 12 02 Venus 0°.30N of Mars 3 19 14 Moon 2°S of Saturn 9 13 02 Uranus Opposition Sun 3 24 13 Mercury 1°S of Venus 9 15 02 Mercury 4°S of Venus 3 30 18 Moon 3°S of Jupiter 9 23 11 Mercury 4°S of Mars 4 04 22 Moon 4°N of Venus 9 27 16 Moon 4°S of Saturn 4 05 08 Moon 5°N of Mercury 9 30 10 Moon 1°S of Mercury 4 12 06 Moon 1°N of Mars 10 01 00 Moon 5°S of Mars 4 15 17 Moon 2°S of Saturn 10 01 23 Moon 5°S of Venus 4 16 07 Mercury Sup. Conj. Sun 10 06 21 Mercury Inf. Conj. Sun 4 27 06 Moon 3°S of Jupiter 10 07 08 Moon 2°S of Jupiter 5 04 20 Moon 6°N of Venus 10 22 09 Mercury Gt. Elong. W. 5 06 22 Moon 2°N of Mercury 10 25 04 Moon 4°S of Saturn 5 10 14 Moon 0°.2N of Mars 10 27 12 Moon 7°S of Mercury 5 12 22 Moon 3°S of Saturn 10 29 22 Moon 5°S of Mars 5 14 04 Mercury Gt. Elong. E. 11 01 08 Moon 3°S of Venus 5 24 12 Moon 2°S of Jupiter 11 03 22 Moon 2°S of Jupiter 6 03 17 Moon 5°N of Venus 11 21 14 Moon 5°S of Saturn 6 04 04 Moon 6°N of Mercury 11 25 17 Mercury Sup. Conj. Sun 6 07 15 Mercury Inf. Conj. Sun 11 27 20 Moon 4°S of Mercury 6 07 21 Mercury 3°S of Venus 11 27 22 Moon 4°S of Mars 6 08 02 Moon 1°S of Mars 11 29 04 Mercury 0°.55S of Mars 6 09 04 Venus Sup. Conj. Sun 12 01 09 Venus 2°S of Jupiter 6 09 07 Moon 3°S of Saturn 12 01 15 Moon 1°S of Jupiter 6 20 13 Moon 2°S of Jupiter 12 01 16 Moon 0°.8N of Venus 6 20 20 Pluto Opposition Sun 12 13 16 Meteors - Geminids 7 01 14 Moon 8°N of Mercury 12 18 23 Moon 5°S of Saturn 7 01 18 Mercury Gt. Elong. W. 12 26 23 Moon 3°S of Mars 7 03 14 Moon 2°N of Venus 12 29 04 Moon 0.6°N of Mercury 7 06 16 Moon 2°S of Mars 12 29 09 Moon 0.6°S of Jupiter 7 06 20 Moon 3°S of Saturn 12 31 12 Mercury 1°S of Jupiter 7 09 08 Jupiter Opposition Sun 12 31 19 Moon 3°N of Venus BAA Handbook 2008 Visibility of Planets 5

VISIBILITY OF PLANETS The diagrams on pages 6 and 7, drawn for latitudes N 52° and S 35° respectively, show the times for the actual risings and settings of the Sun and the planets. The beginning and end of astronomical twilight (Sun 18° below horizon) is also shown. The times are in LMT and are thus in GMT (= UT) for the Greenwich meridian. Since dates change at midnight, the dates at the top differ by one day from those at the foot. Each vertical line, followed upwards, indicates the succession of phenomena in the course of one night. Thus, in latitude N 52° on the night of February 20-21, Saturn rises at 17h 38m, Uranus sets at 18h 51m, Mars sets at 04h 22m, Jupiter rises at 05h 12m, Mercury rises at 06h 12m, Venus rises at 06h 15m, Neptune rises at 06h 55m. The UT of any phenomenon seen from elsewhere than on the Greenwich meridian may be obtained as follows: Add the longitude west of Greenwich, expressed in time. This applies both to rising and to setting times. Add the correction, Δh, from the table below for setting times and subtract it for rising times. The correction should be obtained by interpolating in both latitude and declination. Thus: Rising time = time from diagram + longitude –Δh Setting time = time from diagram + longitude + Δh Example: Glasgow, W 0h 17m, N 55°·9. Date February 20. Neptune rises at 06h 55m from the diagram on page 6. Declination of Neptune (page 81) –14°·4; Δh = –13 m. Neptune rises at Glasgow at 06h 55m + 17m –(–13m) = 07h 25m.

Δh TABLE

Latitude Dec. Latitude N 58° N 55° N 50° N 40° N 30° N 20° 0° S 20° S 25° S 30° S 40° S 45° m m m m m m ° m m m m m m +69 +29 –15 –70 –106 –134 29 +91 +45 +31 +17 –20 –43 +62 +26 –14 –66 –100 –127 28 +87 +43 +30 +16 –19 –41 +56 +24 –13 –62 –94 –120 27 +84 +41 +29 +15 –18 –39 +51 +22 –12 –58 –89 –114 26 +80 +39 +27 +14 –17 –37 +46 +20 –12 –54 –84 –107 25 +76 +37 +26 +14 –16 –35 +31 +14 –8 –40 –63 –81 20 +59 +29 +20 +11 –12 –26 +21 +10 –6 –28 –45 –58 15 +43 +21 +15 + 8 –9 –19 +13 + 6 –4 –18 –29 –37 10 +28 +14 +10 + 5 –6 –12 + 6 + 3 –2 –9 –14 –18 5 +14 + 7 + 5 + 2 –3 –6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

If Dec. is negative, reverse the sign of Δh. 6 Planets BAA Handbook 2008 BAA Handbook 2008 Planets 7 8 Eclipses BAA Handbook 2008 ECLIPSES

During 2008 there will be four eclipses, two of the Sun and two of the Moon. 1. An annular eclipse of the Sun on February 7 is visible as a partial eclipse from the western part of the South Pacific Ocean, New Zealand and eastern Australia. The partial phase begins at 01h 38m and ends at 08h 12m. The annular phase is only visible from a small part of the South Pacific Ocean and a portion of Antarctica nearest to South America. The path of annularity starts in the South Pacific Ocean and ends in Antarctica. Annularity begins at 03h 20m and ends at 04h 31m. The maximum duration of annularity is 2m 12s. Local Circumstances Begins Ends Place Longitude Latitude Ht. Ph. UT PA UT PA Mag. ° ° m h m ° h m ° Suva, Fiji E 178.460 S 17.920 0 P 4 37.8 194 6 10.5 102 0.314 Auckland E 174.777 S 36.908 80 P 3 46.5 211 5 51.1 83 0.574 Wellington E 174.765 S 41.285 129 P 3 35.5 215 5 44.2 80 0.626 Siding Spring E 149.067 S 31.277 1165 P 4 05.4 172 5 28.1 112 0.139 Antarctica W 150.000 S 77.000 0 P 2 33.9 242 4 38.2 67 0.945

2. A total eclipse of the Moon on February 21 is visible from central and western Asia, the Indian Ocean, Africa, Europe, the Atlantic Ocean, Iceland, Greenland, the Americas, and the extreme north-east of Asia. The partial phase begins at 01h 43m and ends at 05h 09m. The total phase begins at 03h 00m and ends at 03h 51m. 3. A total eclipse of the Sun on August 1 is visible as a partial eclipse from north-east Canada, northern Europe, and Asia. The partial phase begins at 08h 04m and ends at 12h 38m. The path of totality starts in islands north of the mainland of Canada, and then crosses northern Greenland, Novaya Zemlya and extreme western Mongolia, before ending in China. Totality begins at 09h 21m and ends at 11h 21m. The maximum duration of totality is 2m 27s.

Local Circumstances Begins Ends Place Longitude Latitude Ht. Ph. UT P UT P Mag. ° ° m h m ° h m ° St. Johns* W 52.670 N 47.580 0 P 8 04.3 327 9 24.3 61 0.317 Beijing E 116.330 N 39.920 100 P 10 17.2 290 11 59.9 120 0.915 Taiyuan E 112.550 N 37.870 1000 P 10 20.8 293 12 04.8 117 0.957 Tomsk E 84.947 N 56.468 130 P 9 39.8 296 11 42.5 119 0.984 Novosibirsk E 83.080 N 55.000 100 P 9 41.4 298 11 45.2 118 T 10 44.1 106 10 46.4 309 1.039 Naini Tal E 79.457 N 29.361 1927 P 10 32.2 322 12 26.2 99 0.663 Greenwich 0.000 N 51.477 47 P 8 33.2 343 10 05.0 61 0.218 Edinburgh W 3.183 N 55.925 146 P 8 24.5 332 10 11.1 71 0.346 * Begins at sunrise

4. A partial eclipse of the Moon on August 16 is visible from Australasia, Asia (except the extreme north-east), the Indian Ocean, Antarctica, Africa, Europe, Iceland, the Atlantic Ocean, the southern edge of Greenland, the north-east of North America, Central America, and South America. The eclipse begins at 19h 35m and ends at 22h 44m. At maximum eclipse 81% of the Moon's surface is obscured. BAA Handbook 2008 Eclipses 9 10 Eclipses BAA Handbook 2008 BAA Handbook 2008 Eclipses 11 12 Eclipses BAA Handbook 2008 BAA Handbook 2008 Time 13

TIME Universal Time (UT, Greenwich Mean Time beginning at midnight) is used generally throughout the Handbook. Terrestrial Time (TT) is the uniform time system which is used in computing the ephemerides of the bodies of the Solar System. TT is currently ahead of UT by a small amount  which must be determined by observations; thus TT = UT + ΔT The value of  for 2008 is estimated to be about 65 seconds. Terrestrial Time was formerly known as Terrestrial Dynamical Time (TDT). Greenwich Mean Astronomical Time (GMAT), or Greenwich Mean Time beginning at noon, was in use before 1925 January 1, and many astronomical records prior to that date are referred to this system. To convert UT to GMAT subtract 12 hours, and to convert GMAT to UT add 12 hours. Greenwich Sidereal Time (GST) is given in the table on page 14 at 0h UT. It may be obtained with sufficient accuracy for setting the circles of a telescope at any other time by adding 3m·94 for every complete day after a tabulated date, together with the correction for parts of a day from the critical table which follows: h m h m h m h m 0 00.0 m 5 46·9 m 11 52·2 m 17 57.4 m 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 0 18.2 6 23·5 12 28.7 18 33.9 0.1 1.1 2.1 3.1 0 54.7 7 00·0 13 05.3 19 10.5 0.2 1.2 2.2 3.2 1 31.3 7 36.5 13 41.7 19 47.0 0.3 1.3 2.3 3.3 2 07.8 8 13.0 14 18.3 20 23.5 0.4 1.4 2.4 3.4 2 44.3 8 49.6 14 54.8 21 00.0 0.5 1.5 2.5 3.5 3 20.8 9 26.1 15 31.3 21 36.6 0.6 1.6 2.6 3.6 3 57.4 10 02.6 16 07.8 22 13.1 0.7 1.7 2.7 3.7 4 33.9 10 39.1 16 44.4 22 49.6 0.8 1.8 2.8 3.8 5 10.4 11 15.6 17 20.9 23 26.1 0.9 1.9 2.9 3.9 5 46.9 11 52.2 17 57.4 24 02.7 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 6 23.5 12 28.7 18 33.9 24 39.2 In critical cases ascend. GST (at 0h UT) = 6h ·60292 + 0h·06570982 d where d is the number of days from 2008 January 0. Here the sidereal time is actually the mean sidereal time. The difference between mean and apparent sidereal time is never more than about 1.2 seconds. Local Sidereal Time (LST) and Local Hour Angle (LHA) are found from LST = GST- λ LHA = LST-RA Where λ is the longitude, measured positive westwards from Greenwich. The Julian Date, in which the day begins at noon, is used in accurate computing work and is given in the table on page 14.

The Sun’s Longitude is used as a measure of time in meteor work. It may be interpolated from the table on page 14. 14 Time BAA Handbook 2008 TIME (concluded) Julian Sun's Long. Julian Sun's Long. 2008 Date GST 2000.0 2008 Date GST 2000.0 2454 h m º 2454 h m º Jan. 0 465.5 6 36.2 278.80 Jul. 3 650.5 18 45.6 101.33 5.10 4.77 5 470.5 6 55.9 283.90 8 655.5 19 05.3 106.10 5.10 4.77 10 475.5 7 15.6 288.99 13 660.5 19 25.0 110.87 5.09 4.77 15 480.5 7 35.3 294.09 18 665.5 19 44.7 115.63 5.09 4.77 20 485.5 7 55.0 299.18 23 670.5 20 04.4 120.41 5.09 4.78 25 490.5 8 14.8 304.27 28 675.5 20 24.1 125.18 5.08 4.78 30 495.5 8 34.5 309.35 Aug. 2 680.5 20 43.8 129.96 5.08 4.79 Feb. 4 500.5 8 54.2 314.42 7 685.5 21 03.6 134.75 5.07 4.79 9 505.5 9 13.9 319.49 12 690.5 21 23.3 139.55 5.06 4.80 14 510.5 9 33.6 324.55 17 695.5 21 43.0 144.35 5.05 4.81 19 515.5 9 53.3 329.60 22 700.5 22 02.7 149.16 5.04 4.82 24 520.5 10 13.0 334.64 27 705.5 22 22.4 153.98 5.03 4.83 29 525.5 10 32.7 339.66 Sep. 1 710.5 22 42.1 158.82 5.01 4.84 Mar. 5 530.5 10 52.5 344.68 6 715.5 23 01.8 163.66 5.00 4.86 10 535.5 11 12.2 349.68 11 720.5 23 21.5 168.52 4.99 4.87 15 540.5 11 31.9 354.67 16 725.5 23 41.3 173.39 4.98 4.88 20 545.5 11 51.6 359.64 21 730.5 0 01.0 178.27 4.96 4.90 25 550.5 12 11.3 4.60 26 735.5 0 20.7 183.16 4.95 4.91 30 555.5 12 31.0 9.55 Oct. 1 740.5 0 40.4 188.07 4.93 4.92 Apr. 4 560.5 12 50.7 14.48 6 745.5 1 00.1 192.99 4.92 4.94 9 565.5 13 10.4 19.40 11 750.5 1 19.8 197.93 4.90 4.95 14 570.5 13 30.2 24.31 16 755.5 1 39.5 202.88 4.89 4.97 19 575.5 13 49.9 29.20 21 760.5 1 59.3 207.85 4.88 4.98 24 580.5 14 09.6 34.08 26 765.5 2 19.0 212.83 4.86 4.99 29 585.5 14 29.3 38.94 31 770.5 2 38.7 217.82 4.85 5.01 May 4 590.5 14 49.0 43.79 Nov. 5 775.5 2 58.4 222.83 4.84 5.02 9 595.5 15 08.7 48.63 10 780.5 3 18.1 227.85 4.83 5.03 14 600.5 15 28.4 53.46 15 785.5 3 37.8 232.88 4.82 5.04 19 605.5 15 48.1 58.28 20 790.5 3 57.5 237.92 4.81 5.05 24 610.5 16 07.9 63.09 25 795.5 4 17.2 242.97 4.80 5.06 29 615.5 16 27.6 67.89 30 800.5 4 37.0 248.03 4.79 5.07 Jun. 3 620.5 16 47.3 72.68 Dec. 5 805.5 4 56.7 253.10 4.79 5.08 8 625.5 17 07.0 77.47 10 810.5 5 16.4 258.18 4.78 5.08 13 630.5 17 26.7 82.25 15 815.5 5 36.1 263.26 4.78 5.09 18 635.5 17 46.4 87.02 20 820.5 5 55.8 268.35 4.77 5.09 23 640.5 18 06.1 91.79 25 825.5 6 15.5 273.44 4.77 5.09 28 645.5 18 25.9 96.56 30 830.5 6 35.2 278.54 4.77 5.10 The precession in longitude from 2000.0 to 2008.0 is +0º.11 and from 2000.0 to 1950.0 is -0º.70 BAA Handbook 2008 Radio Time Signals 15

RADIO TIME SIGNALS

The radio signals listed below may be of use to observers. The stations transmit Coordinated Universal Time (UTC). The transmissions also carry a coded correction so that it is possible to convert UTC to UT1. However, observers should always report their observations in UTC.

Transmission Station Times of Call Sign Frequencies Details of Signal (Country) Transmission (kHz) Fort Collins WWV 2500 continuous Second marker 5ms pulse (29s and (U.S.A.) 5000 59s omitted); minute marker 800ms 10000 pulse male voice announcement 52s- 15000 60s 20000 Kauai WWVH 2500 2500 continuous Second marker 5ms pulse (29s and (Hawaii) 5000 59s omitted); minute marker 800ms 10000 pulse female voice announcement 15000 45s-52·5s 20000 Ottawa CHU 3330 continuous Second marker 01s-28s, 30s-50s; (Canada) 7335 minute marker 500ms pulse; 51s-59s. 14670 Long hour marker. Puncheng BPM 5000 continuous Second marker 10 ms; minute marker (China) 10000 continuous continuous 30 ms. Call sign in Morse 15000 0100-0900 and voice at 29-30m and 59-60m. Z transmission UTC time signals given out at 00-10, 15-25, 30-40, 45 -55m. Chung-Li BSF 5000 continuous except Second marker 5ms; minute marker (Taiwan) 15000 35-40 m 300ms. Mainflingen DCF77 77·5 continuous Second marker 100ms (59s omitted); (Germany) minute marker 500ms Taejon HLA 5000 continuous Second marker 20ms, minute marker (South Korea) Mon.-Fri. 800ms at 1000Hz tone; hour marker 800ms at 1500Hz tone; voice announcement at 52s. Nazaki JG2AS/ 40 continuous Second marker 500ms; 59th second (Japan) JJF-2 200-ms interruption of carrier wave; Morse call sign at 15 and 45m. Prangins HBG 75 continuous Markers interruption of carrier wave. (Switzerland) Second marker 10ms; minute marker double pulse; hour marker triple pulse. Buenos Aires LOL1 5000 1700-1800 Morse ID; voice 04, 09. Then every (Argentina) 10000 2000-2100 5m past hour. 2300-2400 Moscow RWM 4996 continuous except 08 & 38m past hr. (Russia) 9996 continuous Morse ID at 09 & 39m. 14996 continuous Caracas YVTO 5000 continuous Second marker 100ms pulse voice (Venezuela) announcement of time every minute; minute marker 500ms pulse 30s marker omitted.

For further information see http://www.longwave.de/TSS.pdf 16 Earth and Sun BAA Handbook 2008

EARTH Perihelion Jan. 2 (147 million km) : Aphelion July 4 (152 million km) Equinoxes Mar. 20d 05h 48m Sept. 22d 15h 44m Solstices June 20d 23h 59m Dec. 21d 12h 04m Obliquity 2000·0 23°·43929 2008·0 23°·43825

SUN The table on pages 17 and 18 gives the apparent RA, Dec. and diameter of the Sun, the UT of transit across the Greenwich meridian, and P, B0, L0 where P = the position angle of the N. end of the axis of rotation, + if east of the north point of the disk, - if west; B0 = the heliographic latitude of the centre of the disk; L0 = the heliographic longitude of the centre of the disk.

Decrease of L0 with Time

The heliographic longitude and latitude of a spot may be conveniently estimated by the method described in J. Br. Astron. Assoc., 53, 63 (1943). This and other methods are presented in the booklet, Some Notes on Heliographic Coordinates (1984), obtainable from the Office of the Association. The dates of commencement of the synodic rotations, in continuation of Carrington’s (Greenwich Photo-Heliographic) series, are as follows:

Rotation Begins Rotation Begins Rotation Begins d d d 2066 Jan. 25.39 2071 Jun. 9.79 2076 Oct. 23.99 2067 Feb. 21.73 2072 Jul. 6.99 2077 Nov. 20.29 2068 Mar. 20.05 2073 Aug. 3.20 2078 Dec. 17.61 2069 Apr. 16.34 2074 Aug. 30.43 2070 May 13.58 2075 Sep. 26.70

At the date of commencement of each synodic rotation period the value of L0 is zero; that is, the prime meridian passes through the central point of the disk.

The sidereal period of rotation of the Sun used in physical ephemerides is 25·38 mean solar days, after Carrington; the mean synodic rotation period is 27d·2753. BAA Handbook 2008 Sun 17

SUN (continued)

2008 RA Dec. Diam. Transit P B0 L0 h m º ' ' " h m º º º Jan. 0 18 38.8 -23 08 32 35 12 02.8 +2.8 -2.8 334.3 5 19 00.8 22 42 32 35 12 05.2 +0.4 3.4 268.5 10 19 22.7 22 05 32 35 12 07.3 -2.0 4.0 202.7 15 19 44.4 21 16 32 34 12 09.2 4.4 4.5 136.8 20 20 05.8 20 18 32 34 12 10.9 6.7 5.0 71.0

25 20 26.8 -19 10 32 33 12 12.2 -8.9 -5.4 5.1 30 20 47.6 17 53 32 32 12 13.2 11.1 5.8 299.3 Feb. 4 21 08.0 16 28 32 30 12 13.9 13.1 6.2 233.5 9 21 28.1 14 56 32 29 12 14.2 15.1 6.5 167.6 14 21 47.8 13 18 32 27 12 14.2 16.8 6.8 101.8

19 22 07.3 -11 34 32 25 12 13.9 -18.5 -7.0 36.0 24 22 26.4 9 46 32 23 12 13.3 20.0 7.1 330.1 29 22 45.3 7 54 32 21 12 12.5 21.4 7.2 264.3 Mar. 5 23 04.0 5 59 32 18 12 11.4 22.6 7.2 198.4 10 23 22.5 4 02 32 16 12 10.2 23.6 7.2 132.5

15 23 40.9 -2 04 32 13 12 08.8 -24.5 -7.2 66.6 20 23 59.1 -0 06 32 10 12 07.4 25.2 7.0 0.7 25 0 17.3 +1 53 32 08 12 05.9 25.7 6.9 294.8 30 0 35.5 3 50 32 05 12 04.4 26.1 6.6 228.8 Apr. 4 0 53.8 5 45 32 02 12 02.9 26.3 6.4 162.9

9 1 12.1 +7 38 31 59 12 01.5 -26.3 -6.0 96.9 14 1 30.5 9 28 31 57 12 00.2 26.1 5.7 30.9 19 1 49.0 11 14 31 54 11 59.0 25.7 5.3 324.9 24 2 07.7 12 55 31 51 11 58.1 25.2 4.8 258.8 29 2 26.7 14 31 31 49 11 57.3 24.4 4.3 192.7

May 4 2 45.8 +16 01 31 46 11 56.7 -23.5 -3.8 126.7 9 3 05.2 17 24 31 44 11 56.4 22.4 3.3 60.6 14 3 24.8 18 40 31 42 11 56.3 21.1 2.7 354.4 19 3 44.6 19 48 31 40 11 56.5 19.7 2.2 288.3 24 4 04.7 20 48 31 38 11 56.9 18.1 1.6 222.2

29 4 24.9 +21 39 31 37 11 57.4 -16.4 -1.0 156.0 Jun. 3 4 45.4 22 20 31 35 11 58.2 14.5 -0.4 89.8 8 5 06.0 22 52 31 34 11 59.1 12.6 +0.2 23.7 13 5 26.7 23 13 31 33 12 00.1 10.5 0.8 317.5 18 5 47.5 23 25 31 32 12 01.2 8.4 1.4 251.3

23 6 08.3 +23 26 31 31 12 02.3 -6.1 +2.0 185.1 28 6 29.1 +23 16 31 31 12 03.3 -3.9 +2.6 118.9 18 Sun BAA Handbook 2008

SUN (continued)

2008 RA Dec. Diam. Transit P B0 L0 h m º ' ' " h m º º º Jul. 3 6 49.8 +22 57 31 31 12 04.3 -1.6 +3.1 52.8 8 7 10.3 22 27 31 31 12 05.1 +0.6 3.7 346.6 13 7 30.7 21 48 31 31 12 05.8 2.9 4.2 280.4 18 7 50.9 21 00 31 32 12 06.3 5.1 4.6 214.2 23 8 10.9 20 02 31 32 12 06.5 7.2 5.1 148.1

28 8 30.6 +18 57 31 33 12 06.5 +9.3 +5.5 81.9 Aug. 2 8 50.1 17 43 31 34 12 06.2 11.3 5.9 15.8 7 9 09.3 16 22 31 36 12 05.7 13.3 6.2 309.7 12 9 28.3 14 55 31 37 12 05.0 15.1 6.5 243.6 17 9 47.1 13 22 31 39 12 04.0 16.8 6.7 177.5

22 10 05.6 +11 44 31 41 12 02.8 +18.4 +6.9 111.4 27 10 23.9 10 00 31 43 12 01.4 19.8 7.1 45.3 Sep. 1 10 42.1 8 13 31 45 11 59.9 21.1 7.2 339.3 6 11 00.2 6 23 31 47 11 58.2 22.3 7.2 273.3 11 11 18.2 4 30 31 50 11 56.5 23.4 7.2 207.2

16 11 36.1 +2 35 31 52 11 54.7 +24.3 +7.2 141.2 21 11 54.1 +0 39 31 55 11 52.9 25.0 7.1 75.2 26 12 12.0 -1 18 31 57 11 51.2 25.6 6.9 9.2 Oct. 1 12 30.1 3 15 32 00 11 49.5 26.0 6.7 303.2 6 12 48.2 5 11 32 03 11 48.0 26.2 6.4 237.3

11 13 06.6 -7 05 32 06 11 46.6 +26.3 +6.1 171.3 16 13 25.1 8 56 32 08 11 45.5 26.1 5.8 105.3 21 13 43.9 10 45 32 11 11 44.5 25.8 5.4 39.4 26 14 02.9 12 30 32 14 11 43.9 25.3 4.9 333.4 31 14 22.3 14 09 32 16 11 43.6 24.6 4.5 267.5

Nov. 5 14 42.0 -15 43 32 19 11 43.6 +23.7 +3.9 201.6 10 15 02.0 17 11 32 21 11 44.0 22.6 3.4 135.7 15 15 22.4 18 31 32 24 11 44.6 21.3 2.8 69.7 20 15 43.1 19 43 32 26 11 45.7 19.8 2.2 3.8 25 16 04.2 20 47 32 27 11 47.1 18.2 1.6 297.9

30 16 25.6 -21 40 32 29 11 48.8 +16.4 +1.0 232.0 Dec. 5 16 47.2 22 23 32 31 11 50.8 14.4 +0.3 166.1 10 17 09.1 22 55 32 32 11 53.0 12.3 -0.3 100.3 15 17 31.2 23 16 32 33 11 55.3 10.0 0.9 34.4 20 17 53.3 23 26 32 34 11 57.8 7.7 1.6 328.5

25 18 15.5 -23 24 32 35 12 00.3 +5.4 -2.2 262.6 30 18 37.7 -23 09 32 35 12 02.7 +3.0 -2.8 196.8 BAA Handbook 2008 Moon 19

MOON

PHASES OF THE MOON

New Moon First Quarter Full Moon Last Quarter d h m d h m d h m d h m Jan. 8 11 37 Jan. 15 19 46 Jan. 22 13 35 Jan. 30 05 03 Feb. 7 03 45 Feb. 14 03 33 Feb. 21 03 31 Feb. 29 02 18 Mar. 7 17 14 Mar. 14 10 46 Mar. 21 18 40 Mar. 29 21 47 Apr. 6 03 55 Apr. 12 18 32 Apr. 20 10 25 Apr. 28 14 12 May 5 12 18 May 12 03 47 May 20 02 11 May 28 02 57 June 3 19 23 June 10 15 04 June 18 17 30 June 26 12 10 July 3 02 19 July 10 04 35 July 18 07 59 July 25 18 42 Aug. 1 10 13 Aug. 8 20 20 Aug. 16 21 16 Aug. 23 23 50 Aug. 30 19 58 Sept. 7 14 04 Sept. 15 09 13 Sept. 22 05 04 Sept. 29 08 12 Oct. 7 09 04 Oct. 14 20 02 Oct. 21 11 55 Oct. 28 23 14 Nov. 6 04 03 Nov. 13 06 17 Nov. 19 21 31 Nov. 27 16 55 Dec. 5 21 26 Dec. 12 16 37 Dec. 19 10 29 Dec. 27 12 22

APSIDES

PERIGEE APOGEE

d h ' " d h ' " d h ' " d h ' " Jan. 19 09 32 36 July 29 23 32 50 Jan. 3 08 29 29 July 14 04 29 28 Feb. 14 01 32 16 Aug. 26 04 32 25 Jan. 31 04 29 33 Aug. 10 20 29 32 Mar. 10 22 32 37 Sep. 20 04 32 24 Feb. 28 01 29 33 Sep. 7 15 29 34 Apr. 7 19 33 05 Oct. 17 06 32 51 Mar. 26 20 29 30 Oct. 5 11 29 32 May 6 03 33 24 Nov. 14 10 33 17 Apr. 23 09 29 26 Nov. 2 05 29 27 June 3 13 33 27 Dec. 12 22 33 30 May 20 14 29 24 Nov. 29 17 29 24 June 16 17 29 25 Dec. 26 18 29 23

LIBRATION

Maximum Minimum Maximum Minimum Date Size PA Date Size PA Date Size PA Date Size PA d º º d º º d º º d º º Jan. 5.28 6.8 21 Jan. 1.36 6.5 347 Jul. 9.89 8.3 335 Jul. 3.34 4.9 226 Jan. 17.30 6.8 146 Jan. 11.56 5.2 69 Jul. 25.42 8.0 121 Jul. 18.48 4.4 46 Feb. 1.66 6.9 22 Jan. 23.03 5.5 260 Aug. 6.98 8.2 341 Jul. 31.49 4.0 239 Feb. 14.44 6.8 169 Feb. 8.68 4.8 84 Aug. 22.05 7.3 133 Aug. 15.08 4.2 49 Feb. 29.91 7.0 30 Feb. 20.47 4.7 281 Sep. 3.79 7.8 346 Aug. 28.29 3.6 252 Mar. 13.53 6.9 191 Mar. 8.08 5.3 100 Sep. 18.19 6.9 138 Sep. 11.00 4.5 46 Mar. 31.72 7.1 55 Mar. 19.61 5.0 299 Oct. 1.24 7.6 349 Sep. 24.69 4.2 262 Apr. 11.20 7.1 221 Apr. 6.44 6.2 128 Oct. 14.02 7.2 114 Oct. 7.59 4.6 38 Apr. 22.48 6.6 15 Apr. 16.91 6.0 316 Oct. 28.12 7.7 345 Oct. 21.12 5.3 251 May 1.22 7.9 84 Apr. 24.60 6.6 30 Nov. 10.14 8.5 105 Nov. 3.65 4.4 36 May 11.88 7.3 282 May 6.72 6.5 177 Nov. 23.50 8.4 336 Nov. 16.10 5.2 219 May 30.04 8.5 98 May 23.29 5.9 36 Dec. 8.06 9.5 105 Dec. 1.13 3.8 36 Jun. 11.48 7.9 325 Jun. 4.86 5.8 208 Dec. 20.68 9.4 333 Dec. 14.00 4.1 221 Jun. 27.40 8.5 109 Jun. 20.51 5.1 41 Dec. 28.79 3.1 37

NOTE: Size of libration is given as an angle measured at the centre of the Moon. Position angle (PA) is measured through East on the face of the Moon from the North point of the disk. 20 Sun BAA Handbook 2008

SUN'S SELENOGRAPHIC COLONGITUDE

Day Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May Jun. Jul. Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec. ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° 1 183.1 200.0 192.9 210.5 216.4 235.0 241.7 260.6 279.3 285.4 303.1 308.2 2 195.2 212.2 205.0 222.7 228.7 247.3 253.9 272.8 291.5 297.6 315.3 320.4 3 207.4 224.4 217.2 234.9 240.9 259.5 266.2 285.1 303.8 309.8 327.5 332.5 4 219.6 236.6 229.4 247.1 253.1 271.8 278.4 297.3 316.0 322.0 339.7 344.7 5 231.8 248.7 241.6 259.3 265.4 284.0 290.7 309.6 328.2 334.2 351.9 356.9 6 243.9 260.9 253.8 271.6 277.6 296.3 302.9 321.8 340.5 346.4 4.0 9.1 7 256.1 273.1 266.0 283.8 289.8 308.5 315.2 334.1 352.7 358.6 16.2 21.2 8 268.3 285.3 278.2 296.0 302.1 320.8 327.4 346.3 4.9 10.8 28.4 33.4 9 280.5 297.5 290.4 308.2 314.3 333.0 339.7 358.5 17.1 23.0 40.5 45.5 10 292.7 309.7 302.6 320.5 326.5 345.2 351.9 10.7 29.3 35.2 52.7 57.6 11 304.9 321.9 314.9 332.7 338.7 357.4 4.1 22.9 41.5 47.3 64.8 69.8 12 317.1 334.1 327.0 344.9 351.0 9.7 16.3 35.1 53.6 59.5 77.0 81.9 13 329.2 346.3 339.2 357.1 3.2 21.9 28.5 47.3 65.8 71.6 89.1 94.0 14 341.4 358.4 351.4 9.3 15.4 34.1 40.7 59.5 78.0 83.8 101.2 106.1 15 353.6 10.6 3.6 21.4 27.6 46.3 52.9 71.7 90.2 95.9 113.4 118.3 16 5.7 22.7 15.8 33.6 39.8 58.5 65.1 83.9 102.3 108.1 125.5 130.4 17 17.9 34.9 28.0 45.8 52.0 70.7 77.3 96.1 114.5 120.3 137.7 142.5 18 30.0 47.0 40.1 58.0 64.2 82.9 89.5 108.3 126.7 132.4 149.8 154.7 19 42.2 59.2 52.3 70.2 76.3 95.1 101.7 120.5 138.8 144.6 162.0 166.8 20 54.3 71.3 64.4 82.3 88.5 107.3 113.9 132.7 151.0 156.7 174.1 179.0 21 66.4 83.5 76.6 94.5 100.7 119.5 126.1 144.8 163.2 168.9 186.3 191.1 22 78.6 95.6 88.7 106.7 112.9 131.6 138.3 157.0 175.4 181.1 198.5 203.3 23 90.7 107.7 100.9 118.8 125.1 143.9 150.5 169.2 187.6 193.3 210.6 215.5 24 102.8 119.9 113.1 131.0 137.3 156.1 162.7 181.5 199.8 205.5 222.8 227.7 25 114.9 132.0 125.2 143.2 149.5 168.3 174.9 193.7 212.0 217.7 235.0 239.9 26 127.1 144.2 137.4 155.4 161.7 180.5 187.2 205.9 224.2 229.9 247.2 252.0 27 139.2 156.3 149.5 167.6 173.9 192.7 199.4 218.1 236.5 242.1 259.4 264.2 28 151.4 168.5 161.7 179.8 186.1 204.9 211.6 230.3 248.7 254.3 271.6 276.4 29 163.5 180.7 173.9 192.0 198.3 217.2 223.9 242.6 260.9 266.5 283.8 288.6 30 175.7 186.1 204.2 210.6 229.4 236.1 254.8 273.1 278.7 296.0 300.8 31 187.8 198.3 222.8 248.3 267.1 290.9 313.0

The Sun’sselenographic colongitude, given here for each midnight, is numerically equal to the selenographic longitude of the morning terminator, measured eastward from the mean centre of the disk. Its value is approximately 270° at New Moon, 0° at First Quarter, 90° at Full Moon, and 180° at Last Quarter. Observers should always quote the west or east longitude of the morning or evening terminator, as appropriate. These values are obtained from the Sun’sselenographic colongitude S as follows: Terminator S Longitude New Moon to First Quarter Morning 270° to 360° 360°-S West First Quarter to Full Moon Morning 0° to 90° S East Full Moon to Last Quarter Evening 90° to 180° 180°-S West Last Quarter to New Moon Evening 180° to 270° S-180° East The hourly increase in S may be taken as 0°·5. BAA Handbook 2008 Moon 21 MOONRISE AND MOONSET On the two following pages are given the times (UT) of moonrise and moonset for longitude (λ) 0°, in the standard latitudes (φ) of N 52° and S 35°. Observers in most other latitudes can determine approximate times using the following method, where the times of moonrise and moonset are for the standard latitude in the same hemisphere as the observer. The basis of the method is given in J. Br. Astron. Assoc., 86, 416 (1976).

1. For a moonrise, R1, use the previous moonset, S0, and the N 52° S 35° following moonset, S2. Form m a Dec. a 1 0 2 a = -2R +S +S +8 h m ° h m 0 00 0 0 00 2. For a moonset, S1, use the previous moonrise, R0, and the 0 21 1 0 12 following moonrise, R2. Form m 0 42 2 0 23 a = 2S1-R0-R2+8 1 03 3 0 35 3. Enter the table on the right with argument a and obtain the 1 25 4 0 46 Moon’sDec., by mental interpolation, to 0º·1. 1 46 5 0 58 2 07 6 1 10 4. Enter the table on p. 5 with this Dec. and the required latitude to 2 29 7 1 21 obtain Δh. 2 51 8 1 33 3 13 9 1 45 5. Moonrise for required latitude = R1-1·04 Δh. 3 35 10 1 57 Moonset for required latitude = S1+1·04 Δh. 3 58 11 2 09 The accuracy of the times so derived is ±3m. 4 20 12 2 21 4 44 13 2 33 These times are for longitude 0º. For other longitudes it is necessary to 5 07 14 2 46 calculate the times of the previous (following) similar phenomenon at the 5 31 15 2 58 standard latitude if the observer is east (west) of Greenwich and then 5 56 16 3 11 interpolate them to the observer’slongitude. 6 21 17 3 24 6 46 18 3 37 Example. Calculate the UT of moonrise on April 19 at W 0º, 7 12 19 3 51 N 20º. The times are from p.22. 7 39 20 4 04 d h m d h m 8 07 21 4 18 S0 19 04 09 -2R1 - 39 13 06 Dec. - 12°·3 8 35 22 4 32 m R1 19 18 33 S0+S2 + 39 08 31 Δh +46 9 05 23 4 46 m S2 20 04 22 Sum - 4 35 1·04 Δh +48 9 36 24 5 01 + 8 1008 25 5 16 a - 4 27 1041 26 5 31 Required UT = 19d 18h 33m - (+48m) = 19d 17h 45m 1116 27 5 47 1153 28 6 03 Example. Calculate the LMT of moonrise on April 19 at 1231 29 6 20

E 108° (= -108°), N 20°. The times are from p.22. same opp Diff. Diff. sign Dec sign Moonrise (-1d) Moonset (-1d) as a } { to a d h m m d h m m 18 17 19 19 04 09 74 13 19 18 33 20 04 22 15 21 04 37 d h m d h m m S0 19 04 09 + (13 x -108/360) = 19 04 05 m R1 19 18 33 + (74 x -108/360) = 19 18 11 m S2 20 04 22 + (15 x -108/360) = 20 04 18 These new values of S0,R1,S2 are then used in the same manner as shown in the previous example. The required time in (LMT) is found as 19d 10h 17m. 22 Moon BAA Handbook 2008 . 1 3 6 0 4 . 1 1 6 6 7 0 6 2 4 6 2 6 9 1 5 1 2 9 6 4 3 1 3 6 9 t m 5 0 1 3 4 0 2 4 1 4 1 1 0 3 5 1 2 3 5 0 2 4 0 4 3 3 4 5 0 1 e r S . e h 8 0 1 2 3 . 1 2 3 5 6 8 9 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 4 5 6 7 9 0 b 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 m e . c e 4 7 5 9 2 4 7 1 0 6 3 8 2 1 2 1 4 4 . 0 5 0 4 5 1 7 2 6 2 1 6 s e m i 0 2 4 5 1 2 3 5 1 3 1 0 2 5 2 5 1 3 5 0 2 3 4 5 4 3 0 3 5 0 D R . h 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 4 5 6 7 9 0 2 3 . 0 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 9 9 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 . 1 6 1 2 6 1 . 7 5 6 1 1 4 2 7 1 8 4 2 7 9 2 4 8 6 8 8 8 0 2 t m 5 4 5 0 1 3 4 0 2 5 2 5 2 3 3 0 3 5 0 1 3 4 5 1 3 0 4 4 4 e r S . e h 7 8 9 1 2 3 . 0 2 3 4 6 7 9 0 1 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 7 b 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 m e . v e 6 6 4 2 3 0 4 7 9 3 0 2 3 8 2 2 0 7 0 . 0 6 1 5 0 3 4 8 1 3 s m o i 0 5 3 0 2 4 5 0 1 3 5 1 4 2 3 5 2 4 1 3 4 0 1 3 4 5 5 5 3 R N . h 1 1 2 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 5 5 6 7 8 0 1 3 . 0 1 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 . 5 6 3 9 7 6 5 8 . 5 3 2 3 7 5 6 6 7 1 7 8 0 6 0 2 4 7 2 0 5 8 t m 4 0 3 0 5 5 0 1 3 5 1 3 5 2 5 2 4 5 3 0 3 4 0 1 2 3 5 1 3 0 e S r . h 7 8 8 9 9 0 2 3 . 0 1 3 4 5 7 8 0 1 2 3 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 7 e 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 b o t c . e 3 9 2 9 6 2 6 1 0 6 9 2 5 0 9 4 9 0 9 0 5 . 0 1 9 6 1 7 2 6 5 s m O i 4 5 1 1 1 0 3 0 2 3 4 0 1 3 4 1 4 4 4 1 3 0 2 3 5 1 2 4 5 0 R . h 8 9 1 2 3 4 4 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 7 7 8 9 1 2 . 0 1 2 3 5 6 7 8 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 . 7 9 3 0 2 2 3 6 0 . 3 0 8 7 7 9 4 2 1 6 0 7 6 4 4 9 2 4 6 0 t r m 5 0 2 4 0 3 1 0 1 2 4 5 1 3 5 2 5 2 4 0 5 3 0 2 3 5 0 1 3 e e S b . h 8 9 9 9 0 0 1 2 3 . 0 1 2 4 5 6 8 9 1 2 4 4 5 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 m e t p . e e º 4 1 8 4 8 9 3 6 7 7 9 7 1 4 6 9 5 5 2 1 6 8 1 . 7 2 4 3 0 7 s m S i 1 3 4 0 1 2 3 2 0 3 5 1 3 4 5 0 2 4 1 5 4 5 2 4 1 3 5 1 2 2 R . h 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 9 9 0 1 3 . 0 2 3 4 6 7 5 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2

N .

6 3 6 8 0 3 7 6 1 5 0 . 9 8 3 1 9 8 7 8 2 8 6 8 7 9 5 0 8 2 5 t m

5 1 2 3 5 0 1 3 0 3 2 1 2 4 0 1 3 5 1 4 0 3 5 0 5 3 0 1 3 4 e t S . E s h 9 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 2 2 3 . 0 1 2 4 5 6 7 9 0 2 3 4 6 6 7 8 8 8 8 u 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 g D u . A e U 4 3 9 0 7 3 9 3 6 4 4 2 9 5 5 1 4 6 8 2 8 9 9 2 3 . 0 7 6 2 4 s m i 0 3 5 2 3 5 0 2 3 4 4 3 0 3 5 1 2 3 4 0 1 3 0 5 5 1 3 0 3 5 R T . h 4 5 6 8 9 0 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 8 8 9 9 9 9 0 0 0 1 1 2 . 0 1 3 4 5 I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 T . 0 8 8 4 3 8 0 2 4 7 2 3 . 1 9 9 2 3 9 7 4 1 0 0 5 2 0 1 6 3 4 A t m 3 2 0 3 5 0 2 3 4 5 1 3 0 3 2 3 4 5 1 3 5 1 3 5 2 5 1 1 0 3 e S L . h 9 0 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 . 0 0 1 2 3 4 6 7 8 0 1 2 4 5 7 8 9 9

y 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 l u N J I . e

6 7 6 6 7 4 5 3 8 2 6 9 0 6 1 5 7 1 9 4 6 8 0 4 1 4 8 9 . 9 3 s m i 1 1 3 0 3 0 2 4 5 1 2 3 5 5 5 3 0 3 4 0 1 2 4 5 1 3 0 5 0 3 T R . h 1 2 3 5 6 8 9 0 1 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 3 3 . 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 E S . 0 5 2 1 9 1 3 0 . 3 4 5 7 1 8 0 1 3 7 3 6 1 8 5 2 1 4 2 3 2 t m N 4 1 4 5 3 1 3 5 0 1 2 3 5 0 3 0 4 3 4 5 1 2 4 0 2 4 1 4 1 e S . h 7 9 0 1 2 3 3 3 . 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 2 3 4 5 7 8 9 1 2 3 5 6 8 O 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 e O n u . e J 4 8 2 3 4 9 9 6 7 5 9 2 5 8 1 0 3 5 4 4 5 2 5 8 9 2 7 . 7 5 s m i 4 0 4 3 4 0 3 0 2 4 5 1 2 3 5 0 0 5 3 0 2 4 5 0 1 3 4 0 3 M

R . h 1 2 2 3 4 6 7 9 0 1 2 4 5 6 7 9 0 0 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 . 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 D N . 7 1 9 2 8 0 9 . 7 5 1 0 4 6 7 8 0 4 2 7 1 6 4 2 5 2 9 7 7 0 8 t m 1 4 0 4 1 5 0 0 4 1 3 4 5 0 1 3 4 0 2 0 4 4 5 0 2 3 5 1 4 0 e A S .

h 4 5 7 8 0 1 3 . 0 0 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 6 8 9 0 1 3 4 6 y 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 a E M S . e 3 5 9 4 4 3 4 4 0 6 2 4 2 7 0 2 5 9 1 9 9 7 3 . 0 0 5 8 1 3 7 I s m i 4 5 0 2 4 1 5 5 1 3 0 2 4 5 1 2 3 4 0 0 0 5 3 0 2 3 4 0 1 2 R R . h 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 5 7 8 0 1 2 3 5 6 7 8 0 1 2 2 3 . 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 N . O 8 9 2 7 4 5 9 3 . 8 6 3 5 8 4 7 8 8 9 2 7 7 4 1 0 1 2 8 6 6 t m 3 5 2 4 1 4 1 5 1 2 1 4 0 2 3 4 5 0 2 3 5 2 0 5 5 0 1 3 5 e S O . h 2 3 5 6 8 9 1 2 . 0 1 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 5 6 6 7 9 0 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 l i M r p . e 4 1 5 8 1 5 2 5 7 5 0 8 2 5 5 2 6 9 3 6 0 2 8 . 5 9 2 7 5 0 A s m i 5 1 2 3 5 0 2 4 1 0 1 2 5 1 3 5 0 1 3 4 0 1 1 1 5 3 5 1 3 R . h 3 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 6 7 8 9 0 2 3 4 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 . 0 0 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 . 0 0 3 2 5 8 2 8 5 5 7 . 5 3 2 4 2 1 6 8 9 0 1 4 1 2 2 3 7 3 8 t m 1 1 2 4 0 2 5 1 4 1 4 1 3 3 1 4 0 1 2 3 5 0 1 3 5 2 0 5 0 1 e S . h 0 1 2 3 5 6 7 9 0 2 3 . 1 2 3 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 7 8 8 0 1 h 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 c r a . e 2 0 6 2 2 7 0 3 5 0 8 3 9 1 9 0 4 7 7 4 9 3 7 1 5 . 6 0 2 3 2 M s m i 4 3 0 3 5 0 2 3 4 0 1 4 1 1 1 4 0 2 4 0 1 3 4 0 1 2 3 2 0 3 R . h 3 4 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 8 9 0 1 3 4 5 7 8 9 0 2 3 . 0 1 2 3 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 . 0 9 3 0 6 8 1 3 6 0 6 . 4 3 8 0 4 2 7 5 9 0 1 2 3 7 5 0 3 t m 5 2 2 3 4 0 3 5 1 4 0 3 0 2 4 3 1 3 5 0 2 3 4 5 0 2 5 2 e y S . r h 0 1 2 3 4 6 7 8 0 1 3 . 0 2 3 4 5 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 9 a 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 u r b e . e 0 6 2 5 7 0 7 1 3 5 8 3 2 0 9 6 0 4 1 5 5 2 7 1 5 . 0 3 1 s m F i 5 5 5 3 0 3 4 0 1 2 3 5 1 4 1 1 3 5 2 4 0 2 3 5 0 2 3 4 R . h 3 4 5 6 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 9 9 0 1 2 3 5 6 8 9 0 1 3 . 0 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 . 9 2 9 2 4 8 7 8 7 8 9 9 0 3 . 9 8 8 1 0 8 1 3 0 2 3 4 5 7 2 3 t m 2 4 5 2 5 3 3 4 0 2 4 0 3 5 1 4 1 4 5 3 1 3 5 0 1 2 3 4 0 2 e S . y h 1 1 1 2 2 3 4 5 7 8 9 1 2 3 . 1 2 4 5 6 7 8 8 8 9 9 9 9 9 0 0 r 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 a u n a . e 6 8 1 4 5 7 9 7 5 5 1 4 5 7 0 6 8 9 5 1 2 0 7 0 9 5 8 . 1 5 8 J s m i 1 2 4 5 0 0 5 3 0 2 4 5 0 1 3 4 0 3 2 3 5 2 4 1 2 4 5 1 2 3 R . h 1 2 3 4 6 7 7 8 9 9 9 9 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 3 4 6 7 9 0 1 2 . 0 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 y a 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 D 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 BAA Handbook 2008 Moon 23 . 4 7 6 3 . 9 6 4 6 3 9 6 2 7 2 6 5 1 3 4 4 4 4 2 8 9 4 4 9 9 7 t m 1 4 1 4 0 3 0 3 1 5 5 0 1 3 4 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 4 3 1 4 1 4 e r S . e h 2 2 3 3 . 0 0 1 1 2 2 3 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 7 8 9 0 0 1 1 b 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 m e . c e 7 5 5 4 3 4 7 3 4 8 4 5 8 9 1 6 6 4 . 0 7 6 7 3 5 2 4 1 9 8 7 s e m i 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 4 5 1 2 2 1 0 3 0 3 0 2 5 2 0 4 3 2 2 1 1 1 D R . h 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 0 1 2 2 3 3 . 0 0 0 1 2 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 . 9 6 8 . 5 7 6 3 0 8 8 3 6 7 8 8 1 3 2 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 3 2 6 t m 0 5 3 1 4 1 4 1 3 0 4 2 1 1 2 4 5 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 5 3 e r S . e h 2 2 3 . 0 0 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 0 1 b 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 m e . v e 1 1 6 4 4 4 5 6 0 7 7 2 8 2 8 3 8 . 5 7 5 1 7 4 3 6 4 7 6 0 s m o i 5 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 5 1 2 4 4 4 2 0 3 0 3 5 2 5 2 0 4 3 3 R N . h 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 0 1 2 3 . 0 0 1 1 1 2 2 3 4 4 5 6 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 . 8 9 9 5 . 6 2 2 7 9 7 5 2 2 4 2 7 1 4 2 3 3 9 3 5 6 7 7 8 8 5 t m 2 2 2 2 1 0 4 1 4 1 4 1 4 1 5 3 3 3 4 5 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 e S r . h 0 1 2 3 . 0 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 7 8 9 0 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 e 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 b o t c . e 0 2 8 9 6 9 6 5 6 8 1 5 2 1 3 8 2 0 . 0 9 0 4 4 1 7 3 1 2 6 6 s m O i 2 5 2 0 5 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 0 1 2 3 5 0 0 4 3 0 3 0 2 5 2 5 2 0 R . h 6 6 7 8 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 7 8 9 0 1 3 . 0 0 1 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 5 6 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 . 8 0 1 2 2 . 0 5 4 8 7 0 1 9 6 4 4 7 6 3 8 2 0 1 0 7 2 4 6 7 t r m 3 4 4 4 4 4 3 2 0 4 2 5 1 4 1 4 1 5 4 3 4 5 0 1 1 2 2 2 2 e e S b . h 9 0 1 2 3 . 0 1 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 7 8 9 0 1 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 m e t p . e e 7 3 1 0 3 1 5 4 9 8 0 2 6 9 4 1 0 1 4 . 4 9 4 1 9 2 1 8 4 1 s m º S i 5 2 5 2 5 3 1 0 5 5 0 0 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 0 0 0 5 2 0 3 5 2 5 R 5 . h 6 7 7 8 8 9 0 1 1 2 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 . 0 1 2 2 3 4 4 4 5 5 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 3

S .

3 3 9 3 4 5 5 . 5 4 1 4 1 3 0 2 1 8 4 2 2 6 6 5 3 9 1 3 3 1 6 t m 3 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 3 1 5 2 5 1 4 1 4 1 5 4 4 4 0 1 2 3 3 e t E S . s h 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 . 0 1 2 3 4 5 5 6 6 7 7 8 8 9 9 0 1 2 4 5 6 7 8 u 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 D g u U . A e 8 3 3 1 7 3 1 1 6 6 1 4 1 2 4 7 0 3 7 3 1 2 . 3 2 4 8 3 0 2 0 s m i 5 3 0 3 5 2 5 2 5 3 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 4 5 0 1 1 0 5 3 0 3 T R . I h 6 7 8 8 8 9 9 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 . 1 2 3 4 4 5 6 6 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 T A . 6 5 9 4 6 3 7 8 . 8 7 6 5 3 9 0 5 5 0 0 8 4 0 8 9 5 8 1 4 5 9 t m 0 1 2 4 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 5 3 1 5 2 4 1 4 0 3 1 5 5 5 0 1 e L S . h 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 . 0 1 2 3 4 4 5 6 7 7 8 8 9 9 0 0 1 1 2 3 5 6 y 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 l N u I J

. e 2 0 8 6 4 7 5 1 6 2 0 2 8 0 8 3 1 3 5 7 9 1 4 0 . 0 1 4 3 4 5 s m i 3 4 3 2 0 3 0 3 5 2 5 2 5 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 4 5 0 1 2 2 1 T R . h 5 6 7 8 9 9 0 0 0 1 1 2 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 . 0 2 3 4 5 6 E 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 S . 4 9 4 9 1 5 7 5 9 . 9 8 7 5 4 3 0 4 4 7 5 7 7 4 0 7 6 9 8 7 N t m 4 2 2 2 4 5 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 5 3 1 4 1 4 1 3 0 3 1 0 e S . O h 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 . 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 7 8 9 9 0 0 1 1 2 2 3 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 e O n u . e J 0 6 3 6 0 2 4 9 8 4 9 4 0 9 2 0 4 4 0 9 0 2 3 5 7 . 2 1 3 8 s M m i 1 2 4 5 0 5 3 0 3 0 2 5 2 4 2 0 4 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 4 5 0 1

R . h 4 5 6 7 9 9 0 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 4 5 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 . 0 1 3 4 D 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 N . 1 9 9 4 5 5 4 2 3 4 2 . 6 7 6 4 2 1 0 9 6 9 6 7 3 5 4 1 8 6 7 t m 4 0 3 1 5 4 4 5 0 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 0 5 3 1 4 1 4 0 3 0 A e

S . h 4 5 5 6 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 . 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 9 0 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 y 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 E a M S I . e 3 9 8 1 7 5 0 8 5 1 8 9 6 1 6 1 7 7 1 1 7 9 5 5 6 8 0 . 3 9 7 s m i 5 5 0 2 3 5 1 1 1 0 3 0 3 0 2 5 1 4 2 0 4 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 5 R R . h 1 2 4 5 6 7 9 0 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 4 5 5 6 7 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 . 0 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 N O . 6 7 5 4 3 5 2 6 8 9 6 6 . 4 0 2 3 2 0 9 8 8 6 2 3 9 9 3 5 3 t m 1 4 1 4 1 4 2 0 5 5 0 1 2 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 1 5 3 1 4 1 e O S . h 5 5 6 6 7 7 8 9 9 0 2 3 . 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 1 2 3 3 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 l M i r p . e 6 1 7 4 2 4 8 4 0 0 1 2 3 7 6 2 7 1 7 4 5 1 3 0 4 2 3 6 . 9 A s m i 5 0 0 1 2 3 4 0 2 3 3 2 0 3 0 3 5 2 4 1 4 2 0 5 4 4 4 4 4 R . h 0 2 3 4 5 6 7 9 0 1 2 3 4 4 5 5 5 6 6 7 7 8 9 9 0 1 2 3 . 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 . 9 7 0 7 0 9 8 6 6 9 7 2 6 7 . 5 4 2 7 9 0 9 9 8 8 7 5 9 9 3 2 t m 3 2 1 4 2 4 1 4 1 4 2 1 0 0 1 2 3 3 3 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 1 0 4 e S . h 4 5 6 6 7 7 8 8 9 9 0 1 2 3 . 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 4 h 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 c r a . . e . 6 6 9 5 1 8 6 5 6 9 3 4 0 6 3 2 4 3 8 3 8 4 2 5 3 6 6 2 3 . M s m i 0 0 0 1 2 2 3 4 5 0 2 3 4 3 2 0 3 0 2 5 1 4 1 4 2 0 5 5 5 R . . h . 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 6 7 7 7 8 8 9 9 0 1 1 2 3 . 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 . 1 7 9 5 5 0 2 0 7 5 5 8 7 4 . 0 5 4 4 3 9 1 2 2 1 0 9 8 5 t m 0 5 4 3 1 5 2 5 1 4 1 4 2 1 1 1 2 3 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 e y S . r h 5 5 6 7 8 8 9 9 0 0 1 1 2 3 . 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 a 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 u r b e . e . 3 3 0 2 7 3 9 5 1 9 9 0 2 2 5 0 5 2 3 1 6 1 6 2 2 7 6 3 s m F i 3 2 2 2 2 3 3 4 5 5 0 2 3 4 4 4 2 0 3 0 2 5 1 4 1 4 2 1 R . h . 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 8 9 9 9 0 0 1 1 2 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 . 7 5 4 3 1 6 6 0 8 1 0 7 4 2 2 7 . 9 0 1 0 2 3 2 6 8 7 5 4 3 2 t m 1 1 1 1 1 0 5 4 1 5 2 4 1 4 1 4 2 2 2 3 4 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 e S . y h 3 4 5 6 7 8 8 9 0 0 1 1 2 2 3 3 . 0 1 2 3 4 5 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 r 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 a u n a . e . 4 3 6 5 1 4 3 6 1 6 0 4 0 7 7 0 3 3 5 7 0 5 4 1 5 0 5 3 4 0 J s m i 1 4 1 5 4 3 3 3 4 4 5 5 0 0 1 3 4 5 5 4 3 0 3 0 2 5 1 4 1 5 R . h . 0 0 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 0 1 1 1 2 2 3 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 y a 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 D 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 24 Lunar Occultations BAA Handbook 2008 LUNAR OCCULTATIONS Except near new and full Moon, occultations of all stars down to magnitude 7.5, visible from the four pairs of stations whose co-ordinates are tabulated below, are given in the following lists. The stars are referred to by their numbers in the Zodiacal Catalog (Astr. Papers of the American Ephemeris, X, part II, 1940). Long. (λ) Lat. (φ) Long. (λ) Lat. (φ) ° ° ° ° Greenwich 0.0 +51.5 Edinburgh +3.2 +56.0 Sydney -151.2 -33.9 Melbourne -145.1 -37.9 Dunedin -170.5 -45.9 Wellington -174.8 -41.3 Capetown -18.5 -33.9 Johannesburg -28.1 -26.2

Ph. is the Phase. The first letter indicates whether disappearance (D) or reappearance (R). The second letter indicates whether the limb is dark (D) or bright (B). Column 5 gives the Elongation of the Moon from the Sun. P is the position angle of the star, measured to the east from the north point of the Moon. The time of occultation at a place Δλ degrees west and Δφ degrees north of one of the stations for which a prediction is given may be found from predicted time +a.Δλ + b.Δφ in which the coefficients a and b are given in the table in minutes. If the observer is east of the station, Δλ is taken as negative: similarly Δφ is negative if the observer is south of the station.

For distances up to 500 km the error will not usually exceed 2 minutes.

If the observer is at a place between two standard stations, for both of which the coefficients a and b are given, a better result can be obtained by using the values of a and b for a latitude midway between that of the observer and the nearer station. If φ1, a1, b1 apply to this station, and (φ2, a2,b2 to the more distant, and φ is the latitude of the observer, then 1 1 a  a1  a2  a1  b  b1  b2  b1  221 221

Example: Observer at Coventry, λ+l°.5, φ+520.4. Disappearance of ZC68 on January 14. The nearer station is Greenwich, the other Edinburgh. a1 = -0.7 b1 = +1.2 φ1 = +51°.5 a2 = -0.3 b2 = +2.2 φ2 = +56°.0

whence a = -0.6 b= +1.3 Δλ = +1.5 Δ φ = +0°.9. Approximate time at Coventry = 18h 59m.1+(-0 m.6)(+l.5)+(+1m.3)(+0.9) = 18h 59m.4

When an occultation is given for one station of a pair, but not the other, the reason for the exclusion is as follows: N = Star is not occulted. A = Star's altitude is less than 10°; planet's less than 2°. S = The sky is too bright to allow observation of the phenomenon. G = An occultation of a very short duration will occur at the standard station. The coefficients a and b are omitted where their use would cause an unreliable prediction for another station. 25 Lunar Occultations BAA Handbook 2008

GREENWICH EDINBURGH Date ZC Mag. Phase El. of E 0°.0 N 51°.5 W 3°.2 N 56°.0 Moon UT a b P UT a b P

° h m m m ° h m m m ° Jan. 12 3357 6.8 DD 51 18 18.5 +0.1 +1.9 3 N 14 68 5.7 DD 77 18 59.1 -0.7 +1.2 26 19 04.7 -0.3 +2.2 5 15 197 7.0 DD 89 17 26.2 -1.4 +0.7 72 17 26.4 -1.0 +1.1 58 16 336 7.4 DD 102 18 13.4 -1.2 +1.1 60 18 16.0 -0.9 +1.5 45 17 470 7.0 DD 115 17 14.8 -0.4 +2.4 33 17 25.9 0.0 +3.0 15 18 513 7.9 DD 120 1 51.3 +0.6 -3.0 139 1 40.5 +0.2 -2.5 126 19 840 6.5 DD 145 23 32.0 -1.5 +0.1 64 23 29.6 -1.4 +0.9 49 24 1525 5.9 RD 210 23 03.8 -0.9 +0.1 307 23 01.3 -0.6 -0.2 320 25 1549 5.2 RD 214 5 48.4 -0.9 -1.6 273 5 38.3 -0.9 -1.6 273 26 1635 5.4 RD 224 2 21.5 -0.7 -1.5 335 2 13.1 -0.5 -1.4 342 26 1637 6.0 RD 225 3 42.8 -0.8 -1.6 327 3 33.7 -0.7 -1.4 330 29 1944 5.7 RD 258 3 32.2 -1.6 +0.8 275 3 31.1 -1.3 +0.8 279 Feb. 9 3460 7.1 DD 33 18 56.2 G 357 N 14 470 7.0 DD 88 0 24.4 0.0 -0.7 58 0 21.0 -0.2 -0.7 50 15 773 6.9 DD 112 20 24.6 -1.5 +0.3 72 20 22.8 -1.3 +1.0 56 16 937 8.2 DD 125 19 16.6 -1.6 -2.4 145 19 06.1 -1.3 -0.5 124 16 958 6.7 DD 126 22 22.6 -1.3 -0.7 86 22 16.2 -1.3 -0.2 75 17 1094 6.9 DD 137 18 27.6 G 27 N 17 1117 5.1 DD 140 23 51.9 -2.0 +0.5 55 23 49.9 G 40 22 1685 4.5 RD 201 21 29.5 -1.1 +3.2 247 21 37.8 -0.7 +2.0 265 29 2383 2.9 DB 271 4 42.3 -1.0 +0.1 138 A 29 2383 2.9 RD 272 5 50.3 -1.9 +0.4 246 5 46.4 -1.6 +0.4 248 Mar. 12 555 6.8 DD 68 19 00.7 -1.2 -0.2 64 18 57.5 -1.1 +0.4 49 12 571 6.9 DD 69 20 37.6 -0.9 -0.2 50 20 35.0 -1.0 +0.4 36 12 574 6.8 DD 69 20 56.0 -0.8 -0.4 55 20 52.3 -0.9 0.0 43 13 746 6.8 DD 84 22 58.1 G 23 N 14 906 6.8 DD 96 21 06.5 -0.9 -1.8 113 20 56.4 -0.9 -1.4 103 15 1061 6.1 DD 107 19 01.9 -1.6 +0.4 85 19 00.5 -1.4 +1.1 70 15 1062 6.3 DD 108 19 26.9 -1.4 -0.9 113 19 20.1 -1.3 -0.2 100 16 1099 6.0 DD 111 2 32.7 +0.3 -1.4 104 2 27.0 +0.2 -1.5 103 16 1097 6.7 DD 111 A 2 32.0 +0.5 -1.8 145 16 1215 6.9 DD 122 N 22 49.8 G 185 17 1340 6.6 DD 134 22 08.7 G 48 N 17 1343 6.6 DD 134 22 33.9 -2.2 +0.2 69 22 29.5 G 58 18 1355 7.6 DD 136 2 32.1 -0.3 -1.5 85 2 23.7 -0.4 -1.6 84 18 1361 7.9 DD 137 3 40.0 +0.2 -1.6 113 3 32.9 +0.1 -1.7 112 Apr. 8 512 8.2 DD 38 20 37.8 +0.1 -1.5 97 20 31.4 0.0 -1.4 89 8 513 7.9 DD 38 20 44.7 +0.2 -1.5 99 20 38.3 0.0 -1.5 91 11 1046 6.9 DD 79 22 52.1 -0.1 -1.6 103 22 44.4 -0.2 -1.6 100 11 1049 6.6 DD 80 23 16.3 +0.1 -1.6 110 23 08.9 0.0 -1.7 108 12 1055 5.8 DD 80 0 36.5 +0.5 -1.6 129 0 30.7 +0.4 -1.6 127 12 1178 6.2 DD 92 21 41.7 -0.8 -1.6 102 21 32.3 -0.8 -1.5 98 13 1312 6.8 DD 105 22 20.0 -0.6 -1.9 122 22 09.7 -0.7 -1.8 120 14 1321 6.7 DD 106 1 16.7 +0.5 -2.1 163 1 08.7 +0.4 -2.1 162 14 1425 6.9 DD 117 23 55.9 -0.1 -2.2 154 23 45.5 -0.2 -2.2 153 15 1427 6.8 DD 118 0 50.9 +0.3 -2.4 173 0 41.3 +0.3 -2.3 172 15 1516 7.0 DD 127 19 51.5 -1.8 +0.5 91 S 23 2276 5.6 RD 210 2 02.7 -1.5 -0.4 299 A 26 Lunar Occultations BAA Handbook 2008

GREENWICH EDINBURGH Date ZC Mag. Phase El. of E 0°.0 N 51°.5 W 3°.2 N 56°.0 Moon UT a b P UT a b P

° h m m m ° h m m m ° May 10 MARS 1.3 DD 69 12 14.3 -0.2 +2.8 59 12 32.6 G 29 10 MARS 1.3 RB 70 13 02.0 -1.0 -0.8 328 12 49.6 G 359 11 1385 6.5 DD 86 20 55.0 -1.4 -1.1 77 S 11 1396 7.1 DD 88 24 06.9 +0.2 -1.8 138 23 59.1 +0.1 -1.9 137 12 1497 7.5 DD 100 22 42.1 -0.4 -2.0 136 22 31.9 -0.4 -2.0 136 13 1599 5.1 DD 111 22 54.6 -1.4 -1.3 72 22 44.3 -1.4 -1.3 72 Jun. 9 1571 7.9 DD 82 A 22 50.7 0.0 -2.0 156 12 1872 7.3 DD 117 23 04.0 -1.1 -1.4 71 22 53.9 -1.2 -1.5 70 Jul. 24 68 5.7 RD 249 3 01.8 G 169 S Aug. 13 2804 5.9 DD 145 20 11.1 -1.5 +1.5 26 A Sep. 9 2740 6.3 DD 114 19 37.5 G 5 N 20 536 5.4 RD 242 2 43.9 -0.7 +2.8 208 2 51.7 -0.8 +1.9 226 20 539 4.4 RD 243 3 12.7 -1.3 +1.3 242 3 13.4 -1.2 +0.8 257 20 541 4.0 RD 243 3 17.1 -0.9 +2.7 209 3 23.7 -1.0 +1.7 228 20 542 5.9 RD 243 3 37.2 -1.4 +0.8 249 3 35.6 -1.3 +0.4 265 20 543 6.5 RD 243 3 39.7 -1.3 +1.1 242 3 39.3 -1.2 +0.6 258 23 1055 5.8 RD 282 2 44.1 -0.7 +1.0 284 2 45.7 -0.7 +0.7 299 25 1331 5.9 RD 309 N 4 27.0 -0.4 +3.2 237 Oct. 8 2961 6.0 DD 106 19 52.5 -1.4 -0.1 68 19 48.3 -1.2 0.0 60 9 3086 6.0 DD 117 20 01.2 -1.2 +0.6 47 20 00.6 -0.9 +0.6 39 9 3095 8.4 DD 118 22 05.6 -0.3 +0.6 24 22 08.7 +0.1 +1.1 6 11 3334 6.3 DD 141 18 54.4 -1.2 +1.4 76 18 57.5 -1.0 +1.5 70 17 647 5.5 RD 223 23 44.1 -0.7 +1.8 245 23 49.0 -0.7 +1.5 259 19 844 5.7 RD 239 3 53.8 -1.5 -0.9 290 3 44.5 -1.3 -1.4 307 19 849 6.5 RD 240 4 39.4 -1.7 +1.8 225 4 39.8 -1.3 +0.7 243 21 1161 6.2 RD 265 2 25.6 -1.0 +0.3 299 2 22.9 -0.9 -0.1 316 22 1310 4.2 RD 280 S 5 58.7 -1.2 -0.2 289 Nov. 4 2911 7.6 DD 74 17 35.6 -1.5 -0.1 71 17 31.2 -1.3 +0.1 64 5 3035 6.8 DD 86 N 19 05.4 -2.4 -1.6 121 6 NEPTUNE 7.9 DD 97 N 18 37.8 G 125 7 3296 7.9 DD 110 21 40.6 -1.6 -1.8 101 21 30.4 -1.2 -0.9 83 8 3411 7.2 DD 122 21 40.9 -2.2 -2.0 109 21 29.8 -1.5 -0.7 89 9 2 7.9 DD 135 22 15.0 -1.3 -0.1 69 22 12.1 -1.0 +0.3 54 10 17 8.0 DD 137 1 58.1 -0.3 -1.0 71 1 53.5 -0.3 -0.6 56 13 552 3.0 DB 189 19 13.2 -0.1 +1.6 73 19 20.5 0.0 +1.7 64 13 552 3.0 RD 189 20 10.0 -0.4 +1.7 250 20 15.9 -0.4 +1.6 261 15 900 4.9 RD 216 18 48.9 +0.6 +1.4 243 18 56.7 +0.5 +1.3 253 16 1092 5.8 RD 231 22 09.3 -0.4 +1.0 290 22 11.9 -0.4 +0.7 304 19 1375 5.6 RD 259 0 58.4 -0.5 +2.3 253 1 05.5 -0.5 +1.6 271 Dec. 1 VENUS -4.1 DD 43 15 47.9 -1.7 -0.2 70 15 42.4 -1.4 -0.1 63 1 VENUS -4.1 RB 43 17 17.1 -1.0 -0.6 240 17 10.2 -1.1 -0.9 251 4 3238 7.0 DD 78 19 31.0 -1.3 -0.9 79 19 24.6 -1.0 -0.4 64 6 3494 4.6 DD 102 21 44.9 -0.3 +1.6 12 D.B. 10 370 6.1 DD 144 3 19.0 -0.4 0.0 35 3 18.8 -0.6 +0.7 21 13 1030 3.2 RD 198 22 09.5 -0.9 +1.3 267 22 11.7 -0.8 +0.9 282 14 1070 5.2 RD 203 6 32.4 -0.1 -1.7 294 6 24.3 -0.1 -1.8 297 14 1167 6.3 RD 210 19 36.0 -0.5 -0.3 332 N 16 1439 5.9 RD 239 22 47.0 -0.5 -1.5 347 N 16 1441 6.4 RD 239 23 34.3 -0.5 +0.1 314 23 32.2 -0.4 -0.4 331 16 1442 5.0 RD 239 23 46.0 -0.6 +0.9 290 23 47.6 -0.5 +0.6 305 18 1565 6.3 RD 254 2 41.8 -1.1 +0.1 298 2 39.2 -0.8 0.0 308 19 1688 6.3 RD 268 S 7 21.7 -0.7 -1.5 330 BAA Handbook 2008 Lunar Occultations 27

CAPETOWN JOHANNESBURG Date ZC Mag. Phase El. of E 18°.5 S 33°.9 E 28°.1 S 26°.2 Moon UT a b P UT a b P

° h m m m ° h m m m ° Jan. 13 3494 4.6 DD 64 18 54.3 -0.6 +2.1 37 19 15.8 -0.3 +2.3 28 16 337 5.7 DD 103 19 06.6 -1.9 +1.1 71 19 34.6 -1.7 +1.5 62 16 341 6.8 DD 103 N 20 18.3 G 137 18 638 5.1 DD 129 19 10.7 -2.8 -1.1 123 19 30.7 -2.6 -0.4 111 19 801 6.4 DD 142 S 18 02.6 -1.2 +1.7 32

19 810 1.8 DD 143 19 17.1 -2.8 -2.1 140 19 30.4 -2.7 -1.2 125 19 810 1.8 RB 143 20 06.3 -2.0 +1.8 212 20 42.8 -2.7 +1.5 236 20 1008 5.1 DD 157 20 33.5 -2.2 -0.7 109 20 53.2 -2.6 0.0 91 25 1531 5.9 RD 211 0 50.1 -0.9 -2.1 340 N 30 2039 5.6 RD 268 0 51.2 -0.7 -1.9 301 0 49.0 -0.4 -2.6 328

30 2051 5.7 RD 269 3 18.8 -1.7 -1.9 305 3 10.1 -0.5 -3.9 348 Feb. 1 2268 4.8 RD 290 N 0 41.0 -0.9 -0.7 261 1 2273 5.9 RD 290 1 17.3 -0.7 -1.2 269 1 11.0 -0.4 -1.8 303 4 2750 2.1 DB 327 10 08.6 -1.6 +2.1 55 10 38.8 -1.0 +2.3 48 4 2750 2.1 RD 328 11 39.0 -1.4 +1.3 260 11 50.6 -1.2 +1.0 267

17 1088 5.6 DD 137 S 17 40.4 -2.2 -0.4 84 17 1105 6.5 DD 139 20 55.9 -3.0 +1.2 64 N 18 1239 6.4 DD 151 19 06.3 -1.8 -1.7 131 19 15.6 -2.4 -1.0 111 24 1884 5.3 RD 224 21 23.9 +0.4 -3.1 357 N 27 2109 6.1 RD 248 2 14.6 -2.6 -0.7 276 2 25.1 -2.0 -2.4 316

Mar. 3 2804 5.9 RD 303 N 1 39.6 -1.3 +1.0 224 15 1056 7.0 DD 107 18 02.2 -2.1 -0.7 120 18 21.7 -2.5 +0.2 94 16 1208 6.4 DD 121 21 44.7 -0.4 -0.9 151 21 48.8 -1.0 +0.2 111 19 1547 3.9 DD 156 18 35.4 -2.1 -0.6 73 N 30 2750 2.1 DB 272 1 54.9 -1.6 -0.5 76 2 22.8 -2.8 +3.0 35

30 2750 2.1 RD 273 3 20.4 -2.2 -1.0 275 3 29.4 -3.0 -3.6 309 Apr. 10 810 1.8 DD 61 13 28.6 -2.1 -0.7 95 13 47.7 -2.5 0.0 86 10 810 1.8 RB 62 14 50.9 -2.2 +0.3 256 15 16.0 -2.4 +0.2 273 12 1170 3.7 DD 91 20 29.4 -0.2 -0.6 146 20 33.1 -0.7 +0.4 105 12 1168 6.8 DD 91 N 20 33.3 +0.1 -0.9 147

13 1304 6.6 DD 104 20 31.8 -1.2 +0.1 116 20 53.1 -2.2 +2.2 69 16 1525 5.9 DD 129 N 0 06.6 G 197 18 1815 4.8 DD 163 22 08.2 -1.4 -1.9 143 22 19.5 -2.7 -0.1 101 23 2268 4.8 RD 209 1 33.4 -2.6 +0.5 268 1 56.7 -2.5 -0.8 298 23 2273 5.9 RD 210 2 13.8 -2.3 -0.9 300 2 22.3 -2.8 -3.7 332

25 2669 6.2 RD 240 21 25.9 0.0 -1.6 287 21 05.5 +1.0 -3.6 332 25 2673 6.3 RD 240 21 37.6 -0.4 -0.9 260 21 30.8 -0.2 -1.8 297 26 2834 5.0 RD 252 23 25.0 G 333 N 28 2961 6.0 RD 263 N 0 02.3 -1.6 +1.4 220 28 3086 6.0 RD 275 23 36.3 -0.8 +1.7 202 23 48.3 -0.7 +0.1 243

May 20 2366 1.2 DB 190 22 32.0 -2.6 -0.1 86 23 17.3 -3.4 +5.4 40 21 2366 1.2 RD 191 0 05.7 -2.5 -1.2 298 0 11.7 -3.1 -5.2 335 23 2650 4.7 RD 212 0 35.2 -2.6 +0.8 252 1 05.1 -3.0 +0.1 274 24 2809 4.9 RD 224 2 42.4 G 177 3 24.0 +0.2 +4.5 192 24 2921 6.1 RD 233 N 22 58.7 -2.0 +1.6 223

Jun. 6 1195 6.7 DD 41 17 24.2 G 35 N 7 1322 6.1 DD 53 N 16 00.3 G 188 8 1449 6.7 DD 68 19 20.6 G 61 N 10 1652 5.5 DD 91 17 31.6 -1.5 -1.4 136 17 47.4 -2.9 +0.5 92 11 1759 6.5 DD 105 N 22 19.9 -0.4 -2.6 168 28 Lunar Occultations BAA Handbook 2008

CAPETOWN JOHANNESBURG Date ZC Mag. Phase El. of E 18°.5 S 33°.9 E 28°.1 S 26°.2 Moon UT a b P UT a b P

° h m m m ° h m m m ° Jun. 13 1970 6.2 DD 127 22 18.7 -1.6 +1.7 81 22 59.4 G 29 13 1967 5.7 DD 127 N 22 36.2 G 178 14 2084 6.5 DD 139 23 47.2 -1.3 -0.4 129 23 57.4 -0.8 +0.3 107 24 3270 6.1 RD 240 0 24.2 -2.3 -1.7 280 0 34.1 G 302 28 245 6.1 RD 292 4 57.1 G 294 S Jul. 13 2268 4.8 DD 130 18 43.9 -2.4 -1.0 104 19 15.5 -3.4 +2.2 65 13 2273 5.9 DD 130 19 35.5 -3.1 +1.9 65 N 14 2404 6.9 DD 140 16 53.2 -1.4 -1.2 94 17 18.2 G 44 16 2558 6.2 DD 154 0 33.0 G 13 1 01.7 G 355 26 337 5.7 RD 275 4 26.8 -1.3 +1.3 215 S 28 638 5.1 RD 302 4 44.0 -2.0 -0.9 278 S Aug. 4 1685 4.5 DD 43 18 48.5 -0.3 +0.2 117 A 7 1993 6.8 DD 77 17 15.3 -1.4 -2.7 156 17 20.9 -2.1 -0.6 118 8 2109 6.1 DD 90 19 58.9 -1.0 +3.4 55 N 10 2366 1.2 DD 112 19 48.7 G 19 N 10 2366 1.2 RB 112 20 14.6 G 346 N 10 2373 6.2 DD 112 20 45.3 -1.3 +2.7 56 21 16.3 0.0 +3.6 37 12 2650 4.7 DD 133 19 27.2 -2.7 -0.7 100 19 55.0 -2.7 +0.9 80 21 160 6.2 RD 232 2 01.6 -2.9 -0.1 274 2 31.3 -2.9 +0.4 271 22 288 5.2 RD 244 0 03.9 -0.8 +0.5 226 0 18.9 -1.3 +0.9 228 Sep. 4 2066 6.4 DD 59 17 44.8 -1.6 -2.2 154 17 49.3 -1.3 -0.5 125 10 2767 6.4 DD 117 0 28.3 +0.6 +2.0 40 A 17 245 6.1 RD 214 22 44.1 G 307 23 05.0 G 304 20 529 6.2 RD 241 0 51.2 -0.7 +1.2 206 1 12.0 -1.3 +1.8 209 22 885 5.7 RD 268 2 04.6 -0.9 +0.6 221 2 23.4 -1.9 +0.9 230 Oct. 4 2366 1.2 DD 58 N 9 17.5 +0.2 -2.4 142 4 2366 1.2 RB 58 N 10 19.1 -1.8 -0.4 258 4 2404 6.9 DD 62 18 36.4 -1.7 -0.5 128 18 48.3 -1.1 0.0 116 4 2409 6.9 DD 62 19 31.7 -0.6 +1.0 96 19 42.4 -0.1 +0.9 89 6 2669 6.2 DD 83 S 16 34.6 -3.0 0.0 97 6 2673 6.3 DD 83 N 17 18.8 G 153 6 2676 6.5 DD 83 S 17 31.3 -2.9 -0.2 106 6 2673 6.3 RD 83 N 17 31.8 G 169 7 2836 5.6 DD 95 19 46.6 -1.3 +1.8 67 20 09.7 -0.8 +1.7 65 21 1155 6.3 RD 264 1 05.8 -1.3 -1.1 274 1 12.7 -1.9 -1.2 286 21 1157 6.0 RD 264 1 35.4 -1.5 -0.5 253 1 48.9 -2.2 -0.6 268 Nov. 3 2771 5.7 DD 63 S 16 51.0 -1.0 +2.5 46 7 3278 5.4 DD 108 18 10.5 -0.1 +3.6 2 18 38.9 -0.1 +3.5 5 7 3285 6.1 DD 109 20 44.5 -0.3 +2.8 15 21 08.3 -0.1 +2.8 16 Dec. 3 3108 5.5 DD 65 S 17 08.2 G 139 3 3120 7.0 DD 66 19 49.4 +0.2 +2.6 19 20 06.1 +0.5 +2.7 14 6 3482 5.7 DD 100 18 03.9 -1.4 +1.9 37 18 33.1 -1.4 +2.1 41 9 337 5.7 DD 140 21 40.4 -2.4 -0.4 120 22 00.2 -1.8 +0.3 105 14 1178 6.2 RD 211 21 42.6 -1.0 +0.2 231 21 57.2 -1.9 0.0 249 15 1322 6.1 RD 225 22 18.9 -1.3 -3.0 345 N 25 2349 3.1 RD 333 2 21.1 +0.1 -0.9 264 2 10.6 +0.3 -1.3 293 25 2366 1.2 DB 335 N 5 55.7 -0.4 -3.8 154 25 2366 1.2 RD 336 N 6 59.9 -3.5 +1.4 242 31 3205 6.8 DD 47 19 01.7 -0.7 +0.9 105 A 31 3208 6.5 DD 47 19 23.4 -0.1 +1.6 68 A BAA Handbook 2008 Lunar Occultations 29

SYDNEY MELBOURNE Date ZC Mag. Phase El. of E 151°.2 S 33°.9 E 145°.1 S 37°.9 Moon UT a b P UT a b P

° h m m m ° h m m m ° Jan. 24 1487 1.3 DB 206 14 07.5 -1.5 -1.8 136 14 07.3 -1.1 -2.1 151 24 1487 1.3 RD 206 15 28.8 -2.0 -1.0 299 15 19.5 -2.2 -0.8 280 25 1589 6.1 RD 218 14 47.3 -1.3 -2.0 322 14 46.5 -1.4 -1.8 307 Feb. 1 2366 1.2 DB 297 16 09.5 -0.3 -0.9 81 16 13.4 0.0 -1.3 98 1 2366 1.2 RD 297 17 05.6 +0.1 -2.3 316 17 13.7 -0.1 -1.8 297 1 2373 6.2 RD 298 18 04.3 +0.1 -3.1 330 18 13.6 -0.4 -2.2 307 3 2650 4.7 RD 319 16 50.6 +0.5 -1.6 299 16 59.2 +0.4 -1.3 281 4 2809 4.9 RD 331 17 47.7 +0.5 -1.7 297 17 56.0 +0.3 -1.2 278 17 1056 7.0 DD 134 13 04.0 -1.6 +0.3 106 12 54.6 -1.4 -0.1 123 18 1208 6.4 DD 149 15 46.3 -0.3 -0.3 135 15 48.1 +0.1 -1.1 160 23 1744 6.5 RD 209 12 49.6 -1.0 -2.1 314 12 51.7 -1.0 -1.9 300 24 1853 4.9 RD 221 15 31.3 -1.4 -2.1 319 15 29.6 -1.6 -1.6 298 Mar. 2 2750 2.1 DB 299 17 02.8 -0.7 -0.6 72 17 04.1 -0.2 -1.3 92 2 2750 2.1 RD 299 18 09.0 -0.8 -1.8 288 18 10.3 -0.8 -1.2 268 14 810 1.8 DD 88 7 44.2 -2.5 -1.9 143 7 37.3 G 152 14 810 1.8 RB 89 8 35.5 -2.6 +2.1 216 8 12.1 G 201 15 1008 5.1 DD 103 10 25.5 -2.2 +0.7 87 10 11.4 -2.0 +0.1 101 18 1395 6.3 DD 140 10 16.4 -1.0 -2.5 165 10 24.5 G 188 25 2134 6.1 RD 223 N 13 44.4 G 6 26 2268 4.8 RD 236 18 39.0 -2.4 -1.4 305 18 28.6 -2.3 -0.6 287 26 2273 5.9 RD 236 18 54.9 G 349 18 58.3 -2.1 -2.5 322 29 2669 6.2 RD 266 N 14 08.6 +0.8 -2.6 321 29 2673 6.3 RD 267 14 18.6 +0.4 -2.2 310 14 27.9 +0.2 -1.6 289 31 2961 6.0 RD 290 15 55.1 -0.6 +0.4 226 15 46.3 G 197 Apr. 13 1253 7.4 DD 99 12 06.5 -0.4 -0.4 137 12 08.2 +0.1 -1.2 162 14 1370 6.8 DD 110 9 34.2 -2.8 +0.1 87 9 20.7 -2.1 -0.7 106 23 2366 1.2 DB 216 17 11.7 -2.7 +3.9 46 16 44.8 -2.7 +1.3 69 23 2366 1.2 RD 217 18 13.6 -2.7 -3.0 326 18 07.3 -2.3 -1.5 309 25 2650 4.7 RD 239 19 00.8 -2.8 -0.5 286 18 45.9 -2.5 -0.2 277 27 2921 6.1 RD 260 16 48.4 -1.8 -0.1 252 16 37.9 -1.5 +0.3 235 27 2928 6.5 RD 261 18 26.3 -2.2 +0.9 243 18 09.7 -1.9 +1.1 232 May 12 1449 6.7 DD 94 11 41.8 -0.7 -0.4 134 11 41.9 -0.3 -1.2 157 14 1642 7.9 DD 116 8 13.8 -1.9 -1.5 115 8 10.9 -1.3 -1.9 132 14 1661 7.6 DD 119 14 00.5 -0.7 -0.2 128 13 59.0 -0.6 -1.0 148 17 1970 6.2 DD 153 16 39.6 -0.8 +0.1 120 16 34.8 -1.0 -0.5 134 22 2558 6.2 RD 206 9 56.4 +0.2 -1.6 295 10 03.2 +0.1 -1.3 277 Jun. 9 1508 7.9 DD 75 8 18.7 -3.3 +1.5 77 8 01.0 -2.1 -0.2 105 9 1516 7.0 DD 76 10 47.0 -0.2 -1.3 155 10 55.6 G 186 9 1525 5.9 DD 77 12 13.5 -0.4 +1.0 95 12 08.2 -0.4 +0.4 115 10 1615 7.6 DD 87 9 26.0 -2.0 0.0 106 9 17.2 -1.5 -0.9 129 11 1731 7.7 DD 101 13 36.4 -0.5 +1.1 95 13 29.9 -0.6 +0.5 112 12 1815 4.8 DD 110 N 9 43.8 -3.1 +0.5 84 14 2045 6.4 DD 135 N 14 38.9 -1.1 +4.1 53 14 2051 5.7 DD 135 15 53.0 G 39 15 36.7 -0.4 +3.2 57 20 2834 5.0 RD 200 11 57.8 -1.6 0.0 245 11 47.3 -1.5 +0.8 223 July 5 1353 8.0 DD 31 G 8 23.6 -0.2 -0.4 142 7 1583 8.1 DD 58 G 10 46.4 -0.2 -0.6 144 8 1685 4.5 DD 69 9 26.8 -0.7 -1.7 156 9 34.9 G 186 10 1885 7.4 DD 92 9 04.7 G 57 8 37.0 -2.7 0.0 93 12 2108 6.4 DD 115 11 31.3 -2.4 +4.1 54 11 05.5 -2.5 +1.4 79 30 Lunar Occultations BAA Handbook 2008

SYDNEY MELBOURNE Date ZC Mag. Phase El. of E 151°.2 S 33°.9 E 145°.1 S 37°.9 Moon UT a b P UT a b P

° h m m m ° h m m m ° July 12 2109 6.1 DD 116 12 09.9 -1.8 +2.0 74 11 52.2 -2.0 +0.9 92 13 2220 7.0 DD 125 9 15.4 -1.1 -3.7 155 N 13 2229 8.1 DD 127 12 45.7 -1.9 +0.2 106 12 34.0 -2.0 -0.6 119 13 2251 7.5 DD 129 A 16 44.3 0.0 +1.1 94 14 2360 7.6 DD 136 N 10 02.3 -3.4 +2.6 49 14 2366 1.2 DD 137 12 00.5 -2.4 +4.1 44 11 33.4 -2.6 +1.6 66 14 2366 1.2 RB 138 13 01.3 -2.7 -2.9 324 12 54.3 -2.3 -1.4 308 14 2373 6.2 DD 138 13 13.5 -1.7 +2.1 66 12 54.6 -2.1 +1.3 78 16 2650 4.7 DD 159 11 53.9 -2.6 -1.3 108 11 47.6 -2.1 -2.8 126 Aug. 4 1635 5.4 DD 38 8 37.5 -1.2 +2.8 68 8 23.2 -1.1 +1.1 95 6 1845 6.5 DD 62 9 19.8 -1.0 -1.1 142 9 20.5 -0.8 -2.3 164 8 2066 6.4 DD 85 8 46.0 -1.8 -2.3 146 8 50.6 -0.9 -4.9 174 11 2449 7.5 DD 118 10 47.3 G 19 10 11.6 -2.6 +3.2 46 11 2468 6.9 DD 121 15 37.7 +0.2 +1.5 73 15 31.8 -0.1 +1.6 74 13 2771 5.7 DD 143 17 21.8 +1.1 +2.8 15 17 16.3 +1.0 +3.0 15 21 245 6.1 RD 240 17 00.5 -2.1 +0.3 253 16 47.9 -1.9 -0.1 256 22 390 5.4 RD 254 19 24.8 -2.4 +0.4 272 19 09.3 -2.4 +0.1 272 Sep. 5 2138 7.5 DD 66 9 48.2 -1.5 -0.9 135 9 43.7 -1.7 -1.9 150 6 2268 4.8 DD 78 11 48.5 -0.9 0.0 123 11 42.3 -1.2 -0.2 129 6 2273 5.9 DD 78 12 15.2 -0.4 +0.8 101 12 08.8 -0.6 +0.8 105 7 2366 1.2 RB 85 2 04.0 -1.3 +0.3 231 N 7 2404 6.9 DD 88 10 17.7 -1.4 +2.0 68 10 00.4 -1.8 +1.5 77 7 2409 6.9 DD 89 11 44.6 +0.4 +4.1 30 11 29.1 -0.2 +3.8 37 7 2420 7.4 DD 90 13 38.7 +0.1 +1.3 81 13 33.3 -0.1 +1.4 83 10 2835 7.1 DD 121 10 17.9 -2.6 +0.4 85 10 02.0 -2.5 -0.3 93 10 2834 5.0 DD 121 10 15.2 -3.1 -0.9 106 10 02.6 -2.9 -2.0 116 10 2850 7.6 DD 123 14 10.0 -2.0 -0.2 122 13 57.3 -2.2 -0.1 120 11 2964 6.6 DD 133 11 52.0 -3.6 -1.1 112 11 35.8 -3.5 -1.7 115 12 3108 5.5 DD 147 16 16.1 0.0 +2.3 30 16 06.5 -0.1 +2.4 29 18 337 5.7 RD 223 15 56.6 -1.7 +0.7 237 15 44.5 -1.5 +0.3 239 20 638 5.1 RD 250 16 01.5 G 317 15 54.6 G 318 Oct. 4 2360 7.6 DD 58 11 09.7 -0.6 +0.3 119 11 04.4 -0.8 +0.2 122 7 2780 6.9 DD 90 9 56.3 -3.0 -0.7 116 9 41.1 -3.2 -1.3 120 7 2790 6.2 DD 91 12 09.1 -0.4 +1.9 61 11 58.0 -0.6 +2.0 60 8 2929 7.1 DD 104 14 55.2 0.0 +1.1 92 14 50.0 -0.2 +1.2 92 9 3038 6.7 DD 113 10 55.5 -2.4 +0.8 87 10 37.7 -2.4 +0.6 86 9 3041 6.4 DD 113 11 37.7 -2.0 +1.1 83 11 20.7 -2.1 +1.0 81 10 3162 8.0 DD 124 10 14.1 -2.4 +0.7 76 9 57.8 -2.2 +0.3 77 10 3174 8.0 DD 126 14 33.6 _0.1 +2.3 30 14 22.9 -0.2 +2.4 29 11 3294 6.9 DD 137 11 43.1 -1.4 +2.0 41 11 27.2 -1.3 +1.8 38 11 3308 6.2 DD 139 15 05.4 -0.6 +1.8 58 14 53.3 -0.8 +1.9 56 11 3311 7.0 DD 139 15 46.0 -0.6 +1.4 80 15 35.8 -0.8 +1.5 80 18 756 6.5 RD 232 14 59.5 -0.7 +1.0 211 14 53.0 -0.3 +0.7 210 18 771 6.1 RD 234 18 08.6 -2.2 +0.5 263 17 53.6 -2.1 +0.4 255 Nov. 8 3366 6.6 DD 118 13 58.4 -1.0 +1.0 99 13 46.8 -1.4 +1.1 99 15 885 5.7 RD 215 17 44.6 -1.3 -0.5 312 17 36.3 -1.7 -0.1 297 Dec. 2 2955 7.9 DD 52 11 22.2 -0.2 +0.8 105 11 16.6 -0.5 +1.0 106 15 1277 5.5 RD 221 N 15 16.1 355 29 JUPITER -2.0 DD 21 N 10 04.7 0.0 +1.0 102 BAA Handbook 2008 Lunar Occultations 31

DUNEDIN WELLINGTON Date ZC Mag. Phase El. of E 170°.5 S 45°.9 E 174°.8 S 41°.3 Moon UT a b P UT a b P

° h m m m ° h m m m ° Jan. 1 1930 5.6 RD 284 14 55.6 -0.1 -2.3 326 14 44.9 0.0 -2.5 338 16 288 5.2 DD 98 10 31.2 -1.0 +0.7 123 10 38.6 -0.8 +0.8 114 24 1487 1.3 DB 206 14 51.3 -1.4 -0.6 125 14 56.0 -1.8 -0.2 109 24 1487 1.3 RD 207 16 06.3 -1.1 -0.3 309 16 07.7 -0.7 -0.9 327 25 1589 6.1 RD 219 15 29.6 -0.8 -1.5 335 15 23.3 -0.2 -2.4 355 28 1884 5.3 RD 252 13 11.9 -0.2 -2.2 323 13 02.2 -0.1 -2.4 334 30 2108 6.4 DD 275 16 47.7 G 201 D.B. Feb. 1 2366 1.2 DB 297 16 36.6 -1.1 -1.1 79 16 40.2 -2.0 +0.1 57 1 2366 1.2 RD 297 17 41.1 -0.6 -2.7 317 17 27.8 0.0 -4.1 340 12 245 6.1 DD 66 S 8 12.8 -1.0 +1.9 49 16 864 6.7 DD 119 9 01.0 G 30 N 17 1035 6.8 DD 132 S 8 06.1 -1.9 -1.5 142 23 1744 6.5 RD 209 13 33.5 -1.0 -1.9 326 13 27.3 -0.6 -2.4 343 24 1853 4.9 RD 222 16 18.4 -1.2 -1.4 324 16 13.6 -0.7 -2.6 345 Mar. 2 2750 2.1 DB 299 17 31.3 -1.1 -1.2 88 17 33.2 -1.5 -0.3 70 2 2750 2.1 RD 300 18 50.3 -1.6 -0.6 261 18 53.9 -1.9 -1.2 279 11 337 5.7 DD 48 S 7 14.9 -0.9 +1.1 98 13 638 5.1 DD 75 N 7 39.1 G 150 14 810 1.8 DD 89 8 30.2 G 164 8 28.8 -0.8 -0.4 145 14 810 1.8 RB 89 8 55.7 G 205 9 17.8 -2.0 +2.2 228 15 996 6.9 DD 102 8 13.0 -1.7 +0.2 99 8 22.2 -1.9 +0.5 90 18 1395 6.3 DD 141 10 54.8 -0.8 -1.0 153 10 55.0 -1.2 -0.7 137 19 1487 1.3 DD 150 6 33.6 G 177 6 23.7 -0.7 -2.7 167 19 1487 1.3 RB 151 7 07.2 G 237 7 08.7 -1.4 -0.9 248 29 2673 6.3 RD 267 14 48.0 -0.5 -2.4 299 14 36.2 -0.1 -3.7 322 31 2961 6.0 RD 290 16 00.5 G 190 16 14.4 -1.3 +0.9 219 Apr. 1 3079 4.2 RD 301 14 39.1 +0.4 -2.2 295 14 21.1 G 329 1 3086 6.0 RD 301 15 19.2 -0.5 +0.4 214 15 21.6 -0.5 -0.2 234 13 1239 6.4 DD 97 7 28.8 -2.1 +0.2 83 7 41.5 -2.8 +1.0 67 14 1370 6.8 DD 111 10 13.6 -2.2 +1.6 75 N 23 2332 6.2 RD 213 9 37.0 +0.2 -2.2 316 9 24.3 +0.6 -2.7 333 23 2366 1.2 DB 216 17 28.7 -1.5 +0.7 100 17 39.7 -1.4 +1.3 88 23 2366 1.2 RD 217 18 46.0 -0.8 +1.7 263 18 56.3 -0.8 +1.3 272 27 2921 6.1 RD 260 17 05.2 -1.2 +3.8 195 17 25.0 -1.5 +2.6 213 May 10 1195 6.7 DD 67 7 54.8 -0.4 -0.3 148 7 56.6 -0.7 +0.1 129 14 1652 5.5 DD 118 12 23.6 G 196 12 11.1 -0.3 -1.5 162 22 2558 6.2 RD 206 10 21.3 -0.5 -2.0 290 10 12.8 -0.3 -2.6 309 Jun. 7 1269 7.0 DD 48 5 46.2 -0.6 -0.5 148 5 48.1 -0.9 -0.2 131 8 MARS 1.5 DD 58 A 0 27.5 -0.9 -1.5 93 8 MARS 1.5 RB 59 1 40.5 -1.2 -1.8 308 1 37.4 -1.3 -1.9 314 10 1615 7.6 DD 87 9 49.9 -0.9 +0.5 115 9 58.0 -1.1 +1.3 94 12 1815 4.8 DD 111 10 38.4 -2.0 +3.4 66 N 14 2045 6.4 DD 135 14 38.6 -0.4 +1.2 99 14 45.9 -0.1 +1.5 87 14 2051 5.7 DD 135 15 28.9 -0.1 +1.0 106 15 33.7 +0.1 +1.1 96 20 2834 5.0 RD 200 12 16.6 -1.7 +3.8 199 12 36.2 -1.9 +2.0 221 22 3108 5.5 DD 225 18 56.9 G 339 19 12.3 G 333 22 3108 5.5 RD 226 19 10.2 G 317 S Jul. 7 1567 6.3 DD 56 6 37.9 -1.5 +0.9 96 6 53.3 -2.3 +2.9 68 8 1685 4.5 DD 69 N 9 48.0 -0.2 -1.7 166 10 1885 7.4 DD 92 9 24.2 -1.5 +1.5 88 9 41.5 -1.5 +3.6 63 32 Lunar Occultations BAA Handbook 2008

DUNEDIN WELLINGTON Date ZC Mag. Phase El. of E 170°.5 S 45°.9 E 174°.8 S 41°.3 Moon UT a b P UT a b P

° h m m m ° h m m m °

12 2108 6.4 DD 115 11 39.6 -1.1 +0.8 106 11 49.0 -0.9 +1.3 92 12 2109 6.1 DD 116 12 22.6 -0.9 +0.2 125 12 28.2 -0.8 +0.6 113 Jul. 13 2220 7.0 DD 126 N 10 21.8 G 168 14 2366 1.2 DD 137 12 14.6 -1.5 +0.8 100 12 25.5 -1.3 +1.3 89 14 2373 6.2 DD 138 13 29.9 -1.3 +0.1 125 13 36.6 -1.1 +0.5 115 14 2366 1.2 RB 138 13 30.7 -0.8 +1.7 261 13 41.0 -0.7 +1.4 270 25 266 5.7 RD 268 A 14 29.2 -0.5 -0.1 232 Aug. 4 1624 6.8 DD 37 6 54.4 -0.3 -1.1 159 6 52.9 -0.5 -0.3 138 6 1845 6.5 DD 63 N 9 49.2 G 180 10 2298 5.1 DD 106 7 17.9 G 186 6 56.5 -1.6 -3.2 147 12 2564 6.8 DD 127 6 22.9 -1.7 -0.1 63 6 36.4 -2.6 +2.6 37 12 2575 6.8 DD 128 8 22.0 -1.9 -1.4 110 8 26.9 -2.2 -0.3 93 13 2767 6.4 DD 143 15 55.6 +0.3 +1.9 52 16 02.5 +0.5 +1.8 49 13 2771 5.7 DD 143 16 47.1 +0.4 +1.6 64 16 52.1 +0.5 +1.5 61 14 2872 6.2 DD 150 7 38.0 -1.3 -0.3 64 7 45.8 -1.7 +1.0 45 14 2875 6.1 DD 150 7 47.6 -1.4 -0.4 67 7 55.0 -1.7 +0.8 49 21 221 3.7 RD 238 12 24.5 -0.6 -0.6 245 12 24.7 -0.9 -0.7 253 21 245 6.1 RD 240 17 16.5 -0.9 +1.5 203 17 28.7 -1.1 +1.9 204 Sep. 7 2366 1.2 DD 84 1 52.5 +0.6 -3.5 161 1 37.8 0.0 -2.6 139 7 2366 1.2 RB 85 2 34.3 -1.9 +0.2 233 2 40.2 -1.6 -0.7 256 7 2404 6.9 DD 88 10 30.9 -1.3 0.0 130 10 36.9 -1.0 +0.4 120 7 2409 6.9 DD 89 11 22.8 -0.4 +1.3 95 11 30.2 -0.2 +1.3 89 9 2669 6.2 DD 109 8 07.4 -2.3 -1.6 120 8 12.9 -2.4 -0.5 105 9 2676 6.5 DD 109 8 57.0 -2.4 -1.3 122 9 04.1 -2.4 -0.2 109 10 2836 5.6 DD 122 11 04.9 -0.9 +2.1 54 11 18.6 -0.7 +2.3 50 12 3108 5.5 DD 147 15 53.8 0.0 +1.7 67 16 01.4 +0.1 +1.6 65 18 337 5.7 RD 223 16 03.4 -0.6 +2.0 185 16 16.7 -0.9 +2.4 188 20 638 5.1 RD 250 16 55.8 -1.7 0.0 266 17 04.3 -2.0 +0.2 269 21 810 1.8 DB 263 16 39.8 -1.1 +0.3 37 16 47.9 -1.4 +1.0 32 21 810 1.8 RD 264 17 29.8 -1.9 -1.0 316 17 33.2 -2.1 -1.3 324 Oct. 5 2476 6.9 DD 68 7 47.3 -1.4 +0.9 98 7 58.1 -1.2 +1.3 89 5 2488 7.0 DD 69 9 55.6 +0.5 +3.2 31 10 07.8 +1.1 +3.6 22 7 2767 6.4 DD 89 7 46.7 -0.8 +3.5 27 8 07.3 -0.1 +4.5 15 7 2771 5.7 DD 90 8 56.0 -0.8 +2.5 45 9 11.0 -0.5 +2.7 39 7 2790 6.2 DD 91 12 02.2 -0.6 +1.0 114 12 08.6 -0.4 +0.9 111 11 3294 6.9 DD 137 12 00.7 -2.0 +0.8 102 12 13.1 -1.9 +0.9 102 11 3308 6.2 DD 139 14 55.6 -0.3 +1.5 90 A Nov. 3 2719 5.8 DD 60 9 13.0 G 359 N 5 2977 6.9 DD 81 8 13.8 -0.5 +2.8 27 8 28.5 -0.2 +2.9 24 6 3108 5.5 DD 93 9 29.8 G 120 9 41.4 G 118 8 3344 6.8 DD 115 8 16.7 -0.1 +2.9 3 8 30.9 +0.1 +3.3 359 18 1322 6.1 RD 253 A 14 09.1 -1.2 -1.4 285 21 1652 5.5 RD 292 16 05.5 -0.7 -1.9 304 15 59.5 -0.7 -2.0 312 30 2672 2.9 DD 29 7 42.9 +0.2 +2.2 45 7 51.5 +0.4 +2.2 42 30 2672 2.9 RB 29 8 35.0 -0.1 +1.2 284 8 40.0 0.0 +0.9 287 30 2678 6.2 DD 29 S 8 41.1 +1.1 +2.7 17 Dec. 4 3188 5.4 DD 73 8 58.2 -1.0 +1.7 78 9 09.8 -0.8 +1.7 77 14 1117 5.1 RD 206 12 45.7 -1.5 -1.2 310 12 46.5 -1.6 -1.3 317 22 2039 5.6 RD 306 14 41.4 +0.2 -1.6 289 14 33.2 +0.2 -1.7 298 22 2045 6.4 RD 307 15 29.7 -0.8 -0.9 240 15 27.9 -0.6 -1.1 255 BAA Handbook 2008 Grazing Lunar Occultations 33

GRAZING LUNAR OCCULTATIONS

The map shows the tracks of stars brighter than 7·5 magnitude which will graze the limb of the Moon when it is at a favourable elongation from the Sun and at least 10° above the observer’shorizon (5° in the case of stars brighter than 5·5, and 2° for those brighter than 3·5). Each track starts in the West at some arbitrary time given in the key and ends beyond the area of interest, except where the letters “A”, “B”or “S”are given. “A” denotes that the Moon is at a low altitude, “B”that the bright limb interferes, and “S”that daylight interferes. The tick marks along the tracks denote 5-minute intervals of time which, when added to the time at the beginning of the track, give the approximate time of the graze at places along the tracks.

Observers positioned on, or very near, one of these tracks will probably see the star disappear and reappear several times at the edge of features on the limb of the Moon. The recorded times of these events (to a precision of better than a second, if possible) are very valuable in the study of the shape and motion of the Moon.

Interested observers sited near to any of these tracks should write to the Director of the Computing Section at least two months before the event, giving their approximate latitude and longitude, and details of the event, including a limb profile, will be supplied to them.

Key to the Map

2008 Time (UT) at the No. ZC Mag beginning of the track Percent N or S in the west sunlit* limit d h m s 1 370 6.14 Jan. 17 1 23 54 63 N 2 311 6.51 Feb. 12 20 59 57 35 N 3 746 6.83 Mar. 13 22 55 39 44 N 4 909 6.08 Mar. 14 21 43 15 55 N 5 470 6.99 July 27 2 37 18 -35 N 6 1099 6.02 Aug. 27 3 43 58 -16 N 7 538 5.63 Sep. 20 2 47 37 -73 N 8 1327 6.82 Sep. 25 3 1 39 -19 S 9 1331 5.90 Sep. 25 3 58 56 -18 S 10 3035 6.78 Nov. 5 19 21 42 46 S 11 1893 7.02 Dec. 21 7 5 29 -31 S

* A minus sign indicates a waning Moon The tick marks along the track are at 5-minute intervals. 34 Grazing Lunar Occultations BAA Handbook 2008 BAA Handbook 2008 Planets 35

PLANETS

The ephemerides of all the planets (except Pluto and the minor planets), and also the diagrams for Uranus and Neptune, are referred to the apparent equinox, so that the RA and Dec. required for setting on the telescope are obtained directly from the ephemeris. For the minor planets and comets, astrometric ephemerides referred to the equinox of 20000 are given. Thus they are directly comparable with star catalogues and atlases referred to this epoch; however, precession should be applied to their positions before setting on a telescope. The magnitudes given are visual. For the minor planets, it should be noted that photographic magnitudes are fainter by about 0m.7.

In the tables some headings are abbreviated, as follows:

Ph. = Phase, the fraction of the area of the disk that is illuminated. Elong. = The elongation of the planet from the Sun (where + is east and –is west). CM = The longitude of the central meridian of Mercury. Δ = The distance from the Earth in astronomical units. P = Position angle of the axis of rotation, measured eastwards from the north point. Q = Position angle of the point of greatest defect of illumination. The position angle of the line of cusps is Q±90°. r = Radius vector. Tilt = The tilt of the north pole of the planet towards (+) or away from (-) the Earth. Hel. long. = Heliocentric longitude of the planet, given for Mars as an indicator of the Martian season and included for the sake of continuity with past issues of the Handbook. Ls = The planetocentric longitude of the Sun, measured in the plane of the orbit from its ascending node on the Martian equator and given as a direct and exact indicator of the Martian season. The Martian Vernal Equinox (N. Hemisphere) occurs when Ls = 0°.

Longitudes of central meridians refer to the geometric disks.

The Sky Diary on page 4 lists astronomical phenomena in chronological order. Conjunctions in longitude of (a) the Sun with Mercury and Venus, (b) the Moon with the planets Mercury to Saturn, and (c) the planets Mercury to Saturn with one another, are tabulated: the angular differences in latitude are given for (b) and (c). Also given are the greatest elongations of Mercury and Venus, greatest brilliances of Venus, oppositions of the planets Mercury to Pluto, eclipses, and three meteor showers (Quadrantids, Perseids and Geminids). Relative positions in the Diary are geocentric. 36 Appearance of Planets 2008 BAA Handbook 2008 Mercury 37

MERCURY

Greatest Elongation W Superior Conjunction Mar. 3 (27°) Apr. 16 Jul. 1 (22°) Jul. 29 Oct. 22 (18°) Nov. 25 When best seen: Northern Hemisphere: mid - late October Southern Hemisphere: mid February - late March Morning Apparition 2008 RA Dec. Mag. Diam. Ph. Elong. CM Dis. h m ° ' " ° ° ______

Feb. 14 20 46.0 -14 38 +1.8 9.9 0.134 -15 53 0.678 19 20 40.5 15 58 0.8 9.1 0.278 22 86 0.740 24 20 46.7 16 40 0.4 8.2 0.408 25 115 0.816 29 21 01.2 16 42 0.2 7.5 0.513 27 143 0.895 Mar. 05 21 21.3 16 06 0.1 6.9 0.596 27 168 0.972

10 21 45.1 -14 54 0.0 6.4 0.664 -26 193 1.043 15 22 11.2 13 09 0.0 6.1 0.722 25 217 1.110 20 22 39.2 10 51 -0.1 5.7 0.774 23 241 1.170 25 23 08.6 8 02 0.3 5.5 0.823 20 264 1.224 30 23 39.4 4 44 0.5 5.3 0.871 16 286 1.271

Apr. 04 0 11.8 -0 59 -0.8 5.1 0.919 -12 308 1.309 ______

Jun. 18 4 48.9 +18 01 +2.7 11.0 0.090 -15 338 0.612 23 4 50.3 18 09 1.7 9.9 0.175 19 9 0.678 28 4 59.7 18 56 0.9 8.8 0.278 21 37 0.764 Jul. 03 5 17.0 20 08 +0.3 7.8 0.397 22 63 0.865 08 5 42.2 21 27 -0.2 6.9 0.534 20 88 0.977

13 6 15.0 +22 33 -0.7 6.2 0.685 -18 111 1.091 18 6 54.5 23 02 1.1 5.6 0.833 13 132 1.197 ______

Oct. 16 12 29.2 -2 13 +0.7 8.4 0.246 -15 240 0.804 21 12 39.0 2 16 -0.4 7.2 0.489 18 268 0.939 26 12 59.9 4 07 0.8 6.3 0.694 18 293 1.075 31 13 26.6 6 56 0.9 5.6 0.832 15 317 1.192 Nov. 05 13 56.0 -10 07 -0.9 5.2 0.914 -13 340 1.285

______38 Mercury BAA Handbook 2008

MERCURY

Greatest Elongation W Superior Conjunction Jan. 22 (19°) Feb. 6 May 14 (22°) Jun. 7 Sep. 11 (27°) Oct. 6 When best seen: Northern hemisphere: May Southern hemisphere: mid August - late September Evening Apparition

2008 RA Dec. Mag. Diam. Ph. Elong. CM Δ h m ° ' " ° ° Jan. 05 19 48.6 -23 17 -0.9 5.1 0.944 +11 183 1.327 10 20 22.7 21 25 0.9 5.4 0.890 14 206 1.251 15 20 54.5 18 59 0.8 5.8 0.799 17 228 1.152 20 21 21.4 16 11 0.7 6.5 0.649 18 252 1.030 25 21 39.0 13 32 0.2 7.5 0.434 18 278 0.894 30 21 41.7 -11 46 +1.0 8.8 0.196 +14 307 0.766 ______Apr. 29 3 20.8 +20 01 -1.1 5.7 0.813 +14 51 1.173 May 04 3 57.6 22 41 0.6 6.3 0.661 18 72 1.065 09 4 29.4 24 19 -0.1 7.1 0.509 21 96 0.950 14 4 54.8 25 01 +0.4 8.0 0.372 22 120 0.839 19 5 12.4 24 56 1.1 9.1 0.254 21 147 0.741 24 5 21.7 +24 12 +1.9 10.2 0.153 +18 176 0.659 29 5 22.3 22 59 3.0 11.3 0.071 13 207 0.597 ______

Aug. 12 10 21.1 +11 46 -0.7 5.1 0.907 +13 235 1.312 17 10 53.1 8 06 0.4 5.3 0.858 17 257 1.272 22 11 22.0 4 25 0.2 5.5 0.808 20 280 1.222 27 11 48.5 0 51 -0.1 5.8 0.757 23 303 1.166 Sep. 01 12 12.5 -2 33 0.0 6.1 0.702 25 327 1.103 06 12 34.1 -5 40 +0.1 6.5 0.641 +26 351 1.034 11 12 52.7 8 24 0.2 7.0 0.568 27 17 0.960 16 13 07.5 10 37 0.3 7.6 0.479 26 43 0.882 21 13 16.8 12 04 0.6 8.4 0.367 24 71 0.803 26 13 18.1 12 22 1.1 9.2 0.232 20 101 0.729

Oct. 01 13 09.2 -11 03 +2.4 10.0 0.092 +12 134 0.673 ______Dec. 15 18 17.9 -25 30 -0.7 4.9 0.953 +11 162 1.364 20 18 52.3 25 08 0.7 5.2 0.916 14 184 1.303 25 19 25.8 24 09 0.7 5.5 0.857 16 207 1.224 30 19 56.8 -22 34 -0.7 6.0 0.762 +18 231 1.123 BAA Handbook 2008 Venus 39

VENUS

Superior Conjunction Jun. 9 2008 RA Dec. Mag. Diam. Ph. Elong. Δ h m ° ' " ° Jan. -05 15 29.9 -16 43 -4.0 15.0 0.746 -40 1.111 05 16 19.4 19 29 4.0 14.2 0.776 38 1.176 15 17 10.8 21 25 3.9 13.5 0.804 36 1.238 25 18 03.6 22 21 3.9 12.9 0.829 34 1.296 Feb. 04 18 56.8 22 13 3.9 12.3 0.853 31 1.352

14 19 49.7 -20 58 -3.8 11.9 0.874 -29 1.405 24 20 41.3 18 41 3.8 11.5 0.894 27 1.454 Mar. 05 21 31.4 15 31 3.8 11.1 0.911 25 1.501 15 22 19.7 11 37 3.8 10.8 0.928 22 1.543 25 23 06.5 7 12 3.8 10.5 0.943 20 1.582

Apr. 04 23 52.3 -2 27 -3.8 10.3 0.956 -17 1.618 14 0 37.6 +2 26 3.8 10.1 0.967 15 1.649 24 1 23.2 7 15 3.8 10.0 0.978 12 1.676 May 04 2 09.6 11 48 3.8 9.8 0.986 10 1.699 14 2 57.4 15 54 3.8 9.7 0.993 7 1.716

24 3 47.0 +19 20 -3.8 9.7 0.997 -4 1.728 Jun. 03 4 38.4 21 55 3.8 9.6 1.000 -2 1.734 13 5 31.3 23 29 3.8 9.6 1.000 +1 1.735 23 6 25.0 23 54 3.8 9.6 0.998 4 1.730 Jul. 03 7 18.5 23 09 3.8 9.7 0.993 7 1.719

13 8 11.0 +21 16 -3.8 9.8 0.987 +9 1.702 23 9 01.8 18 22 3.8 9.9 0.977 12 1.679 Aug. 02 9 50.7 14 37 3.8 10.1 0.966 15 1.651 12 10 37.7 10 14 3.8 10.3 0.953 18 1.618 22 11 23.3 5 24 3.8 10.6 0.937 20 1.580

Sep. 01 12 08.0 +0 18 -3.8 10.9 0.920 +23 1.538 11 12 52.6 -4 50 3.8 11.2 0.902 25 1.492 21 13 37.6 9 50 3.8 11.6 0.882 28 1.442 Oct. 01 14 23.9 14 28 3.8 12.0 0.860 30 1.389 11 15 11.8 18 33 3.8 12.5 0.837 33 1.333

21 16 01.6 -21 51 -3.9 13.1 0.813 +35 1.274 31 16 53.2 24 12 3.9 13.8 0.787 37 1.212 Nov. 10 17 46.0 25 24 3.9 14.5 0.760 39 1.149 20 18 39.0 25 25 4.0 15.4 0.730 41 1.083 30 19 30.9 24 13 4.0 16.4 0.699 42 1.015

Dec. 10 20 20.8 -21 54 -4.1 17.6 0.665 +44 0.946 20 21 07.8 18 40 4.1 19.1 0.627 45 0.875 30 21 51.6 -14 41 -4.2 20.8 0.586 46 0.802 40 Mars BAA Handbook 2008

MARS

Conjunction: Dec. 5 Hel. 2008 RA Dec. Mag. Diam. P Q Ph. Tilt long. Ls h m ° ' " ° ° ° ° ° Jan. -5 6 09.6 +26 48 -1.6 15.7 335 155 1.000 +1 93 8 5 5 53.2 26 58 1.4 15.1 333 102 0.993 -1 98 13 15 5 40.9 26 56 1.1 14.1 331 95 0.978 2 103 18 25 5 34.5 26 47 0.8 12.9 331 92 0.959 2 107 22 Feb. 4 5 34.0 26 37 0.5 11.7 331 90 0.941 2 112 27

14 5 38.8 +26 29 -0.2 10.6 331 90 0.926 -2 117 32 24 5 48.0 26 21 +0.0 9.6 332 90 0.915 1 121 36 Mar. 5 6 00.8 26 11 0.3 8.7 334 91 0.907 +1 126 41 15 6 16.4 25 57 0.5 8.0 335 92 0.902 3 130 45 25 6 34.1 25 37 0.7 7.4 338 94 0.899 4 135 50

Apr. 4 6 53.4 +25 07 +0.9 6.8 340 95 0.899 +6 139 54 14 7 13.9 24 28 1.0 6.4 343 97 0.901 9 144 59 24 7 35.3 23 37 1.1 6.0 346 99 0.904 11 148 63 May 4 7 57.3 22 34 1.2 5.7 349 101 0.908 13 152 67 14 8 19.6 21 18 1.3 5.4 352 103 0.913 15 157 72

24 8 42.2 +19 51 +1.4 5.1 356 104 0.918 +17 161 76 Jun. 3 9 04.9 18 13 1.5 4.9 359 106 0.924 19 165 80 13 9 27.6 16 23 1.6 4.7 3 107 0.930 21 170 85 23 9 50.3 14 23 1.6 4.5 6 109 0.936 22 174 89 Jul. 3 10 13.0 12 14 1.7 4.4 10 110 0.942 24 179 94

13 10 35.6 +9 57 +1.7 4.3 14 111 0.948 +25 183 98 23 10 58.3 7 34 1.7 4.2 18 112 0.954 25 188 102 Aug. 2 11 21.0 5 04 1.7 4.1 21 112 0.960 26 192 107 12 11 43.9 2 30 1.7 4.0 25 112 0.966 26 197 112 22 12 07.0 -0 06 1.7 3.9 28 112 0.971 26 201 116

Sep. 1 12 30.4 -2 45 +1.7 3.9 31 112 0.976 +25 206 121 11 12 54.3 5 23 1.7 3.8 33 112 0.981 24 211 126 21 13 18.7 7 59 1.7 3.8 35 111 0.985 23 215 130 Oct. 1 13 43.7 10 32 1.6 3.8 37 110 0.988 21 220 135 11 14 09.5 12 58 1.6 3.8 38 109 0.992 20 225 140

21 14 36.2 -15 17 +1.6 3.7 39 108 0.994 +17 230 145 31 15 03.8 17 25 1.5 3.7 39 107 0.997 15 235 150 Nov. 10 15 32.4 19 20 1.5 3.7 38 105 0.998 12 240 155 20 16 01.9 20 59 1.4 3.8 37 105 0.999 9 246 161 30 16 32.5 22 19 1.4 3.8 35 112 1.000 6 251 166

Dec. 10 17 03.9 -23 19 +1.3 3.8 32 252 1.000 +3 256 171 20 17 36.1 23 55 1.3 3.8 29 264 0.999 0 262 177 30 18 08.8 -24 06 +1.3 3.8 26 263 0.998 -3 268 183 BAA Handbook 2008 Mars 41

LONGITUDE OF THE CENTRAL MERIDIAN OF MARS

Day Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May Jun. Jul. Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec. ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° 1 158.1 240.7 331.9 38.6 111.5 172.3 240.7 297.5 353.1 58.5 114.9 181.8 2 149.3 231.5 322.5 29.1 101.8 162.6 231.0 287.7 343.3 48.7 105.1 172.0 3 140.5 222.4 313.1 19.5 92.2 152.9 221.2 277.8 333.4 38.9 95.4 162.3 4 131.7 213.2 303.7 10.0 82.6 143.3 211.4 268.0 323.6 29.1 85.6 152.5 5 122.9 204.1 294.3 0.5 73.0 133.6 201.7 258.2 313.8 19.3 75.8 142.7

6 114.0 194.9 284.9 350.9 63.4 123.9 191.9 248.4 304.0 9.5 66.0 133.0 7 105.2 185.7 275.5 341.4 53.7 114.2 182.1 238.6 294.1 359.7 56.2 123.2 8 96.4 176.5 266.1 331.8 44.1 104.5 172.4 228.8 284.3 349.9 46.5 113.4 9 87.5 167.3 256.6 322.3 34.5 94.8 162.6 219.0 274.5 340.1 36.7 103.7 10 78.6 158.1 247.2 312.7 24.9 85.1 152.8 209.2 264.7 330.3 26.9 93.9

11 69.8 148.8 237.8 303.2 15.2 75.3 143.1 199.3 254.8 320.5 17.2 84.1 12 60.9 139.6 228.3 293.6 5.6 65.6 133.3 189.5 245.0 310.7 7.4 74.4 13 52.0 130.3 218.9 284.0 355.9 55.9 123.5 179.7 235.2 300.9 357.6 64.6 14 43.1 121.1 209.4 274.5 346.3 46.2 113.7 169.9 225.4 291.1 347.8 54.8 15 34.1 111.8 200.0 264.9 336.7 36.5 104.0 160.1 215.6 281.3 338.1 45.0

16 25.2 102.6 190.5 255.3 327.0 26.8 94.2 150.3 205.7 271.5 328.3 35.3 17 16.3 93.3 181.1 245.8 317.4 17.0 84.4 140.4 195.9 261.7 318.5 25.5 18 7.3 84.0 171.6 236.2 307.7 7.3 74.6 130.6 186.1 251.9 308.8 15.7 19 358.3 74.7 162.1 226.6 298.0 357.6 64.8 120.8 176.3 242.1 299.0 6.0 20 349.4 65.4 152.6 217.0 288.4 347.9 55.0 111.0 166.5 232.3 289.2 356.2

21 340.4 56.1 143.2 207.4 278.7 338.1 45.2 101.1 156.7 222.5 279.5 346.4 22 331.4 46.7 133.7 197.9 269.1 328.4 35.5 91.3 146.8 212.8 269.7 336.6 23 322.3 37.4 124.2 188.3 259.4 318.7 25.7 81.5 137.0 203.0 259.9 326.9 24 313.3 28.1 114.7 178.7 249.7 308.9 15.9 71.7 127.2 193.2 250.2 317.1 25 304.3 18.7 105.2 169.1 240.1 299.2 6.1 61.9 117.4 183.4 240.4 307.3

26 295.2 9.4 95.7 159.5 230.4 289.4 356.3 52.0 107.6 173.6 230.6 297.5 27 286.2 0.0 86.2 149.9 220.7 279.7 346.5 42.2 97.8 163.8 220.9 287.8 28 277.1 350.6 76.7 140.3 211.1 270.0 336.7 32.4 88.0 154.0 211.1 278.0 29 268.0 341.3 67.2 130.7 201.4 260.2 326.9 22.6 78.1 144.3 201.3 268.2 30 258.9 57.6 121.1 191.7 250.5 317.1 12.7 68.3 134.5 191.6 258.4

31 249.8 48.1 182.0 307.3 2.9 124.7 248.6

CHANGE OF LONGITUDE IN INTERVALS OF MEAN TIME

h ° h ° m ° m ° m ° 1 14.62 7 102.34 10 2.44 1 0.24 6 1.46 2 29.24 8 116.96 20 4.87 2 0.49 7 1.71 3 43.86 9 131.58 30 7.31 3 0.73 8 1.95 4 58.48 10 146.21 40 9.75 4 0.97 9 2.19 5 73.10 11 160.83 50 12.18 5 1.22 10 2.44 6 87.72 12 175.45 60 14.62 42 Minor Planets BAA Handbook 2008

MINOR PLANETS

Two resolutions passed by the International Astronomical Union in 2006 decreed that asteroids (and comets) are to be known as Small Solar System Bodies and that Pluto, together with a number of the larger asteroids, are reclassified as Dwarf Planets. However, almost without exception, astronomers, both professional and amateur, continue to refer to those Small Solar System Bodies as: asteroids, comets and minor planets. More information on minor planets can be found on the website of the Asteroid and Remote Planets at http://homepage.ntlworld.com/roger.dymock/index.htm or can be accessed via the website of the British Astronomical Association at http://www.britastro.org/baa/content/view/30/68/ ORBITAL ELEMENTS AND EPHEMERIDES OF ASTEROIDS Observers with binoculars or small telescopes may find this data useful in locating some of the brighter asteroids. Orbital elements

The (geocentric) data below has been extracted from the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) Solar Systems Dynamics website at http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/?sb_elem

Equinox of the elements J2000 Epoch of the elements JD 2454200.5, 2007 April 10.0 TT No. Name a e i Node Peri M 1 Ceres 2.766 0.0798 10.59 80.41 73.15 215.80 2 Pallas 2.772 0.2308 34.84 173.14 310.34 199.73 3 Juno 2.668 0.2580 12.97 170.12 247.84 121.22 4 Vesta 2.362 0.0894 7.13 103.92 150.18 341.59 5 Astraea 2.574 0.1926 5.37 141.68 357.50 313.83 6 Hebe 2.425 0.2018 14.75 138.74 239.55 18.39 7 Iris 2.385 0.2314 5.53 259.72 145.40 43.34 8 Flora 2.201 0.1563 5.89 110.96 285.48 306.89 9 Metis 2.388 0.1214 5.58 68.97 5.94 180.97 10 Hygiea 3.137 0.1179 3.84 283.46 313.03 91.71 11 Parthenope 2.452 0.1002 4.62 125.63 195.26 230.30 41 Daphne 2.765 0.2719 15.76 178.15 46.26 268.92 43 Ariadne 2.203 0.1681 3.47 264.94 15.97 252.23 29 Amphitrite 2.554 0.0727 6.10 356.50 63.41 302.14 216 Kleopatra 2.799 0.2491 13.12 215.64 179.46 223.52 BAA Handbook 2008 Minor Planets 43 Ephemerides

The (geocentric) data below has been extracted from the Minor Planet Center Ephemeris Service at: http://cfa-www.harvard.edu/iau/MPEph/MPEph.html and the JPL Horizons website at: http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/horizons.cgi

Equinox J2000 Epoch JD 2454200.5, 2007 April 10.0 TT Time 00:00 UT on date given

1 Ceres 2008 RA Dec Delta r Elong. Mag h m s ° ' ″ AU AU deg V Jan. 1 02 35 39 +09 36 26 2.152 2.773 119.6 8.2 11 02 36 44 +10 28 03 2.269 2.765 110.0 8.4 21 02 40 14 +11 27 41 2.394 2.756 101.0 8.5 31 02 45 55 +12 33 22 2.522 2.748 92.5 8.6 Feb. 10 02 53 34 +13 43 22 2.652 2.740 84.5 8.7

20 03 02 55 +14 56 00 2.780 2.732 76.9 8.8 Mar. 1 03 13 47 +16 09 38 2.903 2.724 69.7 8.9 11 03 25 59 +17 22 54 3.021 2.715 62.9 8.9 21 03 39 20 +18 34 28 3.130 2.707 56.3 8.9 31 03 53 43 +19 43 07 3.232 2.699 49.9 9.0

Apr. 10 04 09 01 +20 47 49 3.323 2.691 43.8 9.0

Sep. 11 08 52 10 +22 31 33 3.283 2.587 39.5 8.8 21 09 09 42 +21 46 06 3.191 2.582 45.1 8.8 Oct. 1 09 26 42 +20 59 03 3.089 2.578 50.9 8.8 11 09 43 05 +20 12 03 2.980 2.573 56.8 8.8 21 09 58 46 +19 26 45 2.863 2.569 63.0 8.7

31 10 13 39 +18 45 02 2.741 2.565 69.4 8.7 Nov. 10 10 27 34 +18 09 03 2.614 2.562 76.0 8.6 20 10 40 25 +17 40 53 2.484 2.559 83.0 8.5 30 10 51 58 +17 22 57 2.352 2.556 90.4 8.4 Dec. 10 11 01 60 +17 17 39 2.222 2.554 98.1 8.2

20 11 10 14 +17 27 03 2.094 2.552 106.3 8.1 44 Minor Planets BAA Handbook 2008 2 Pallas 2008 RA Dec Delta r Elong. Mag h m s ° ' ″ AU AU deg V Jul. 1 03 16 36 -00 36 19 3.081 2.633 55.0 9.7 11 03 32 44 -01 07 18 2.954 2.608 60.5 9.6 21 03 48 37 -01 53 19 2.825 2.584 66.0 9.5 31 04 04 10 -02 55 40 2.694 2.559 71.5 9.4 Aug. 10 04 19 11 -04 15 32 2.562 2.535 77.0 9.3

20 04 33 31 -05 53 41 2.432 2.511 82.6 9.2 30 04 46 56 -07 50 38 2.306 2.487 88.2 9.1 Sep. 9 04 59 12 -10 06 18 2.184 2.463 93.7 9.0 19 05 10 00 -12 39 30 2.069 2.440 99.2 8.8 29 05 19 02 -15 28 09 1.962 2.417 104.6 8.7

Oct. 9 05 25 56 -18 28 17 1.866 2.395 109.7 8.5 19 05 30 20 -21 33 52 1.781 2.373 114.4 8.4 29 05 31 56 -24 36 58 1.709 2.351 118.5 8.3 Nov. 8 05 30 33 -27 26 56 1.651 2.330 121.8 8.1 18 05 26 14 -29 51 58 1.607 2.310 124.0 8.1

28 05 19 26 -31 40 22 1.578 2.291 124.9 8.0 Dec. 8 05 10 59 -32 42 00 1.564 2.272 124.5 8.0 18 05 02 09 -32 51 32 1.563 2.254 122.9 8.0 28 04 54 12 -32 08 45 1.575 2.238 120.2 8.0

4 Vesta 2008 RA Dec Delta r Elong. Mag h m s ° ' ″ AU AU deg V Jun. 01 01 17 45 +02 00 51 2.882 2.399 52.3 8.2 11 01 33 02 +03 14 55 2.791 2.409 57.8 8.2 21 01 47 40 +04 21 01 2.694 2.418 63.5 8.1 Jul. 1 02 01 35 +05 18 25 2.591 2.428 69.4 8.1 11 02 14 35 +06 06 17 2.482 2.437 75.6 8.0

21 02 26 31 +06 43 58 2.370 2.446 82.0 7.9 31 02 37 09 +07 10 53 2.255 2.454 88.9 7.8 Aug. 10 02 46 12 +07 26 25 2.139 2.463 96.1 7.7 20 02 53 24 +07 30 15 2.025 2.471 103.9 7.6 30 02 58 23 +07 22 11 1.914 2.479 112.2 7.4

Sep. 9 03 00 51 +07 02 23 1.811 2.487 121.2 7.3 19 03 00 32 +06 31 51 1.718 2.494 130.9 7.1 29 02 57 18 +05 52 18 1.640 2.501 141.2 6.9 Oct. 9 02 51 18 +05 06 55 1.582 2.508 152.0 6.7 19 02 43 01 +04 20 28 1.547 2.515 162.4 6.6 BAA Handbook 2008 Mercury 45

29 02 33 21 +03 38 33 1.539 2.521 169.1 6.4 Nov. 8 02 23 24 +03 07 09 1.558 2.527 164.6 6.5 18 02 14 24 +02 50 53 1.604 2.533 154.5 6.7 28 02 07 16 +02 52 03 1.675 2.538 143.6 7.0 Dec. 8 02 02 39 +03 11 03 1.768 2.543 132.9 7.2

18 02 00 47 +03 46 15 1.877 2.547 122.8 7.4

5 Astraea 2008 RA Dec Delta r Elong. Mag h m s ° ' ″ AU AU deg V

Mar. 11 13 30 34 -02 18 53 1.294 2.201 148.2 9.9 21 13 25 07 -01 07 49 1.258 2.218 159.3 9.7 31 13 17 42 +00 07 05 1.245 2.235 169.4 9.5 Apr. 10 13 09 27 +01 16 36 1.258 2.252 170.6 9.5 20 13 01 38 +02 11 45 1.296 2.271 161.4 9.8

6 Hebe 2008 RA Dec Delta r Elong. Mag h m s ° ' ″ AU AU deg V

Jan. 1 09 45 52 +09 34 40 1.717 2.504 134.3 9.7 11 09 41 23 +10 44 36 1.650 2.525 145.9 9.5 21 09 34 24 +12 12 41 1.606 2.546 158.2 9.3 31 09 25 36 +13 52 36 1.589 2.566 170.9 9.1 Feb. 10 09 16 02 +15 35 50 1.601 2.586 176.1 9.0

20 09 06 55 +17 13 12 1.643 2.606 163.4 9.3 Mar. 1 08 59 20 +18 37 40 1.713 2.625 151.2 9.6 11 08 54 05 +19 45 16 1.806 2.643 139.7 9.8 21 08 51 33 +20 34 45 1.920 2.661 128.9 10.1

7 Iris 2008 RA Dec Delta r Elong. Mag h m s ° ' ″ AU AU deg V Mar. 11 13 26 20 -16 52 41 1.954 2.817 143.8 9.9 21 13 19 04 -16 19 49 1.895 2.830 155.2 9.7 31 13 10 20 -15 30 31 1.862 2.843 166.3 9.5 Apr. 10 13 00 59 -14 28 35 1.858 2.855 172.6 9.4 20 12 52 03 -13 20 15 1.883 2.865 165.2 9.6

30 12 44 24 -12 12 28 1.935 2.876 154.2 9.8 46 Minor Planets BAA Handbook 2008

8 Flora 2008 RA Dec Delta r Elong. Mag h m s ° ' ″ AU AU deg V Jan. 1 03 19 15 +11 59 20 1.118 1.909 130.5 8.9 11 03 22 20 +13 11 50 1.214 1.921 121.5 9.2 21 03 28 51 +14 30 55 1.321 1.933 113.3 9.4 31 03 38 18 +15 52 52 1.434 1.947 105.7 9.6 Feb. 10 03 50 16 +17 14 40 1.553 1.961 98.6 9.9

9 Metis 2008 RA Dec Delta r Elong. Mag h m s ° ' ″ AU AU deg V Sep. 15 03 11 33 +11 55 18 1.455 2.178 123.5 9.8 25 03 12 50 +12 00 00 1.357 2.167 132.8 9.6 Oct. 5 03 10 47 +11 56 02 1.273 2.158 143.1 9.3 15 03 05 25 +11 45 04 1.207 2.149 154.1 9.1 25 02 57 14 +11 29 34 1.163 2.140 165.6 8.8

Nov. 4 02 47 13 +11 13 25 1.143 2.133 175.2 8.5 14 02 36 53 +11 01 45 1.148 2.126 167.8 8.7 24 02 27 47 +10 59 21 1.179 2.119 156.0 8.9 Dec. 4 02 21 10 +11 10 04 1.232 2.113 144.5 9.2 14 02 17 48 +11 35 42 1.304 2.108 133.8 9.4

11Parthenope 2008 RA Dec Delta r Elong. Mag h m s ° ' ″ AU AU deg V Jul. 1 21 31 00 -14 19 52 1.348 2.217 139.0 9.8 11 21 28 06 -15 00 15 1.278 2.214 149.4 9.6 21 21 22 30 -15 55 38 1.228 2.212 160.5 9.3 31 21 14 49 -17 00 49 1.200 2.210 172.1 9.0 Aug. 10 21 06 06 -18 08 22 1.197 2.209 175.7 8.9

20 20 57 44 -19 10 09 1.218 2.208 164.1 9.2 30 20 50 59 -20 00 09 1.262 2.208 152.7 9.5 Sep. 9 20 46 48 -20 34 43 1.327 2.209 141.9 9.8 19 20 45 44 -20 52 48 1.409 2.210 131.9 10.0

15Eunomia 2008 RA Dec Delta r Elong. Mag h m s ° ' ″ AU AU deg V Jan. 1 07 37 16 +23 39 59 1.471 2.440 167.5 8.4 11 07 25 48 +23 11 25 1.476 2.460 178.7 8.2 21 07 14 46 +22 39 12 1.511 2.480 167.0 8.5 BAA Handbook 2008 Mercury 47

15Eunomia (continued) 2008 RA Dec Delta r Elong. Mag h m s ° ' ″ AU AU deg V

31 07 05 29 +22 04 29 1.573 2.500 154.8 8.8 Feb. 10 06 58 53 +21 29 11 1.660 2.520 143.2 9.1

20 06 55 26 +20 54 46 1.767 2.540 132.3 9.3 Mar. 1 06 55 08 +20 21 57 1.891 2.560 122.2 9.6 11 06 57 45 +19 50 32 2.026 2.580 112.9 9.8 21 07 02 55 +19 19 35 2.170 2.600 104.2 10.0

29Amphitrite 2008 RA Dec Delta r Elong. Mag h m s ° ' ″ AU AU deg V Jan. 1 02 52 11 +25 12 53 1.637 2.370 127.8 9.6 11 02 54 28 +24 58 22 1.743 2.371 118.2 9.8 21 02 59 48 +24 55 19 1.859 2.373 109.3 10.0

41Daphne 2008 RA Dec Delta r Elong. Mag h m s ° ' ″ AU AU deg V Mar. 11 13 46 09 -04 40 47 1.202 2.089 143.9 10.1 21 13 45 31 -02 22 28 1.131 2.073 154.1 9.8

31 13 42 24 +00 14 00 1.082 2.059 163.5 9.5 Apr. 10 13 37 29 +02 55 00 1.057 2.047 167.8 9.3 20 13 31 54 +05 23 39 1.056 2.037 162.3 9.5 30 13 26 52 +07 25 20 1.079 2.028 152.8 9.6 May 10 13 23 28 +08 50 35 1.122 2.021 142.9 9.9

20 13 22 28 +09 36 30 1.182 2.017 133.5 10.1

43Ariadne 2008 RA Dec Delta r Elong. Mag h m s ° ' ″ AU AU deg V Sep. 1 23 01 22 +01 09 54 0.984 1.985 169.4 9.7 11 22 51 50 +00 11 49 1.001 2.002 172.0 9.7 21 22 43 28 -00 49 55 1.040 2.021 162.5 10.0

216 Kleopatra 2008 RA Dec Delta r Elong. Mag h m s ° ' ″ AU AU deg V Sep. 11 23 08 23 +12 36 00 1.251 2.233 162.7 9.5 21 23 01 44 +10 53 10 1.236 2.215 162.7 9.5 BAA Handbook 2008 Minor Planets 48

ASTROMETRY To submit astrometrical data to the Minor Planet Center (MPC) the observer must use a CCD camera and have an Observatory Code as described in 'ASTROMETRY - OBTAINING AN OBSERVATORY CODE' on the website of the Asteroid and Remote Planets Section at http://homepage.ntlworld.com/roger.dymock/Astrometry%20-%20Obs%20Code.htm Positions and orbital elements of asteroids, particularly Near Earth Objects, change rapidly. Such data is therefore not included here but designations and data on asteroids for which astrometry is required can be obtained from;

The MPC - NEO Confirmation Page at http://cfa-www.harvard.edu/iau/NEO/ToConfirm.html - NEO Observation Planning Aid at http://scully.cfa.harvard.edu/~cgi/NEAObs - Date of Last Observations of NEO's not seen in a while at http://cfa-www.harvard.edu/iau/NEO/LastObsNEO.html Lowell Observatory - Hierarchical Observing Protocol at http://asteroid.lowell.edu/cgi-bin/koehn/hop - Critical List of Asteroids at http://asteroid.lowell.edu/asteroid/loneos/critlist.html The Spaceguard Foundation - Priority List at http://spaceguard.rm.iasf.cnr.it/servlet/PriorityListServlet UAI Minor Planets Section - Follow-up Astrometric Program (FUAP) at http://asteroidi.uai.it/fuap.htm Where a provisional orbit has been calculated this can be obtained from the MPC via the Minor Planet and Comet Ephemeris Service at http://cfa-www.harvard.edu/iau/MPEph/MPEph.html

OCCULTATIONS OF STARS BY MINOR PLANETS Occultation events for 2008 were selected from a world list of events computed and published annually by Edwin Goffin of the VVS (Flemish Astronomical Association). The section is very grateful to him for allowing the use of his predictions. There is space here only for the most prominent occultation events i.e. those involving numbered minor planets, occulted stars of visual magnitude 10.0 or brighter, maximum durations of 5 sec or greater, and magnitude drops of 1.0 or greater. Due to the lead time for publication of the Handbook, the events are necessarily computed up to 22 months in advance. Although prediction accuracy has vastly improved in recent years, significant uncertainties may remain when computed so far in advance. Observers are therefore advised to consult the following internet resources in the month prior to an event for updated tracks and detailed charts. The web sites also list detailed predictions for hundreds more events for the regions they cover. ftp://ftp.ster.kuleuven.ac.be/dist/vvs/asteroids/ - the VVS website hosting Edwin Goffin's predictions (computation details, postscript and PDF charts). BAA Handbook 2008 Mercury 49 http://mpocc.astro.cz/ - the Czech Astronomical Society's Europe, North Africa and Middle East subset of the above but including charts in GIF format and updates. http://www.astrosurf.com/eaon - the European Asteroidal Occultation Network's (EAON) last minute prediction updates for Europe, with extra information and occultation links. http://asteroidoccultation.com/ - last minute whole-world prediction updates. In the table of predictions: Time = time of closest geocentric approach: Region of Visibility codes (RoV): 1 = N and Central America, 2 = S America, 3 = Europe, N Africa and the Middle East, 4 = S Africa, 5 = Russia, 6 = Pakistan, India, and SE Asia, 7 = Japan, China and Taiwan, 8 = Australia and NZ. Max Date Time UT Minor Planet Diam Star reference V Dur Mag RoV h m No. Name km Mag sec drop

Jan. 13 0 29 76 Freia 184 TYC 1307-00191-1 8.8 21 3.5 1 13 5 9 25 Phocaea 75 TYC 5394-02996-1 8.8 5 3.7 2 15 12 1 227 Philosophia 87 TYC 2424-00058-1 9.8 6 4.2 8 18 11 44 420 Bertholda 141 TYC 6182-01189-1 9.7 5 5.1 1 20 14 28 82 Alkmene 61 HIP 59771 9.7 11 2.4 8 28 19 16 143 Adria 90 HIP 47779 6.7 8 6.3 3 Feb. 02 20 58 329 Svea 78 TYC 0084-01078-1 10.0 10 4.2 3,5 07 7 5 488 Kreusa 150 TYC 0313-00964-1 10.0 26 2.6 2 12 0 1 602 Marianna 125 HIP 13237 8.1 6 5.3 1 13 11 1 663 Gerlinde 101 TYC 0685-00976-1 9.9 26 4.6 8 18 7 53 4715 1989TS1 46 TYC 6730-00438-1 9.4 6 7.6 1,2 21 16 50 538 Friederike 73 HIP 36249 7.4 11 7.2 3,6 25 16 30 375 Ursula 106 TYC 7867-00225-1 10.0 10 3.2 8 26 1 14 16 Psyche 253 TYC 6184-01101-1 9.5 29 2.3 4 26 23 48 739 Mandeville 107 TYC 1396-00100-1 9.5 10 2.6 1,2 28 1 29 469 Argentina 126 TYC 0833-01136-1 8.5 11 3.8 1 29 10 41 8 Flora 136 TYC 1272-00067-1 8.5 6 2.0 8 Mar. 03 11 56 140 Siwa 110 TYC 0283-00347-1 9.3 9 3.5 1 07 2 49 7 Iris 200 TYC 6125-00882-1 9.4 33 1.1 2 09 5 38 45 Eugenia 215 HIP 23043 5.7 12 7.4 1 11 7 2 735 Marghanna 74 TYC 2936-00356-1 9.0 8 6.0 1 12 4 18 108 Hecuba 65 TYC 6156-01101-1 9.4 20 3.8 2 13 10 1 554 Peraga 96 HIP 63732 8.0 10 4.7 2 14 3 8 184 Dejopeja 67 TYC 1895-02195-1 8.3 14 5.4 2 14 12 29 337 Devosa 59 HIP 59545 7.4 6 4.1 1,7 15 1 28 241 Germania 169 HIP 17026 6.6 6 6.9 1 17 9 8 200 Dynamene 128 HIP 35820 9.7 18 3.4 1 Apr. 07 4 15 93 Minerva 141 TYC 7359-02112-1 9.3 27 2.7 4 08 2 44 667 Denise 81 TYC 1401-00822-1 9.7 10 4.0 1 11 16 41 1048 Feodosia 70 TYC 6849-00037-1 9.7 7 4.1 8 14 13 10 375 Ursula 106 TYC 7882-00020-1 8.3 30 4.2 8 15 6 43 705 Erminia 134 HIP 69948 8.1 9 4.9 2 20 22 25 159 Aemilia 125 HIP 40471 8.3 8 5.2 2 22 6 52 788 Hohensteina 104 HIP 73038 9.7 10 2.6 2 29 15 23 1000 Piazzia 48 TYC 8378-02901-1 9.6 8 4.3 8 May. 15 9 2 163 Erigone 73 TYC 5753-01344-1 9.0 15 5.8 2 18 8 55 37 Fides 108 TYC 6143-01673-1 9.8 9 2.1 8 19 6 6 160 Una 81 TYC 6871-00165-1 9.9 17 3.9 2 25 8 26 130 Elektra 182 TYC 5236-01514-1 9.7 9 2.9 2 Jun. 01 9 11 5 Astraea 119 TYC 0291-00060-1 9.6 24 1.6 1 04 4 40 546 Herodias 66 HIP 108597 7.1 10 7.8 4 06 21 4 5 Astraea 119 TYC 0291-00146-1 8.9 18 2.2 3 12 10 44 469 Argentina 126 TYC 0249-00930-1 9.6 5 4.4 8 15 13 16 1048 Feodosia 70 HIP 86170 4.4 7 8.2 8 18 7 21 19 Fortuna 124 TYC 6276-01878-1 8.8 13 1.9 1 Max 50 Minor Planets BAA Handbook 2008 Date Time UT Minor Planet Diam Star reference V Dur Mag RoV h m No. Name km Mag sec drop

Jun 18 23 36 636 Erika 74 HIP 88492 7.2 8 5.8 4 26 14 25 221 Eos 104 HIP 58916 9.7 6 4.1 6 29 7 48 861 Aida 67 HIP 82536 9.9 7 4.1 8 Jul. 09 8 8 3317 Paris 116 HIP 72008 8.6 9 7.1 1 11 22 16 348 May 83 HIP 89731 6.7 7 7.4 2 23 1 10 344 Desiderata 132 TYC 5537-00091-1 9.4 6 3.0 2 27 8 31 324 Bamberga 229 HIP 78105 5.1 40 6.4 8 31 0 29 503 Evelyn 82 TYC 6867-01518-1 9.8 7 4.3 2 Aug. 06 17 33 357 Ninina 106 TYC 0048-01076-1 9.9 6 4.3 8 07 3 16 514 Armida 106 TYC 6159-01220-1 9.3 7 5.6 1 07 10 27 128 Nemesis 188 TYC 6928-01271-1 10.0 19 1.3 8 13 2 45 1030 Vitja 64 HIP 111779 9.3 5 6.1 4 15 16 27 324 Bamberga 229 HIP 78714 9.6 23 2.3 4,6 20 17 10 79 Eurynome 67 TYC 5227-00888-1 9.2 8 1.6 6 20 19 16 635 Vundtia 98 TYC 5213-00940-1 9.8 8 3.6 8 20 21 50 324 Bamberga 229 TYC 7334-00033-1 10.0 19 2.0 2 24 4 49 111 Ate 135 TYC 5803-01587-1 9.7 11 2.2 1 27 3 37 377 Campania 91 HIP 16077 6.6 7 7.0 3 27 4 47 635 Vundtia 98 HIP 106488 6.8 8 6.7 2 28 10 6 762 Pulcova 137 HIP 108102 5.9 10 7.3 8 Sep. 01 2 1 377 Campania 91 HIP 16374 8.3 9 5.3 3 03 17 25 9 Metis 210 TYC 0651-00055-1 8.9 25 1.5 7 06 2 48 346 Hermentaria 107 HIP 99489 7.6 33 3.9 1,2 08 18 51 709 Fringilla 97 HIP 114207 9.4 8 3.1 8 12 6 39 9 Metis 210 HIP 14764 6.0 44 4.0 1 12 7 5 216 Kleopatra 135 TYC 1163-00264-1 9.2 13 1.2 2 12 20 17 79 Eurynome 67 TYC 5222-00089-1 8.9 9 2.0 3 18 5 28 205 Martha 81 HIP 105046 6.7 10 6.8 1 19 11 30 181 Eucharis 106 HIP 104297 6.2 11 7.3 8 26 11 18 216 Kleopatra 135 FK6 6034 7.7 13 2.4 1,8 30 7 32 293 Brasilia 55 HIP 10818 8.6 5 5.9 2 Oct. 01 14 11 128 Nemesis 188 HIP 102498 9.0 44 2.9 6 04 12 31 15809 1994JS 91 TYC 6837-00552-1 9.7 6 13.7 8 05 18 25 408 Fama 41 TYC 2393-00960-1 9.7 7 4.7 7 11 1 4 64 Angelina 97 TYC 0005-01295-1 9.2 8 2.5 1,3 11 17 49 105 Artemis 119 TYC 4814-00247-1 9.5 7 4.5 7 17 20 33 444 Gyptis 160 HIP 47573 8.7 6 5.1 7 18 13 25 79 Eurynome 67 TYC 5788-01096-1 8.8 15 2.8 6 24 2 54 232 Russia 53 HIP 29849 7.3 15 7.9 4 25 6 6 188 Menippe 39 TYC 1309-03073-1 9.9 7 4.2 1 30 5 31 1005 Arago 58 HIP 15688 9.6 6 4.5 2 Nov. 01 0 0 59 Elpis 165 HIP 24807 8.2 30 3.7 4,6 04 17 1 339 Dorothea 38 TYC 0752-01611-1 8.8 10 5.8 7,8 11 19 28 135 Hertha 79 TYC 1244-01087-1 9.6 8 1.5 7 16 9 31 583 Klotilde 82 TYC 1355-00930-1 9.6 24 4.3 1 27 17 56 172 Baucis 62 TYC 1414-00405-1 9.7 7 4.0 8 Dec. 11 8 0 135 Hertha 79 HIP 13021 9.2 15 2.6 1 17 3 18 756 Lilliana 72 TYC 0005-00793-1 9.8 7 6.1 2 18 5 6 402 Chloë 54 TYC 0735-02090-1 9.9 5 2.4 1 19 1 2 1002 Olbersia 32 HIP 38893 8.4 5 7.3 1,5 19 2 38 1002 Olbersia 32 TYC 2476-01289-1 10.0 5 5.7 1,3 19 6 48 487 Venetia 63 TYC 1349-00625-1 9.5 6 2.3 1 21 12 45 1628 Strobel 57 TYC 4861-00933-1 7.8 9 6.9 8 23 16 5 751 Faïna 111 HIP 1362 9.2 5 4.0 3 25 13 46 740 Cantabia 91 TYC 0852-00796-1 9.3 14 4.5 1 26 7 35 1585 Union 50 TYC 4894-02446-1 9.3 10 5.3 1 27 21 40 776 Berbericia 151 TYC 2420-00133-1 9.8 7 1.7 3,5,6 BAA Handbook 2008 Minor Planets 51 PHOTOMETRY

Lightcurve opportunities

The table below lists asteroids attaining magnitude 14 or brighter for which no rotation period has been determined. Where a 'U' code is given as '1', the values given are based on fragmentary lightcurves and are likely to be incorrect. Period/amplitude data are a compilation based on databases maintained by Alan Harris, Raoul Behrend and Gerard Faure. Prepared by Richard Miles based on an analysis of both numbered and unnumbered objects in the Minor Planet Center MPCORB database by Brian D. Warner.

* Date when brightest

Asteroid Opposition Number Name Date Mag AU Dec U Period Amplitude

m d h 2005 WJ56 01 04.8 12.8 0.048 +63 - 2005 WJ56 01 09.5* 11.4 0.028 +28 - 538 Friederike 01 17.4 13.8 2.251 +17 1 27? 0.12 1303 Luthera 01 23.1 13.4 2.024 +41 - 1071 Brita 02 03.2 13.5 1.611 +25 1 5.8? 0.38 772 Tanete 02 04.0 13.0 2.060 +54 - 11.8 0.1 4450 Pan 02 08.4 13.3 0.125 +9 - 4450 Pan 02 16.8* 12.4 0.050 -6 - 1126 Otero 02 18.0 13.8 0.959 +19 - 613 Ginevra 02 19.2 13.6 1.919 +16 1 16.45? 0.63 780 Armenia 02 27.0 13.8 2.395 +14 - 19.9/13.3? 0.2 2606 Odessa 03 03.0 13.6 1.122 -6 - 1365 Henyey 03 09.8 14.0 1.126 -5 - 498 Tokio 03 10.9 13.6 2.251 +16 - >20 >0.36 2001 SN263 02 22.0* 12.0 0.066 +9 - 2001 SN263 03 15.1 13.4 0.125 -22 - 496 Gryphia 03 18.8 13.8 1.139 -3 1 18? 0.05? 693 Zerbinetta 03 23.1 13.4 1.964 -5 - 7.6 0.13 290 Bruna 04 07.8 13.7 1.120 -13 - 577 Rhea 04 12.1 13.8 2.111 -15 1 11.5? 0.31 1093 Freda 04 13.0 13.5 2.189 +10 - 5.4 0.04 437 Rhodia 04 13.8 13.8 1.574 -19 1 53?/56? 0.07?/0.3 8? 1342 Brabantia 05 13.6 13.9 1.059 -57 - 1056 Azalea 05 20.1 13.8 1.071 -13 - 15.1 0.8 552 Sigelinde 05 21.9 13.3 1.891 -26 - 24? 0.25 741 Botolphia 05 23.9 14.0 1.675 -13 1 16?/24? 0.4/0.48? 52 Minor Planets BAA Handbook 2008 803 Picka 05 26.7 13.8 2.107 -23 - 5 0.4 715 Transvaalia 05 30.8 13.6 1.764 -32 - 11.8 0.2 328 Gudrun 06 01.6 13.7 2.466 -44 1 18? 0.15? 1638 Ruanda 06 03.2 13.9 1.273 -22 - 8.4 0.06 237 Coelestina 06 03.4 12.5 1.574 -19 - 24? 0.3? 527 Euryanthe 06 17.1 13.2 1.451 -14 - 805 Hormuthia 06 21.7 13.7 1.687 +1 - 16 0.14 449 Hamburga 07 05.1 13.3 1.896 -24 - <0.01? 7965 Katsuhiko 07 07.1 13.9 0.920 -46 - 1836 Komarov 07 08.4 13.7 1.223 -19 - 930 Westphalia 07 13.2 13.9 1.124 -44 - 6670 Wallach 07 16.9 13.7 0.965 -15 - 384 Burdigala 07 18.3 13.7 1.946 -29 1 >17 >0.03 791 Ani 07 22.0 12.5 1.550 -15 - 22.8 0.17 819 Barnardiana 07 26.0 13.4 0.893 -25 - 6422 Akagi 07 27.8 13.9 1.211 -18 - 533 Sara 08 04.7 13.8 1.969 -10 - 9.1 0.38 546 Herodias 08 05.9 14.0 1.924 -37 1 10.4 0.07 189 Phthia 08 09.2 12.3 1.386 -8 1 >15 >0.2 635 Vundtia 08 19.0 13.4 2.075 -3 - 5.88 0.17 205 Martha 08 19.5 13.1 1.732 +2 1 9.6/11.9? 0.3 1424 Sundmania 08 20.0 13.8 1.993 -25 - 24 0.3 541 Deborah 08 27.7 13.8 1.745 -2 - 589 Croatia 08 28.1 13.4 2.061 -4 - 25 0.52 252 Clementina 09 02.7 13.2 1.940 +2 - 615 Roswitha 09 08.3 13.6 1.566 -7 - 627 Charis 09 09.2 13.6 1.735 -9 - 830 Petropolitana 09 12.1 13.4 2.145 -3 - 39 0.16 1137 Raissa 09 14.8 13.2 1.188 -10 1 36/37? 0.1/0.34? 568 Cheruskia 09 15.6 13.1 1.739 +23 1 14.65 0.44 2056 Nancy 09 17.8 13.9 0.916 +4 1 >15 0.08 859 Bouzareah 09 21.5 13.9 2.019 -11 - 23 0.13 1473 Ounas 09 23.9 13.8 0.995 +15 - 1041 Asta 09 25.1 13.8 1.760 -16 - 2005 GN59 09 29.1 13.8 0.068 +62 - 1066 Lobelia 09 30.7 13.9 0.900 +7 - 2543 Machado 10 03.6 13.9 1.343 -8 - 1122 Neith 10 04.4 12.9 0.968 -2 - 1401 Lavonne 10 04.8 13.9 0.866 +19 - 1102 Pepita 10 06.6 13.2 1.795 +14 - 0.4 1763 Williams 10 07.4 13.9 0.824 +14 - BAA Handbook 2008 Mercury 53 Asteroid Opposition Number Name Date Mag AU Dec U Period Amplitude

m d h 1472 Muonio 10 08.8 13.8 0.798 +2 - 358 Apollonia 10 10.6 12.3 1.562 +5 1 long >0.04 4711 Kathy 10 21.3 13.9 0.861 -10 - 4332 Milton 10 21.5 13.7 0.876 -15 - 343 Ostara 10 26.8 12.8 0.879 +12 1 6.42 0.23 518 Halawe 10 26.9 13.4 1.257 +11 - 6000 United Nations 10 30.0 13.8 1.173 +7 - 923 Herluga 11 05.7 13.8 1.127 +4 - 1672 Gezelle 11 08.9 13.8 1.392 +16 - >0.2 1015 Christa 11 18.4 13.2 1.978 +7 - 12.2 0.2 768 Struveana 11 21.6 13.5 1.517 +29 - 264 Libussa 11 23.9 11.4 1.483 +24 - 6.8?/9.2? 0.03-0.22 299 Thora 12 03.4 14.0 1.330 +22 - 31? 0.08? 1047 Geisha 12 06.1 13.4 0.964 +22 - 25.6 0.33 408 Fama 12 06.4 13.3 1.799 +32 1 65? 0.1? 5390 Huichiming 12 07.8 14.0 0.825 +13 - 1596 Itzigsohn 12 11.3 13.6 1.578 +19 1 21.4 0.3 501 Urhixidur 12 13.4 13.7 2.225 +53 1 15 0.1 1240 Centenaria 12 15.6 13.7 1.877 +37 1 11.2/14? 0.12 1112 Polonia 12 25.8 14.0 1.883 +30 -

Low phase angle/opposition opportunities Prepared by Richard Miles based on data obtained from Brian Warner. Asteroids selected based on the following criteria: PhA<0.3 deg, V<14.5, PhA<0.5 deg, <13.0

Asteroid Opposition Minimum V Ampl. Number Name Date Phase Angle Mag Dec Period mag m d h

103 Hera 02 01.5 0.25 11.5 17 23.74 0.42 6 Hebe 02 07.0 0.21 8.8 15 7.275 0.05-0.20 637 Chrysothemis 02 15.2 0.13 14.5 13 - - 177 Irma 02 22.0 0.17 13.5 11 14.208 0.37 300 Geraldina 02 25.9 0.29 14.1 10 6.818 0.32 551 Ortrud 03 02.4 0.17 13.3 7 13.05 0.16 955 Alstede 03 12.9 0.15 14.1 3 5.19 0.27 1382 Gerti 03 14.6 0.21 14.0 2 3.082 0.29 808 Merxia 03 19.9 0.11 13.0 0 30.631 0.7 175 Andromache 04 03.2 0.17 13.4 -5 7.668 0.21-0.34 435 Ella 04 04.4 0.20 13.8 -6 4.623 0.38 54 Minor Planets BAA Handbook 2008 Asteroid Opposition Minimum V Ampl. Number Name Date Phase Angle Mag Dec Period mag m d h

1366 Piccolo 04 10.9 0.26 14.3 -8 16.57 0.33 33 Polyhymnia 04 12.3 0.21 13.3 -9 18.601 0.14 332 Siri 05 01.1 0.26 13.1 -16 7 0.32 1793 Zoya 05 03.0 0.09 14.2 -16 7 0.4 6212 1993 MS1 05 08.6 0.24 14.4 -17 - - 138 Tolosa 05 15.8 0.14 11.2 -19 10.101 0.4 815 Coppelia 05 18.6 0.17 14.2 -20 4.421 0.17 936 Kunigunde 05 25.9 0.07 13.7 -21 8.8 0.25 586 Thekla 05 30.5 0.28 13.5 -21 10.63 0.24 418 Alemannia 06 03.2 0.28 13.2 -22 4.671 0.14-0.27 1638 Ruanda 06 03.2 0.22 13.9 -22 8.323 0.06 764 Gedania 06 08.0 0.14 14.2 -23 24.975 0.35 134340 Pluto 06 20.8 0.21 14.3 -17 153.3 0.11 1487 Boda 06 25.6 0.15 14.5 -23 - - 517 Edith 07 04.9 0.20 14.0 -22 9.274 0.12-0.18 2524 Budovicium 07 07.4 0.16 14.1 -22 10.08 0.17 7851 Azumino 07 18.5 0.26 14.1 -21 - - 1799 Koussevitzky 09 01.1 0.28 14.2 -9 6.325 0.25 7043 Godart 09 05.4 0.23 14.1 -6 - - 333 Badenia 09 10.9 0.21 12.7 -5 9.96 0.3 830 Petropolitana 09 12.1 0.28 13.3 -3 39? 0.15? 1710 Gothard 09 18.2 0.29 13.9 -2 4.939 0.31 1587 Kahrstedt 09 23.3 0.29 14.2 1 7.929 0.12 1686 De Sitter 09 24.1 0.07 14.5 0 - - 1225 Ariane 10 07.0 0.07 14.4 6 5.505 0.3 32 Pomona 11 04.4 0.17 11.1 15 9.448 0.13-0.30 983 Gunila 12 01.7 0.16 14.3 22 - - 299 Thora 12 03.5 0.27 13.9 22 30.72 0.07 901 Brunsia 12 13.0 0.19 13.7 24 3.136 0.12 86 Semele 12 15.9 0.14 11.8 23 16.634 0.18 274 Philagoria 12 20.9 0.11 14.4 23 17.96 0.43 BAA Handbook 2008 Mercury 55 SHAPE MODELLING

An asteroids shape, rotational period and the scattering properties of its surface can be determined from light curves. Amateurs can assist Mikko Kaasalainen (University of Helsinki, Finland) at http://www.rni.helsinki.fi/~mjk/index.html in this endeavour with photometry of the asteroids listed below. Please refer to his list at: http://www.rni.helsinki.fi/~mjk/observations.html to check for updates.

Near-Earth asteroids

1566 Icarus 1685 Toro 1864 Daedalus 1865 Cerberus 1866 Sisyphus 1917 Cuyo 3122 Florence 4197 1982 TA 4954 Eric 5751 Zao 7822 1991 CS

Main-belt asteroids

5 Astraea 83 Beatrix 386 Siegena 30 Urania 93 Minerva 409 Aspasia 31 Euphrosyne 114 Kassandra 416 Vaticana 34 Circe 125 Liberatrix 419 Aurelia 36 Atalante 133 Cyrene 441 Bathilde 40 Harmonia 221 Eos 471 Papagena 47 Aglaja 233 Asterope 480 Hansa 48 Doris 238 Hypatia 487 Venetia 51 Nemausa 258 Tyche 505 Cava 54 Alexandra 276 Adelheid 683 Lanzia 59 Elpis 324 Bamberga 747 Winchester 76 Freia 334 Chicago 776 Berbericia 77 Frigga 344 Desiderata 804 Hispania 79 Eurynome 369 Aeria 1902 Shaposhnikov 80 Sappho 377 Campania 3415 Danby 56 Minor Planets BAA Handbook 2008 NEO CLOSE APPROACHES TO EARTH The table below was extracted from data on JPL's Near Earth Object Program website at: http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/ca/ It lists asteroids predicted to pass close to the Earth during 2008. New discoveries may be added to this list so please check the JPL NEO site for updates. The Nominal Miss distance is given in Lunar Distances (LD) and Astronomical Units (AU). Ephemerides and orbital elements should be obtained from the MPC via the Minor Planet and Comet Ephemeris Service at: http://cfa-www.harvard.edu/iau/MPEph/MPEph.html near the time of observation.

Close Nominal Miss Object Close Nominal Miss Object Approach Distance Approach Distance Date 2008 LD/AU Date 2008 LD/AU 2005 WJ56 Jan-10 10.9/0.0279 35107 (1991 VH) Aug-15 17.8/0.0458 2006 DU62 Feb-09 22.3/0.0573 2006 BJ55 Aug-15 17.0/0.0436 2007 DA Feb-12 9.8/0.0253 2005 QQ87 Aug-24 30.9/0.0793 2000 RW37 Feb-15 28.0/0.0719 2006 JY26 Aug-28 33.2/0.0854 4450 Pan Feb-19 15.9/0.0408 2003 WT153 Sep-07 5.8/0.0149 2001 SN263 Feb-20 25.6/0.0659 2000 DP107 Sep-10 22.5/0.0579 2002 TD66 Feb-26 16.3/0.0419 2001 SQ3 Sep-17 21.6/0.0555 2003 TM1 Mar-14 31.6/0.0811 2003 SW130 Sep-19 8.6/0.0220 2005 EA Mar-17 30.9/0.0795 137032 (1998 UO1) Sep-26 24.5/0.0630 2002 FW1 Mar-18 30.8/0.0791 2006 TD Sep-27 31.7/0.0815 2003 FY6 Mar-21 6.3/0.0162 2005 GN59 Oct-06 20.1/0.0516 2007 DD Mar-22 32.6/0.0838 2005 TQ45 Oct-07 17.3/0.0444 2003 WP25 Mar-29 29.9/0.0768 2007 DM41 Oct-12 23.8/0.0611 2002 VX91 Mar-30 30.8/0.0792 2000 FJ10 Oct-22 24.7/0.0634 2004 VW14 Apr-04 26.9/0.0692 2003 UW29 Oct-28 26.8/0.0689 2001 QO142 Apr-06 34.1/0.0876 1998 VO Oct-29 31.0/0.0796 1999 SO5 Apr-09 36.9/0.0949 2005 VN Oct-29 4.1/0.0104 2005 NB7 Apr-17 16.4/0.0422 4179 Toutatis Nov-09 19.6/0.0502 2004 XM29 May-10 34.5/0.0887 2004 XK3 Nov-22 16.2/0.0416 2005 WC Jun-23 28.0/0.0720 85236 (1993 KH) Nov-22 38.7/0.0994 2004 TG10 Jul-03 23.9/0.0613 2006 US216 Nov-25 17.8/0.0457 2003 RU11 Jul-10 30.8/0.0792 2000 AF6 Dec-13 28.8/0.0740 90403 (2003 YE45) Jul-13 16.5/0.0424 2006 VB14 Dec-14 36.1/0.0928 2005 RC34 Jul-21 14.5/0.0374 2004 XL14 Dec-20 23.8/0.0612 2004 SB56 Jul-28 25.0/0.0641 2004 LV3 Dec-27 26.9/0.0692 2005 CN61 Aug-02 33.7/0.0866 2006 JY26 Dec-28 37.5/0.0964 57 Satellites of Jupiter BAA Handbook 2008

JUPITER Opposition: July 9 Equat. Polar 2008 R.A. Dec. Mag. Diam. Diam. Tilt Δ h m ° ' ° Jan. -5 18 07.1 -23 15 -1.8 31.6 29.5 -2.2 6.232 Jan. 5 18 17.1 23 13 1.8 31.7 29.6 2.2 6.212 Jan. 15 18 27.0 23 09 1.8 31.9 29.8 2.1 6.169 Jan. 25 18 36.6 23 02 1.8 32.2 30.2 2.0 6.106 Feb. 4 18 45.9 22 54 1.9 32.7 30.6 2.0 6.024

Feb. 14 18 54.7 -22 44 -1.9 33.2 31.1 -1.9 5.923 Feb. 24 19 03.0 22 34 1.9 33.9 31.7 1.9 5.805 Mar. 5 19 10.6 22 22 2.0 34.7 32.5 1.8 5.674 Mar. 15 19 17.5 22 11 2.1 35.6 33.3 1.8 5.530 Mar. 25 19 23.5 22 01 2.1 36.6 34.2 1.7 5.378

Apr. 4 19 28.5 -21 51 -2.2 37.7 35.3 -1.7 5.219 Apr. 14 19 32.4 21 44 2.2 38.9 36.4 1.6 5.059 Apr. 24 19 35.0 21 39 2.3 40.2 37.6 1.6 4.900 May 4 19 36.5 21 37 2.4 41.5 38.8 1.5 4.746 May 14 19 36.5 21 39 2.4 42.8 40.0 1.5 4.602

May 24 19 35.3 -21 43 -2.5 44.0 41.2 -1.5 4.472 Jun. 3 19 32.8 21 50 2.6 45.2 42.2 1.5 4.360 Jun. 13 19 29.1 22 00 2.6 46.1 43.1 1.5 4.270 Jun. 23 19 24.5 22 11 2.7 46.8 43.8 1.5 4.206 Jul. 3 19 19.3 22 22 2.7 47.2 44.2 1.5 4.169

Jul. 13 19 13.8 -22 34 -2.7 47.3 44.2 -1.5 4.162 Jul. 23 19 08.5 22 44 2.7 47.1 44.0 1.5 4.184 Aug. 2 19 03.6 22 53 2.6 46.5 43.5 1.5 4.235 Aug. 12 18 59.6 23 00 2.6 45.7 42.7 1.5 4.311 Aug. 22 18 56.6 23 05 2.6 44.6 41.7 1.5 4.411

Sep. 1 18 55.0 -23 08 -2.5 43.5 40.6 -1.5 4.530 Sep. 11 18 54.7 23 09 2.4 42.2 39.5 1.5 4.664 Sep. 21 18 55.7 23 08 2.4 40.9 38.3 1.5 4.808 Oct. 1 18 58.2 23 06 2.3 39.7 37.1 1.5 4.960 Oct. 11 19 01.9 23 01 2.3 38.5 36.0 1.5 5.113

Oct. 21 19 06.7 -22 54 -2.2 37.4 35.0 -1.4 5.265 Oct. 31 19 12.6 22 45 2.1 36.4 34.0 1.4 5.412 Nov. 10 19 19.4 22 33 2.1 35.5 33.2 1.3 5.551 Nov. 20 19 27.0 22 18 2.0 34.7 32.4 1.3 5.678 Nov. 30 19 35.2 22 01 2.0 34.0 31.8 1.2 5.791

Dec. 10 19 44.0 -21 41 -2.0 33.4 31.3 -1.2 5.889 Dec. 20 19 53.2 21 18 1.9 33.0 30.8 1.1 5.969 Dec. 30 20 02.7 20 52 1.9 32.7 30.5 1.0 6.029 Dec. 40 20 12.4 -20 24 -1.9 32.4 30.3 -0.9 6.069 58 Jupiter BAA Handbook 2008

LONGITUDE OF CENTRAL MERIDIAN SYSTEM I

Day Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May Jun. Jul. Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec. ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° 1 86.4 295.2 190.3 43.0 100.3 317.9 19.0 237.5 92.9 147.0 356.1 45.8 2 244.0 93.0 348.1 200.9 258.2 115.9 177.1 35.4 250.8 304.8 153.8 203.5 3 41.7 250.7 145.9 358.7 56.2 274.0 335.1 193.4 48.7 102.5 311.4 1.1 4 199.4 48.4 303.7 156.6 214.1 72.0 133.1 351.4 206.5 260.3 109.1 158.8 5 357.1 206.2 101.5 314.5 12.1 230.0 291.2 149.3 4.4 58.0 266.8 316.4

6 154.8 3.9 259.3 112.4 170.1 28.1 89.2 307.3 162.2 215.8 64.5 114.1 7 312.5 161.6 57.1 270.2 328.0 186.1 247.3 105.3 320.0 13.5 222.1 271.7 8 110.2 319.4 214.9 68.1 126.0 344.1 45.3 263.2 117.9 171.2 19.8 69.4 9 267.9 117.1 12.7 226.0 284.0 142.2 203.3 61.2 275.7 329.0 177.5 227.0 10 65.6 274.9 170.5 23.9 81.9 300.2 1.3 219.1 73.5 126.7 335.1 24.6

11 223.2 72.6 328.3 181.8 239.9 98.2 159.4 17.1 231.3 284.4 132.8 182.3 12 20.9 230.4 126.1 339.7 37.9 256.3 317.4 175.0 29.2 82.1 290.4 339.9 13 178.6 28.1 283.9 137.6 195.9 54.3 115.4 332.9 187.0 239.8 88.1 137.6 14 336.3 185.9 81.8 295.5 353.9 212.3 273.5 130.9 344.8 37.6 245.8 295.2 15 134.0 343.7 239.6 93.4 151.8 10.4 71.5 288.8 142.6 195.3 43.4 92.9

16 291.7 141.4 37.4 251.3 309.8 168.4 229.5 86.7 300.4 353.0 201.1 250.5 17 89.5 299.2 195.2 49.2 107.8 326.5 27.5 244.6 98.2 150.7 358.7 48.1 18 247.2 96.9 353.1 207.1 265.8 124.5 185.5 42.5 256.0 308.4 156.4 205.8 19 44.9 254.7 150.9 5.1 63.8 282.5 343.5 200.5 53.8 106.1 314.1 3.4 20 202.6 52.5 308.7 163.0 221.8 80.6 141.5 358.4 211.6 263.8 111.7 161.1

21 0.3 210.2 106.6 320.9 19.8 238.6 299.6 156.3 9.4 61.5 269.4 318.7 22 158.0 8.0 264.4 118.8 177.8 36.7 97.6 314.2 167.1 219.2 67.0 116.4 23 315.7 165.8 62.3 276.8 335.8 194.7 255.6 112.1 324.9 16.9 224.7 274.0 24 113.4 323.6 220.1 74.7 133.8 352.7 53.6 270.0 122.7 174.6 22.3 71.6 25 271.1 121.3 18.0 232.6 291.8 150.8 211.6 67.8 280.5 332.3 180.0 229.3

26 68.9 279.1 175.8 30.6 89.8 308.8 9.6 225.7 78.2 130.0 337.6 26.9 27 226.6 76.9 333.7 188.5 247.8 106.9 167.6 23.6 236.0 287.7 135.3 184.6 28 24.3 234.7 131.5 346.4 45.9 264.9 325.5 181.5 33.8 85.4 292.9 342.2 29 182.0 32.5 289.4 144.4 203.9 62.9 123.5 339.4 191.5 243.0 90.6 139.9 30 339.8 87.3 302.3 1.9 221.0 281.5 137.2 349.3 40.7 248.2 297.5

31 137.5 245.1 159.9 79.5 295.1 198.4 95.2

CHANGE OF LONGITUDE IN INTERVALS OF MEAN TIME

h ° h ° m ° m ° m ° 1 36.58 7 256.05 10 6.10 1 0.61 6 3.66 2 73.16 8 292.63 20 12.19 2 1.22 7 4.27 3 109.74 9 329.21 30 18.29 3 1.83 8 4.88 4 146.32 10 365.79 40 24.39 4 2.44 9 5.49 5 182.90 11 402.37 50 30.48 5 3.05 10 6.10 6 219.48 12 438.95 60 36.58 System I applies to all objects situated on or between the north component of the south Equatorial Belt and the south component of the North Equatorial Belt. BAA Handbook 2008 Jupiter 59

LONGITUDE OF CENTRAL MERIDIAN SYSTEM II

Day Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May Jun. Jul. Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec. ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° 1 91.8 64.1 97.9 74.0 262.4 243.5 75.7 57.6 36.6 221.8 194.3 15.2 2 241.8 214.2 248.0 224.3 52.7 33.9 226.1 208.0 186.8 11.9 344.4 165.2 3 31.9 4.3 38.2 14.5 203.0 184.3 16.5 358.3 337.0 162.0 134.4 315.2 4 181.9 154.4 188.4 164.8 353.4 334.7 166.9 148.6 127.2 312.1 284.5 105.2 5 332.0 304.5 338.5 315.0 143.7 125.1 317.3 299.0 277.5 102.2 74.5 255.3

6 122.1 94.6 128.7 105.3 294.0 275.5 107.7 89.3 67.7 252.4 224.5 45.3 7 272.1 244.8 278.9 255.5 84.4 65.9 258.1 239.6 217.9 42.5 14.6 195.3 8 62.2 34.9 69.1 45.8 234.7 216.3 48.5 30.0 8.1 192.6 164.6 345.3 9 212.2 185.0 219.2 196.0 25.0 6.7 198.9 180.3 158.3 342.7 314.7 135.3 10 2.3 335.1 9.4 346.3 175.4 157.1 349.4 330.6 308.5 132.8 104.7 285.3

11 152.4 125.2 159.6 136.6 325.7 307.5 139.7 120.9 98.7 282.9 254.7 75.3 12 302.4 275.3 309.8 286.8 116.1 97.9 290.1 271.2 248.9 73.0 44.8 225.4 13 92.5 65.5 100.0 77.1 266.4 248.3 80.5 61.5 39.0 223.0 194.8 15.4 14 242.6 215.6 250.2 227.4 56.8 38.7 230.9 211.8 189.2 13.1 344.8 165.4 15 32.6 5.7 40.4 17.6 207.1 189.1 21.3 2.1 339.4 163.2 134.9 315.4

16 182.7 155.8 190.6 167.9 357.5 339.5 171.7 152.4 129.6 313.3 284.9 105.4 17 332.8 306.0 340.8 318.2 147.9 129.9 322.1 302.7 279.8 103.4 74.9 255.4 18 122.9 96.1 131.0 108.5 298.2 280.4 112.5 93.0 69.9 253.5 224.9 45.4 19 272.9 246.2 281.2 258.8 88.6 70.8 262.9 243.3 220.1 43.5 15.0 195.4 20 63.0 36.4 71.4 49.1 238.9 221.2 53.3 33.5 10.2 193.6 165.0 345.5

21 213.1 186.5 221.6 199.3 29.3 11.6 203.6 183.8 160.4 343.7 315.0 135.5 22 3.2 336.7 11.8 349.6 179.7 162.0 354.0 334.1 310.6 133.7 105.0 285.5 23 153.3 126.8 162.0 139.9 330.1 312.4 144.4 124.4 100.7 283.8 255.1 75.5 24 303.4 277.0 312.2 290.2 120.4 102.8 294.8 274.6 250.8 73.9 45.1 225.5 25 93.4 67.1 102.4 80.5 270.8 253.2 85.1 64.9 41.0 223.9 195.1 15.5

26 243.5 217.3 252.7 230.8 61.2 43.6 235.5 215.1 191.1 14.0 345.1 165.5 27 33.6 7.4 42.9 21.1 211.6 194.1 25.8 5.4 341.3 164.1 135.1 315.6 28 183.7 157.6 193.1 171.5 2.0 344.5 176.2 155.6 131.4 314.1 285.2 105.6 29 333.8 307.7 343.3 321.8 152.3 134.9 326.6 305.9 281.5 104.2 75.2 255.6 30 123.9 133.6 112.1 302.7 285.3 116.9 96.1 71.7 254.2 225.2 45.6

31 274.0 283.8 93.1 267.3 246.3 44.3 195.6

CHANGE OF LONGITUDE IN INTERVALS OF MEAN TIME

h ° h ° m ° m ° m ° 1 36.26 7 253.83 10 6.04 1 0.60 6 3.63 2 72.52 8 290.09 20 12.09 2 1.21 7 4.23 3 108.78 9 326.35 30 18.13 3 1.81 8 4.83 4 145.05 10 362.61 40 24.17 4 2.42 9 5.44 5 181.31 11 398.87 50 30.22 5 3.02 10 6.04 6 217.57 12 435.14 60 36.26 System II applies to all objects situated north of the south component of the North Equatorial Belt or south of the north component of the South Equatorial Belt. 60 Jupiter BAA Handbook 2008

LONGITUDE OF CENTRAL MERIDIAN

SYSTEM III

Day Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May Jun. Jul. Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec. ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° 1 32.4 13.0 54.5 38.9 235.3 224.7 64.9 55.0 42.3 235.5 216.3 45.2 2 182.7 163.4 204.9 189.4 25.9 15.3 215.5 205.7 192.8 25.9 6.6 195.4 3 333.1 313.8 355.4 340.0 176.5 166.0 6.2 356.3 343.3 176.3 156.9 345.7 4 123.4 104.1 145.8 130.5 327.1 316.7 156.9 146.9 133.7 326.6 307.2 136.0 5 273.7 254.5 296.2 281.0 117.7 107.3 307.6 297.5 284.2 117.0 97.5 286.3

6 64.0 44.9 86.7 71.5 268.3 258.0 98.2 88.1 74.7 267.4 247.8 76.6 7 214.4 195.3 237.1 222.0 58.9 48.7 248.9 238.7 225.2 57.8 38.1 226.9 8 4.7 345.6 27.6 12.5 209.5 199.3 39.6 29.3 15.7 208.1 188.4 17.1 9 155.0 136.0 178.0 163.1 0.1 350.0 190.3 179.8 166.1 358.5 338.8 167.4 10 305.3 286.4 328.5 313.6 150.7 140.7 340.9 330.4 316.6 148.9 129.1 317.7

11 95.7 76.8 118.9 104.1 301.3 291.3 131.6 121.0 107.0 299.2 279.4 108.0 12 246.0 227.2 269.4 254.7 91.9 82.0 282.2 271.6 257.5 89.6 69.7 258.3 13 36.3 17.6 59.8 45.2 242.5 232.7 72.9 62.1 47.9 239.9 220.0 48.5 14 186.7 168.0 210.3 195.7 33.2 23.4 223.6 212.7 198.4 30.3 10.3 198.8 15 337.0 318.3 0.7 346.3 183.8 174.0 14.2 3.3 348.8 180.6 160.5 349.1

16 127.4 108.7 151.2 136.8 334.4 324.7 164.9 153.8 139.3 331.0 310.8 139.4 17 277.7 259.1 301.7 287.4 125.0 115.4 315.5 304.4 289.7 121.3 101.1 289.6 18 68.0 49.5 92.1 77.9 275.7 266.1 106.2 94.9 80.2 271.7 251.4 79.9 19 218.4 199.9 242.6 228.5 66.3 56.7 256.8 245.5 230.6 62.0 41.7 230.2 20 8.7 350.3 33.1 19.0 216.9 207.4 47.5 36.0 21.0 212.4 192.0 20.5

21 159.1 140.8 183.5 169.6 7.6 358.1 198.1 186.6 171.4 2.7 342.3 170.8 22 309.4 291.2 334.0 320.1 158.2 148.8 348.8 337.1 321.9 153.0 132.6 321.0 23 99.8 81.6 124.5 110.7 308.8 299.4 139.4 127.7 112.3 303.4 282.9 111.3 24 250.1 232.0 275.0 261.3 99.5 90.1 290.1 278.2 262.7 93.7 73.2 261.6 25 40.5 22.4 65.5 51.8 250.1 240.8 80.7 68.7 53.1 244.0 223.5 51.9

26 190.8 172.8 216.0 202.4 40.8 31.5 231.3 219.2 203.5 34.4 13.7 202.2 27 341.2 323.2 6.4 353.0 191.4 182.2 21.9 9.7 353.9 184.7 164.0 352.4 28 131.6 113.7 156.9 143.6 342.1 332.8 172.6 160.3 144.3 335.0 314.3 142.7 29 281.9 264.1 307.4 294.1 132.7 123.5 323.2 310.8 294.7 125.3 104.6 293.0 30 72.3 97.9 84.7 283.4 274.2 113.8 101.3 85.1 275.6 254.9 83.3

31 222.6 248.4 74.0 264.4 251.8 66.0 233.6

CHANGE OF LONGITUDE IN INTERVALS OF MEAN TIME

h ° h ° m ° m ° m ° 1 36.27 7 253.91 10 6.05 1 0.60 6 3.63 2 72.54 8 290.18 20 12.09 2 1.21 7 4.23 3 108.82 9 326.45 30 18.14 3 1.81 8 4.84 4 145.09 10 362.72 40 24.18 4 2.42 9 5.44 5 181.36 11 399.00 50 30.23 5 3.02 10 6.05 6 217.63 12 435.27 60 36.27 System III applies to the origin of radio emissions from the planet. 61 Satellites of Jupiter BAA Handbook 2008

SATELLITES OF JUPITER

The satellites move from east to west across the face of the planet, and from west to east behind it. After conjunction with the Sun and before opposition, the shadow of Jupiter falls to the west, eclipse precedes occultation, and shadow-transit precedes transit. After opposition, the order of phenomena is reversed, occultation preceding eclipse and transit preceding shadow-transit.

Both phases of eclipse (EcD and EcR) and of occultation (OcD and OcR) of satellites III and IV may be seen if not too near opposition. Satellite I is much closer to the planet, and eclipse and occultation merge into one, OcD being followed by EcR after opposition and before conjunction, while EcD is followed by OcR after conjunction and before opposition. Satellite II normally behaves in the same manner but on rare occasions the separate phenomena of II may be observed. This happens when the planet is near quadrature and is tilted at almost the maximum amount.

On a few occasions all three of the inner satellites may be involved simultaneously in these phenomena. The motions of these three satellites are related in such a way that it is impossible for all three to undergo the same phenomenon at the same time.

The Institut de Mécanique Céleste et de Calcul des Ephémérides supplies event timings in Terrestrial Time (TT). These have been converted to Universal Time (UT), closely, by subtracting one minute for our Table 1 (page 62), since ΔT is about one minute now. The times of phenomena are given in Table 1, and are given for the centre of the satellite. The light of the satellite will therefore begin to fade before the times given here, and observation should commence several minutes before the predicted times. 62 Jupiter BAA Handbook 2008 H C R A M Y R A U R B E F Y R A U N A J BAA Handbook 2008 Satellites of Jupiter 63 E N U J Y A M L I R P A 64 Satellites of Jupiter BAA Handbook 2008 R E B M E T P E S T S U G U A Y L U J BAA Handbook 2008 Satellites of Jupiter 65 R E B M E C E D R E B M E V O N R E B O T C O 66 Satellites of Jupiter BAA Handbook 2008

TABLE 1. ECLIPSES, OCCULTATIONS AND TRANSITS

The times are for mid-phenomena, i.e. for eclipses, the planet’sshadow bisecting the satellite; for other events, the planet’slimb bisecting the satellite or the satellite shadow. Abbreviations: Ec Eclipse; Oc Occultation; Tr Satellite Transit; Sh Satellite Shadow Transit; D Disappearance; R Reappearance; I Ingress; E Egress.

Jupiter in conjunction with the Sun: 2007 December 23d 6h

Date Sat. EcD EcR OcD OcR Date Sat. ShI ShE TrI TrE h m h m h m h m Jan. h m h m h m h m 19 I 06 44 09 27 Jan. 20 II 10 41 14 19 18 I 09 25 11 39 09 51 12 06 21 I 01 13 03 57 18 II 16 27 19 08 17 22 20 03 21 III 01 24 06 16 20 I 03 53 06 07 04 22 06 36 22 I 19 41 22 28 21/22 I 22 22 00 36 22 52 01 06 22 II 05 46 08 26 06 47 09 29 23/24 II 23 58 03 44 24 I 14 10 16 58 23 I 16 50 19 04 17 22 19 36 25/26 IV 19 46 21 13 00 52 02 58 24 III 15 14 18 04 17 26 20 21 26 I 08 39 11 28 25 I 11 19 13 32 11 52 14 06 27 II 13 16 17 08 25 II 19 03 21 44 20 12 22 53 27 I 05 47 08 01 06 22 08 36 28 I 03 07 05 58 28 III 05 22 10 44 29 I 00 16 02 29 00 52 03 07 29/30 I 21 35 00 29 29 II 08 22 11 02 09 37 12 18 31 II 02 33 06 32 30 I 18 44 20 58 19 22 21 37 31 I 16 04 18 59 31/ 1 III 19 13 22 03 21 52 00 48

Feb. 2 I 10 32 13 29 Feb. 3 II 15 50 19 56 1 I 13 13 15 26 13 52 16 07 4 I 05 01 07 59 1/ 2 II 21 39 00 20 23 01 01 42 4 III 09 20 15 10 3 IV 02 54 04 26 09 13 11 27 5/6 I 23 29 02 29 3 I 07 41 09 55 08 22 10 37 5 I 02 09 04 23 02 52 05 07 7 II 05 07 09 20 7 I 17 58 20 59 5 II 10 57 13 38 12 25 15 07 9 I 12 26 15 29 6 I 20 38 22 52 21 22 23 37 10 II 18 25 22 44 7/ 8 III 23 11 02 02 02 16 05 14 11 I 06 55 09 59 8 I 15 06 17 20 15 52 18 07 9 II 00 15 02 55 01 49 04 31 11 III 13 18 16 11 16 35 19 35 11 IV 13 38 15 26 21 06 23 36 10 I 09 35 11 48 10 22 12 37 13 I 01 23 04 29 12 I 04 03 06 17 04 52 07 07 14 II 07 42 12 07 12 II 13 33 16 13 15 13 17 54 14 I 19 52 22 59 13/14 I 22 32 00 45 23 22 01 36 15 III 03 10 06 03 06 39 09 39 16 I 14 20 17 29 17/18 II 20 59 01 31 15 I 17 00 19 14 17 52 20 06 18 I 08 48 11 58 16 II 02 50 05 31 04 36 07 18 18 III 17 16 20 10 20 56 23 57 17 I 11 28 13 42 12 22 14 36 20 I 03 17 06 28 19 I 05 57 08 11 06 52 09 06 19 II 16 08 18 48 17 59 20 41 BAA Handbook 2008 Satellites of Jupiter 67

Date Sat. EcD EcR OcD OcR Date Sat. ShI ShE TrI TrE h m h m h m h m h m h m h m h m Feb. Feb. 21 II 10 17 14 54 19/20 IV 20 46 22 38 05 19 07 56 21/22 I 21 45 00 58 21 I 00 25 02 39 01 21 03 36 23 I 16 14 19 28 22 III 07 09 10 02 11 00 14 01 24/25 II 23 34 04 17 22 I 18 54 21 07 19 51 22 05 25 I 10 42 13 57 23 II 05 26 08 06 07 22 10 03

25/26 III 21 14 00 09 01 15 04 18 24 I 13 22 15 36 14 21 16 35 27 I 05 11 08 27 26 I 07 51 10 04 08 50 11 05 28 IV 07 31 09 37 16 59 19 50 26 II 18 43 21 23 20 45 23 26 28 II 12 51 17 39 28 I 02 19 04 33 03 20 05 34 28/29 I 23 39 02 57 29 III 11 07 14 01 15 19 18 21

29/ 1 I 20 47 23 01 21 50 00 04

Mar. Mar. 1 I 18 07 21 26 1 II 08 01 10 41 10 07 12 48 3 II 02 09 07 02 2 I 15 16 17 30 16 19 18 34 3 I 12 36 15 56 4 I 09 44 11 58 10 49 13 03 4 III 01 12 04 08 05 32 08 37 4/ 5 II 21 18 23 58 23 28 02 10 5 I 07 04 10 25 6 I 04 13 06 26 05 18 07 33

6 II 15 26 20 24 7/ 8 IV 14 41 16 50 01 01 03 55 7 I 01 32 04 55 7 III 15 05 18 00 19 34 22 38 8 I 20 01 23 24 7/ 8 I 22 41 00 55 23 48 02 02 10 II 04 44 09 46 8 II 10 35 13 15 12 50 15 31 10 I 14 29 17 53 9 I 17 09 19 23 18 17 20 31

11 III 05 11 08 08 09 48 12 54 11 I 11 38 13 52 12 46 15 01 12 I 08 58 12 23 11/12 II 23 53 02 33 02 11 04 52 13 II 18 01 23 07 13 I 06 06 08 20 07 16 09 30 14 I 03 26 06 52 14/15 III 19 03 21 59 23 47 02 52 15/16 I 21 54 01 21 15 I 00 35 02 48 01 45 03 59

16 IV 01 25 03 47 12 24 15 30 15 II 13 10 15 50 15 31 18 13 17 II 07 19 12 29 16 I 19 03 21 17 20 14 22 29 17 I 16 23 19 50 18 I 13 31 15 45 14 43 16 58 18 III 09 09 12 07 13 59 17 07 19 II 02 27 05 07 04 51 07 33 19 I 10 51 14 19 20 I 08 00 10 14 09 12 11 27

20/21 II 20 36 01 49 21/22 III 23 01 01 58 03 58 07 04 21 I 05 19 08 48 22 I 02 28 04 42 03 41 05 56 22/23 I 23 48 03 17 22 II 15 44 18 24 18 11 20 53 24 II 09 54 15 10 23/24 I 20 57 23 10 22 10 00 25 24 I 18 16 21 46 24 IV 08 36 10 59 20 09 23 17

25 III 13 07 16 06 18 08 21 16 25 I 15 25 17 39 16 39 18 54 26 I 12 44 16 15 26 II 05 02 07 41 07 30 10 12 27/28 II 23 11 04 30 27 I 09 53 12 07 11 08 13 23 28 I 07 13 10 44 29 III 02 59 05 57 08 05 11 12 29 I 04 22 06 36 05 37 07 52 30 I 01 41 05 13 29 II 18 19 20 58 20 49 23 31 31 II 12 29 17 50 31 I 20 09 23 41 30/31 I 22 50 01 04 00 06 02 21 68 Satellites of Jupiter BAA Handbook 2008

Date Sat. EcD EcR OcD OcR Date Sat. ShI ShE TrI TrE h m h m h m h m h m h m h m h m Apr. Apr. 1/2 III 17 04 20 05 22 12 01 22 1 I 17 19 19 33 18 35 20 50 1/2 IV 19 21 21 56 07 10 10 29 2 II 07 36 10 15 10 08 12 49 2 I 14 37 18 10 3 I 11 47 14 01 13 04 15 18 4 II 01 47 07 09 5 I 06 15 08 29 07 32 09 47 4 I 09 06 12 39 5 III 06 58 09 57 12 10 15 18

6 I 03 34 07 07 5/ 6 II 20 53 23 32 23 25 02 07 7 II 15 05 20 28 7 I 00 44 02 58 02 01 04 16 7/8 I 22 02 01 36 8 I 19 12 21 26 20 29 22 44 8/9 III 21 02 00 03 02 13 05 24 9 II 10 09 12 49 12 43 15 24 9 I 16 31 20 04 10 IV 02 32 05 09 14 35 17 54

11 II 04 22 09 46 10 I 13 41 15 55 14 58 17 13 11 I 10 59 14 32 12 I 08 09 10 23 09 26 11 41 13 I 05 27 09 01 12 III 10 57 13 56 16 09 19 18 14 II 17 40 23 04 12/13 II 23 26 02 06 02 00 04 41 14/15 I 23 56 03 29 14 I 02 37 04 52 03 55 06 10

16 III 01 00 04 02 06 11 09 22 15/16 I 21 06 23 20 22 23 00 38 16 I 18 24 21 57 16 II 12 43 15 23 15 16 17 58 18 II 06 58 12 21 17 I 15 34 17 48 16 51 19 06 18 I 12 52 16 25 19 I 10 03 12 17 11 19 13 34 18/19 IV 13 17 16 04 01 11 04 39 19 III 14 55 17 56 20 05 23 15

20 I 07 21 10 53 20 II 02 00 04 40 04 32 07 14 21/22 II 20 16 01 39 21 I 04 31 06 45 05 47 08 03 22 I 01 49 05 21 22/23 I 22 59 01 14 00 16 02 31 23 III 04 58 08 01 10 04 13 17 23 II 15 17 17 57 17 47 20 29 23 I 20 17 23 49 24 I 17 28 19 42 18 44 20 59

25 II 09 34 14 55 26 I 11 56 14 11 13 11 15 27 25 I 14 45 18 17 26/27 III 18 53 21 54 23 56 03 07 27 I 09 14 12 45 26/27 IV 20 29 23 18 08 11 11 39 28/29 II 22 52 04 11 27 II 04 34 07 14 07 02 09 44 29 I 03 42 07 12 28 I 06 25 08 39 07 39 09 54

30 III 08 56 12 01 13 54 17 07 30 I 00 53 03 08 02 07 04 22 30/1 I 22 10 01 40 30 II 17 50 20 31 20 16 22 58

May May 2 II 12 09 17 26 1 I 19 21 21 36 20 35 22 50 2 I 16 39 20 07 3 I 13 50 16 05 15 03 17 18 4 I 11 07 14 35 3/ 4 III 22 50 01 53 03 43 06 54 5 IV 07 13 10 12 18 19 21 54 4 II 07 07 09 48 09 30 12 12 6 II 01 28 06 41 5 I 08 18 10 33 09 30 11 45

6 I 05 35 09 02 7 I 02 47 05 01 03 58 06 13 7 III 12 54 16 00 17 39 20 52 7/ 8 II 20 24 23 04 22 43 01 25 8 I 00 04 03 30 8/ 9 I 21 15 23 30 22 25 00 41 9 II 14 45 19 55 10 I 15 44 17 58 16 53 19 08 9 I 18 32 21 57 11 III 02 49 05 53 07 26 10 38

11 I 13 00 16 24 11 II 09 40 12 21 11 55 14 38 13 II 04 04 09 09 12 I 10 12 12 27 11 20 13 35 13 I 07 28 10 51 13/14 IV 14 26 17 27 00 52 04 25 BAA Handbook 2008 Satellites of Jupiter 69

Date Sat. EcD EcR OcD OcR Date Sat. ShI ShE TrI TrE h m h m h m h m May h m h m h m h m 14/15 III 16 52 19 59 21 19 00 33 May 15 I 01 57 05 19 14 I 04 40 06 55 05 47 08 03 16 II 17 22 22 21 14/15 II 22 57 01 38 01 07 03 50 16 I 20 25 23 46 15/16 I 23 09 01 24 00 14 02 30 18 I 14 53 18 13 17 I 17 37 19 52 18 42 20 57 18 III 06 47 09 53 11 04 14 17 20 II 06 40 11 34 20 I 09 22 12 39 18 II 12 14 14 55 14 19 17 01 21/22 III 20 50 23 57 00 54 04 08 19 I 12 06 14 21 13 09 15 24 22 IV 01 11 04 20 10 32 14 10 21 I 06 34 08 49 07 36 09 51 22 I 03 50 07 06 22 II 01 30 04 12 03 30 06 12 23 I 01 03 03 18 02 03 04 18 23/24 II 19 58 00 46 23/24 I 22 18 01 33 24 I 19 31 21 46 20 29 22 45 25 I 16 47 20 00 25 III 10 46 13 53 14 39 17 52 27 II 09 16 13 58 25 II 14 47 17 28 16 40 19 23 27 I 11 15 14 26 26 I 13 59 16 15 14 56 17 12 28 I 08 28 10 43 09 23 11 39 29 III 00 48 03 56 04 25 07 39 29 I 05 43 08 53 29 II 04 04 06 45 05 50 08 33 30/31 II 22 34 03 08 30 I 02 56 05 12 03 50 06 06 31 I 00 12 03 20 30 IV 08 24 11 35 16 36 20 12 31/ 1 I 21 25 23 41 22 16 00 32 Jun. 1 I 18 40 21 46 Jun. 3 II 11 53 16 19 1 III 14 45 17 53 18 08 21 22 3 I 13 09 16 13 1 II 17 20 20 02 18 59 21 42 5 III 04 46 11 07 2 I 15 53 18 09 16 43 18 59 5 I 07 37 10 39 4 I 10 22 12 38 11 10 13 26 5 II 06 37 09 19 08 08 10 51 7 II 01 11 05 29 7 I 02 05 05 05 6 I 04 50 07 06 05 36 07 52 7/8 IV 19 09 22 28 01 50 05 30 7/ 8 I 23 19 01 35 00 02 02 19 8 I 20 34 23 31 8/ 9 III 18 44 21 52 21 34 00 48 10 II 14 30 18 39 8/ 9 II 19 54 22 36 21 17 00 00 9 I 17 47 20 03 18 29 20 45 10 I 15 02 17 58 12 III 08 45 14 31 11 I 12 16 14 32 12 55 15 11 12 I 09 30 12 24 12 II 09 10 11 53 10 25 13 08 14 II 03 48 07 47 13 I 06 44 09 00 07 21 09 38 14 I 03 59 06 50 15 I 01 13 03 29 01 48 04 04 15/16 II 22 27 01 10 23 33 02 16 15/16 I 22 27 01 16 17 I 16 56 19 42 15/16 III 22 42 01 52 00 56 04 10 17 II 17 06 20 57 16 IV 02 24 05 45 07 30 11 08 19 I 11 24 14 08 16 I 19 42 21 58 20 14 22 30 19 III 12 44 17 52 18 I 14 10 16 26 14 40 16 56 19 II 11 44 14 27 12 40 15 24 21 I 05 52 08 34 21 II 06 24 10 05 20 I 08 39 10 55 09 06 11 23 23 I 00 21 03 00 22 I 03 07 05 24 03 32 05 49 24 IV 13 09 20 05 23 II 01 01 03 44 01 47 04 31 24 I 18 49 21 26 23 III 02 40 05 52 04 15 07 29 23/24 I 21 36 23 52 21 58 00 15 24 II 19 43 23 13 25 I 16 04 18 21 16 25 18 41 70 Satellites of Jupiter BAA Handbook 2008

Date Sat. EcD EcR OcD OcR Date Sat. ShI ShE TrI TrE h m h m h m h m h m h m h m h m Jun. Jun. 26 I 13 18 15 52 26 II 14 18 17 01 14 54 17 38 26 III 16 43 21 11 27 I 10 33 12 49 10 51 13 07 28 I 07 46 10 18 29 I 05 02 07 18 05 17 07 33 28 II 09 01 12 21 30 II 03 35 06 18 04 01 06 45 30 I 02 15 04 44 30 III 06 40 09 52 07 33 10 47

30/ 1 I 23 30 01 47 23 43 01 59

Jul. Jul. 1 I 20 43 23 10 2 I 17 59 20 15 18 09 20 25 1/2 II 22 20 01 29 2/ 3 IV 20 24 23 55 21 51 01 28 3 I 15 12 17 36 3 II 16 52 19 35 17 08 19 52 3/4 III 20 41 00 27 4 I 12 28 14 44 12 35 14 51 5 I 09 40 12 02 6 I 06 56 09 13 07 01 09 17

5 II 11 38 14 36 7 II 06 09 08 52 06 14 08 58 7 I 04 09 06 27 7 III 10 39 13 52 10 50 14 03 8/9 I 22 37 00 53 8 I 01 25 03 41 01 27 03 43 9 II 00 57 03 45

Jupiter in Opposition to the Sun: 2008 July 9d 8h

Date Sat. OcD OcR EcD EcR Date Sat. TrI TrE ShI ShE h m h m h m h m h m h m h m h m Jul. Jul. 10 I 17 04 19 21 9 I 19 53 22 09 19 54 22 10 11 III 00 29 03 54 10 II 19 21 22 05 19 26 22 10 11 IV 06 40 10 46 11 I 14 19 16 35 14 22 16 39 12 I 11 30 13 50 13 I 08 45 11 01 08 51 11 07 12 II 14 05 17 02 14 II 08 28 11 12 08 43 11 27

14 I 05 55 08 18 14 III 14 07 17 21 14 40 17 54 16 I 00 21 02 47 15 I 03 11 05 27 03 20 05 36 16 II 03 14 06 21 16/17 I 21 37 23 53 21 48 00 05 17 I 18 47 21 16 17/18 II 21 35 00 18 22 00 00 44 18 III 03 45 07 53 18 I 16 03 18 19 16 17 18 34

19 I 13 13 15 44 19 IV 12 02 15 37 14 26 18 05 19 II 16 21 19 39 20 I 10 29 12 45 10 46 13 02 21 I 07 39 10 13 21 II 10 42 13 25 11 17 14 01 23 I 02 05 04 41 21 III 17 24 20 38 18 39 21 54 23 II 05 30 08 59 22 I 04 55 07 12 05 14 07 31

24 I 20 31 23 10 23/24 I 23 21 01 38 23 43 02 00 25 III 07 03 11 54 24/25 II 23 49 02 33 00 35 03 19 26 I 14 58 17 39 25 I 17 48 20 04 18 12 20 28 26 II 18 38 22 17 27 I 12 14 14 30 12 41 14 57 27/28 IV 20 57 00 35 01 12 04 56 28 II 12 56 15 40 13 52 16 36

28 I 09 24 12 07 28/29 III 20 43 23 56 22 39 01 54 30 I 03 50 06 36 29 I 06 40 08 56 07 09 09 26 30 II 07 47 11 36 31 I 01 07 03 23 01 38 03 55 31/1 I 22 16 01 05 BAA Handbook 2008 Satellites of Jupiter 71

Date Sat. OcD OcR EcD EcR Date Sat. TrI TrE ShI ShE h m h m h m h m h m h m h m h m Aug. Aug. 1 III 10 23 15 54 1 II 02 04 04 48 03 09 05 54 2 I 16 42 19 33 1 I 19 33 21 49 20 07 22 23 2/3 II 20 55 00 54 3 I 13 59 16 16 14 36 16 52 4 I 11 09 14 02 4 II 15 13 17 56 16 27 19 11 6 I 05 35 08 31 5 III 00 04 03 17 02 38 05 55

6 II 10 05 14 13 5 IV 02 30 06 05 08 30 12 16 8 I 00 02 02 59 5 I 08 26 10 42 09 04 11 21 8 III 13 47 19 55 7 I 02 53 05 09 03 33 05 50 9 I 18 28 21 28 8 II 04 21 07 05 05 44 08 29 9/10 II 23 15 03 32 8/ 9 I 21 19 23 35 22 02 00 18

11 I 12 55 15 57 10 I 15 46 18 02 16 31 18 47 13 I 07 21 10 25 11 II 17 30 20 14 19 02 21 47 13 IV 11 43 15 21 19 15 23 06 12 III 03 29 06 42 06 38 09 55 13 II 12 25 16 51 12 I 10 13 12 28 11 00 13 16 15 I 01 48 04 54 14 I 04 39 06 55 05 28 07 45

15 III 17 14 20 27 20 38 23 56 15 II 06 40 09 24 08 20 11 04 16 I 20 15 23 23 15/16 I 23 06 01 22 23 57 02 13 17 II 01 36 06 09 17 I 17 33 19 49 18 26 20 42 18 I 14 42 17 51 18/19 II 19 50 22 34 21 37 00 22 20 I 09 08 12 20 19 III 06 58 10 11 10 38 13 56

20 II 14 47 19 28 19 I 12 00 14 16 12 55 15 11 22 I 03 35 06 49 21 I 06 27 08 43 07 24 09 40 22/23 III 20 44 23 58 00 38 03 56 21/22 IV 17 38 21 12 02 34 06 27 23/24 I 22 02 01 18 22 II 09 01 11 45 10 55 13 40 24 II 03 59 08 47 23 I 00 54 03 10 01 52 04 08

25 I 16 30 19 46 24 I 19 22 21 37 20 21 22 37 27 I 10 57 14 15 25/26 II 22 12 00 56 00 13 02 58 27 II 17 11 22 06 26 III 10 31 13 44 14 39 17 57 29 I 05 24 08 44 26 I 13 49 16 04 14 50 17 06 30 III 00 19 03 33 04 37 07 57 28 I 08 16 10 32 09 19 11 35

30 IV 03 17 06 56 13 19 17 18 29 II 11 24 14 08 13 31 16 16 30/31 I 23 51 03 13 30 I 02 44 04 59 03 48 06 04 31 II 06 24 11 24 31/ 1 I 21 11 23 27 22 17 00 33

Sep. Sep. 1 I 18 19 21 41 2 II 00 37 03 20 02 49 05 34 3 I 12 46 16 10 2 III 14 09 17 22 18 40 21 58 3/4 II 19 38 00 43 2 I 15 39 17 54 16 45 19 01 5 I 07 14 10 39 4 I 10 06 12 22 11 14 13 30 6 III 03 58 07 12 08 37 11 57 5 II 13 50 16 33 16 07 18 52

7 I 01 41 05 08 6 I 04 34 06 49 05 43 07 59 7 II 08 51 14 01 7/ 8 IV 09 39 13 15 20 40 00 38 8 I 20 09 23 37 7/ 8 I 23 02 01 17 00 12 02 28 10 I 14 37 18 06 9 II 03 03 05 47 05 25 08 10 10/11 II 22 06 03 20 9 I 17 30 19 45 18 41 20 57

12 I 09 05 12 34 9/10 III 17 51 21 04 22 40 01 59 13 III 07 42 10 57 12 37 15 59 11 I 11 58 14 13 13 10 15 25 72 Satellites of Jupiter BAA Handbook 2008

Date Sat. OcD OcR EcD EcR Date Sat. TrI TrE ShI ShE h m h m h m h m h m h m h m h m Sep. Sep. 14 I 03 33 07 03 12 II 16 18 19 01 18 43 21 28 14 II 11 21 16 39 13 I 06 26 08 41 07 39 09 54 15/16 IV 19 48 23 29 07 24 11 29 15 I 00 54 03 09 02 07 04 23 15/16 I 22 01 01 32 16 II 05 32 08 16 08 01 10 46 17 I 16 29 20 01 16 I 19 22 21 37 20 36 22 52

18 II 00 37 05 57 16/17 III 21 38 00 51 02 41 06 00 19 I 10 57 14 30 18 I 13 50 16 05 15 05 17 21 20 III 11 31 14 46 16 38 20 00 19/20 II 18 48 21 32 21 19 00 04 21 I 05 25 08 58 20 I 08 18 10 33 09 34 11 49 21 II 13 53 19 16 22 I 02 47 05 02 04 03 06 18

22/23 I 23 53 03 27 23 II 08 04 10 48 10 37 13 23 24 I 18 22 21 56 23/24 I 21 15 23 30 22 32 00 47 25 II 03 10 08 34 24 III 01 29 04 43 06 41 10 01 26 I 12 50 16 25 24 IV 02 39 06 19 14 46 18 51 27/28 III 15 25 18 41 20 39 00 02 25 I 15 44 17 59 17 00 19 16

28 I 07 19 10 54 26/27 II 21 20 00 04 23 55 02 41 28 II 16 27 21 53 27 I 10 12 12 27 11 29 13 45 30 I 01 47 05 23 29 I 04 41 06 56 05 58 08 14 30 II 10 38 13 22 13 14 16 00 30/ 1 I 23 09 01 24 00 27 02 42

Oct. Oct. 1 I 20 16 23 52 1 III 05 25 08 39 10 41 14 02 2 II 05 45 11 11 2 I 17 38 19 53 18 56 21 11 2/3 IV 13 16 17 01 01 29 05 40 3/ 4 II 23 55 02 39 02 32 05 18 3 I 14 45 18 20 4 I 12 07 14 22 13 25 15 40 4/5 III 19 23 22 39 00 39 04 03 6 I 06 36 08 51 07 54 10 09

5 I 09 13 12 49 7 II 13 14 15 58 15 51 18 37 5/6 II 19 03 00 30 8 I 01 05 03 20 02 22 04 38 7 I 03 42 07 18 8 III 09 25 12 39 14 42 18 03 8/9 I 22 11 01 47 9 I 19 34 21 49 20 51 23 07 9 II 08 22 13 48 10/11 IV 20 35 00 20 08 52 13 03

10 I 16 40 20 16 11 II 02 32 05 17 05 09 07 55 11/12 III 23 25 02 42 04 39 08 04 11 I 14 03 16 18 15 20 17 35 12 I 11 09 14 45 13 I 08 32 10 47 09 49 12 04 12/13 II 21 41 03 06 14 II 15 52 18 36 18 28 21 14 14 I 05 38 09 14 15 I 03 01 05 16 04 18 06 33

16 I 00 07 03 43 15 III 13 29 16 44 18 42 22 05 16 II 11 01 16 25 16/17 I 21 30 23 45 22 47 01 02 17 I 18 37 22 11 18 II 05 11 07 56 07 46 10 33 19 III 03 30 06 48 08 40 12 04 18 I 15 59 18 14 17 15 19 31 19 IV 07 37 11 29 19 35 23 51 20 I 10 28 12 44 11 44 14 00

19 I 13 06 16 40 21 II 18 32 21 17 21 05 23 52 20 II 00 21 05 43 22 I 04 58 07 13 06 13 08 29 21 I 07 35 11 09 22/23 III 17 37 20 54 22 43 02 07 23 I 02 05 05 38 23/24 I 23 27 01 42 00 42 02 57 23 II 13 42 19 01 25 II 07 53 10 38 10 23 13 10 BAA Handbook 2008 Satellites of Jupiter 73

Date Sat. OcD OcR EcD EcR Date Sat. TrI TrE ShI ShE h m h m h m h m h m h m h m h m Oct. Oct. 24/25 I 20 34 00 07 25 I 17 57 20 12 19 11 21 26 26 III 07 39 10 58 12 40 16 05 27 I 12 26 14 41 13 39 15 55 26 I 15 03 18 36 27/28 IV 15 21 19 13 03 00 07 16 27 II 03 02 08 19 28/29 II 21 14 23 59 23 42 02 29 28 I 09 33 13 05 29 I 06 55 09 11 08 08 10 24

30 I 04 03 07 34 29/30 III 21 49 01 06 02 44 06 08 30 II 16 24 21 37 31 I 01 25 03 40 02 37 04 53 31/1 I 22 32 02 02

Nov. Nov. 2 III 11 52 15 11 16 40 20 07 1 II 10 35 13 21 13 00 15 48 2 I 17 02 20 31 1 I 19 55 22 10 21 06 23 21 3 II 05 45 10 56 3 I 14 24 16 40 15 35 17 50 4 I 11 31 15 00 4/ 5 II 23 58 02 44 02 19 05 07 5 IV 02 45 06 44 13 41 18 03 5 I 08 54 11 09 10 03 12 19

6 I 06 01 09 29 6 III 02 03 05 21 06 44 10 09 6/7 II 19 07 00 14 7 I 03 24 05 39 04 32 06 48 8 I 00 31 03 58 8 II 13 20 16 06 15 38 18 26 9/10 III 16 08 19 28 20 41 00 08 8/ 9 I 21 53 00 09 23 01 01 17 9 I 19 01 22 27 10 I 16 23 18 39 17 30 19 46

10 II 08 29 13 32 12 II 02 43 05 29 04 57 07 45 11 I 13 31 16 56 12 I 10 53 13 08 11 58 14 14 13 I 08 01 11 25 13 III 06 19 09 39 10 44 14 10 13/14 II 21 51 02 50 13/14 IV 10 49 14 50 21 07 01 29 15 I 02 31 05 53 14 I 05 23 07 38 06 27 08 43

16/17 III 20 27 23 49 00 42 04 10 15 II 16 06 18 53 18 15 21 04 16/17 I 21 01 00 22 15/16 I 23 53 02 08 00 56 03 12 17 II 11 14 16 08 17 I 18 23 20 38 19 25 21 41 18 I 15 31 18 51 19 II 05 30 08 17 07 34 10 23 20 I 10 01 13 20 19 I 12 53 15 08 13 53 16 09

21 II 00 37 05 25 20 III 10 39 13 59 14 44 18 11 21/22 IV 22 29 02 36 07 47 12 13 21 I 07 23 09 38 08 22 10 38 22 I 04 31 07 49 22 II 18 53 21 40 20 53 23 42 23/24 I 23 01 02 18 23 I 01 53 04 08 02 51 05 07 24 III 00 48 04 11 04 43 08 11 24 I 20 23 22 38 21 20 23 36

24 II 14 00 18 43 26 II 08 18 11 05 10 12 13 01 25 I 17 31 20 47 26 I 14 53 17 08 15 48 18 05 27 I 12 02 15 15 27 III 15 01 18 23 18 45 22 12 28 II 03 23 08 01 28 I 09 23 11 39 10 17 12 33 29 I 06 32 09 44 29/30 II 21 42 00 30 23 31 02 20

30 I 03 53 06 09 04 46 07 02 30 IV 06 51 11 00 15 15 19 42

Dec. Dec. 1 I 01 02 04 13 1/ 2 I 22 23 00 39 23 15 01 31 1 III 05 11 08 35 08 43 12 12 3 II 11 07 13 55 12 50 15 40 1 II 16 47 21 19 3 I 16 53 19 09 17 43 20 00 2 I 19 32 22 42 4/ 5 III 19 25 22 48 22 45 02 13 74 Satellites of Jupiter BAA Handbook 2008

Date Sat. OcD OcR EcD EcR Date Sat. TrI TrE ShI ShE h m h m h m h m h m h m h m h m Dec. Dec. 4 I 14 03 17 11 5 I 11 23 13 39 12 12 14 28 5 II 06 11 10 37 7 II 00 31 03 20 02 08 04 58 6 I 08 33 11 40 7 I 05 54 08 10 06 41 08 57 8 I 03 03 06 09 9 I 00 24 02 40 01 09 03 26 8 III 09 36 16 13 10 II 13 57 16 46 15 28 18 18

8/9 IV 18 43 22 59 01 54 06 24 10 I 18 54 21 10 19 38 21 54 8 II 19 35 23 54 11/12 III 23 51 03 16 02 46 06 15 9/10 I 21 34 00 37 12 I 13 24 15 40 14 07 16 23 11 I 16 04 19 06 14 II 03 22 06 11 04 46 07 37 12 II 08 58 13 12 14 I 07 54 10 11 08 35 10 52

13 I 10 35 13 35 16 I 02 25 04 41 03 04 05 21 15 I 05 05 08 04 17 IV 03 18 07 37 09 22 13 54 15 III 14 02 20 13 17 II 16 48 19 37 18 06 20 56 15/16 II 22 23 02 30 17 I 20 55 23 11 21 33 23 49 16/17 I 23 36 02 33 19 III 04 18 07 44 06 46 10 16

18 I 18 06 21 02 19 I 15 25 17 42 16 01 18 18 19 II 11 47 15 47 21 II 06 13 09 03 07 24 10 15 20 I 12 37 15 30 21 I 09 56 12 12 10 30 12 47 22 I 07 07 09 59 23 I 04 26 06 42 04 59 07 15 22/23 III 18 30 00 14 24 II 19 40 22 29 20 43 23 34

23 II 01 11 05 05 24/25 I 22 56 01 13 23 27 01 44 24 I 01 38 04 28 26 III 08 46 12 13 10 46 14 17 25/26 IV 15 17 19 41 20 01 00 34 26 I 17 27 19 43 17 56 20 13 25 I 20 08 22 57 28 II 09 05 11 55 10 02 12 53 26 II 14 36 18 22 28 I 11 57 14 14 12 25 14 41

27 I 14 39 17 26 29 I 09 09 11 54

Jupiter in conjunction with the Sun: 2009 January 24d 6h 75 Saturn BAA Handbook 2008

SATURN

Opposition: February 24 Conjunction: September 4

Rings Equat. Polar Major Minor R.A. Dec. Mag. Diam. Diam. Axis Axis Tilt Δ h m ° ' ° Jan. -5 10 43.2 +9 55 +0.6 18.8 16.8 42.6 4.9 -6.7 8.802 Jan. 5 10 42.4 10 02 0.6 19.1 17.1 43.3 5.1 6.8 8.659 Jan. 15 10 41.0 10 12 0.5 19.4 17.3 44.0 5.4 7.0 8.534 Jan. 25 10 39.1 10 26 0.4 19.6 17.5 44.5 5.6 7.3 8.432 Feb. 4 10 36.6 10 43 0.3 19.8 17.7 44.9 6.0 7.6 8.355

Feb. 14 10 33.8 +11 01 +0.3 19.9 17.8 45.2 6.3 -8.0 8.308 Feb. 24 10 30.8 11 19 0.2 20.0 17.9 45.3 6.6 8.4 8.291 Mar. 5 10 27.8 11 37 0.2 19.9 17.8 45.2 6.9 8.7 8.306 Mar. 15 10 24.9 11 54 0.3 19.8 17.7 44.9 7.1 9.1 8.352 Mar. 25 10 22.4 12 09 0.3 19.6 17.6 44.5 7.3 9.4 8.426

Apr. 4 10 20.2 +12 20 +0.4 19.4 17.4 44.0 7.4 -9.6 8.526 Apr. 14 10 18.7 12 28 0.5 19.1 17.1 43.4 7.4 9.8 8.649 Apr. 24 10 17.7 12 33 0.5 18.8 16.9 42.7 7.4 9.9 8.789 May 4 10 17.4 12 33 0.6 18.5 16.6 42.0 7.2 9.9 8.942 May 14 10 17.8 12 30 0.6 18.2 16.3 41.2 7.0 9.9 9.104

May 24 10 18.8 +12 23 +0.7 17.8 16.0 40.5 6.8 -9.7 9.270 Jun. 3 10 20.4 12 12 0.7 17.5 15.7 39.8 6.6 9.5 9.435 Jun. 13 10 22.7 11 58 0.7 17.2 15.4 39.1 6.3 9.2 9.596 Jun. 23 10 25.5 11 41 0.8 17.0 15.2 38.5 5.9 8.9 9.748 Jul. 3 10 28.7 11 22 0.8 16.7 15.0 38.0 5.6 8.5 9.888

Jul. 13 10 32.4 +11 00 +0.8 16.5 14.8 37.5 5.2 -8.0 10.014 Jul. 23 10 36.3 10 36 0.8 16.3 14.6 37.1 4.8 7.5 10.121 Aug. 2 10 40.6 10 10 0.8 16.2 14.5 36.8 4.5 7.0 10.210 Aug. 12 10 45.1 9 43 0.8 16.1 14.4 36.5 4.1 6.4 10.276 Aug. 22 10 49.7 9 15 0.8 16.0 14.3 36.4 3.7 5.9 10.320

Sep. 1 10 54.4 +8 47 +0.8 16.0 14.3 36.3 3.3 -5.3 10.340 Sep. 11 10 59.1 8 19 0.9 16.0 14.3 36.3 3.0 4.7 10.336 Sep. 21 11 03.8 7 51 0.9 16.1 14.3 36.4 2.6 4.1 10.307 Oct. 1 11 08.4 7 23 1.0 16.1 14.4 36.6 2.3 3.6 10.254 Oct. 11 11 12.7 6 57 1.0 16.3 14.5 36.9 2.0 3.0 10.179

Oct. 21 11 16.9 +6 33 +1.1 16.4 14.6 37.2 1.7 -2.5 10.081 Oct. 31 11 20.6 6 11 1.1 16.6 14.8 37.7 1.4 2.1 9.965 Nov. 10 11 24.1 5 52 1.1 16.8 15.0 38.2 1.1 1.7 9.831 Nov. 20 11 27.0 5 35 1.1 17.1 15.2 38.8 0.9 1.4 9.683 Nov. 30 11 29.4 5 23 1.1 17.4 15.5 39.4 0.8 1.1 9.525

Dec. 10 11 31.2 +5 14 +1.1 17.7 15.8 40.1 0.6 -0.9 9.361 Dec. 20 11 32.4 5 09 1.0 18.0 16.1 40.8 0.6 0.8 9.195 Dec. 30 11 33.0 5 08 1.0 18.3 16.3 41.6 0.6 0.9 9.033 Dec. 40 11 32.8 +5 12 +0.9 18.6 16.6 42.3 0.6 -0.9 8.880 76 Saturn BAA Handbook 2008 LONGITUDE OF CENTRAL MERIDIAN

SYSTEM I

Day Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May Jun. Jul. Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec. ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° 1 236.9 133.2 140.2 34.5 162.3 52.6 177.4 66.2 315.5 81.6 333.3 102.4 2 1.3 257.5 264.6 158.8 286.6 176.7 301.6 190.4 79.6 205.8 97.6 226.7 3 125.7 21.9 28.9 283.1 50.8 300.9 65.7 314.5 203.8 330.0 221.9 351.1 4 250.1 146.3 153.3 47.4 175.0 65.1 189.9 78.7 328.0 94.2 346.2 115.4 5 14.5 270.7 277.7 171.7 299.2 189.3 314.1 202.8 92.2 218.5 110.4 239.7

6 138.9 35.1 42.0 295.9 63.5 313.4 78.2 327.0 216.4 342.7 234.7 4.1 7 263.3 159.5 166.4 60.2 187.7 77.6 202.4 91.2 340.6 106.9 359.0 128.4 8 27.7 283.9 290.7 184.5 311.9 201.8 326.5 215.3 104.8 231.2 123.3 252.8 9 152.1 48.3 55.1 308.8 76.1 325.9 90.7 339.5 229.0 355.4 247.6 17.1 10 276.4 172.7 179.4 73.1 200.3 90.1 214.8 103.7 353.2 119.6 11.9 141.4

11 40.8 297.1 303.8 197.3 324.5 214.3 339.0 227.8 117.4 243.9 136.2 265.8 12 165.2 61.5 68.1 321.6 88.7 338.4 103.1 352.0 241.6 8.1 260.5 30.1 13 289.6 185.8 192.4 85.9 212.9 102.6 227.3 116.1 5.8 132.4 24.8 154.5 14 54.0 310.2 316.8 210.2 337.2 226.8 351.4 240.3 130.0 256.6 149.1 278.8 15 178.4 74.6 81.1 334.4 101.4 350.9 115.6 4.5 254.2 20.9 273.4 43.2

16 302.8 199.0 205.4 98.7 225.6 115.1 239.7 128.6 18.4 145.1 37.7 167.5 17 67.2 323.4 329.8 222.9 349.8 239.2 3.9 252.8 142.6 269.4 162.0 291.9 18 191.6 87.8 94.1 347.2 114.0 3.4 128.0 17.0 266.8 33.6 286.3 56.2 19 316.0 212.1 218.4 111.5 238.1 127.6 252.2 141.2 31.0 157.9 50.6 180.6 20 80.4 336.5 342.8 235.7 2.3 251.7 16.3 265.3 155.2 282.1 174.9 305.0

21 204.8 100.9 107.1 0.0 126.5 15.9 140.5 29.5 279.4 46.4 299.2 69.3 22 329.2 225.3 231.4 124.2 250.7 140.0 264.7 153.7 43.6 170.6 63.5 193.7 23 93.6 349.6 355.7 248.5 14.9 264.2 28.8 277.8 167.8 294.9 187.8 318.0 24 218.0 114.0 120.0 12.7 139.1 28.4 153.0 42.0 292.0 59.2 312.1 82.4 25 342.4 238.4 244.4 136.9 263.3 152.5 277.1 166.2 56.2 183.4 76.5 206.8

26 106.8 2.8 8.7 261.2 27.5 276.7 41.3 290.4 180.5 307.7 200.8 331.1 27 231.2 127.1 133.0 25.4 151.7 40.8 165.4 54.6 304.7 72.0 325.1 95.5 28 355.6 251.5 257.3 149.7 275.8 165.0 289.6 178.7 68.9 196.2 89.4 219.9 29 120.0 15.9 21.6 273.9 40.0 289.1 53.7 302.9 193.1 320.5 213.8 344.2 30 244.4 145.9 38.1 164.2 53.3 177.9 67.1 317.3 84.8 338.1 108.6

31 8.8 270.2 288.4 302.1 191.3 209.0 233.0

CHANGE OF LONGITUDE IN INTERVALS OF MEAN TIME

h ° h ° m ° m ° m ° 1 35.18 7 246.25 10 5.86 1 0.59 6 3.52 2 70.36 8 281.43 20 11.73 2 1.17 7 4.10 3 105.54 9 316.61 30 17.59 3 1.76 8 4.69 4 140.72 10 351.79 40 23.45 4 2.35 9 5.28 5 175.90 11 386.97 50 29.32 5 2.93 10 5.86 6 211.07 12 422.15 60 35.18

System I applies to features in the NEB(S), EZ and SEB(N). BAA Handbook 2008 Saturn 77

LONGITUDE OF CENTRAL MERIDIAN

SYSTEM II

Day Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May Jun. Jul. Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec. ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° 1 72.4 47.3 197.6 170.6 49.6 18.6 254.5 222.1 190.0 67.1 37.5 277.5 2 164.5 139.4 289.7 262.6 141.5 110.4 346.4 313.9 281.9 159.0 129.5 9.6 3 256.6 231.4 21.7 354.6 233.4 202.3 78.2 45.8 13.8 251.0 221.5 101.6 4 348.7 323.5 113.8 86.6 325.3 294.2 170.1 137.6 105.7 342.9 313.4 193.6 5 80.7 55.6 205.8 178.6 57.3 26.1 262.0 229.5 197.6 74.8 45.4 285.6

6 172.8 147.7 297.9 270.6 149.2 117.9 353.8 321.4 289.5 166.8 137.4 17.7 7 264.9 239.8 30.0 2.6 241.1 209.8 85.7 53.2 21.4 258.7 229.4 109.7 8 357.0 331.9 122.0 94.6 333.0 301.7 177.5 145.1 113.2 350.6 321.4 201.8 9 89.1 64.0 214.1 186.5 64.9 33.6 269.4 236.9 205.1 82.6 53.4 293.8 10 181.2 156.1 306.1 278.5 156.9 125.4 1.2 328.8 297.0 174.5 145.4 25.8

11 273.3 248.2 38.2 10.5 248.8 217.3 93.1 60.7 28.9 266.4 237.3 117.9 12 5.4 340.2 130.2 102.5 340.7 309.2 184.9 152.5 120.8 358.4 329.3 209.9 13 97.5 72.3 222.2 194.4 72.6 41.0 276.8 244.4 212.7 90.3 61.3 302.0 14 189.6 164.4 314.3 286.4 164.5 132.9 8.6 336.3 304.6 182.3 153.3 34.0 15 281.7 256.5 46.3 18.4 256.4 224.8 100.5 68.1 36.5 274.2 245.3 126.1

16 13.7 348.6 138.3 110.3 348.3 316.6 192.4 160.0 128.4 6.1 337.3 218.1 17 105.8 80.7 230.4 202.3 80.2 48.5 284.2 251.9 220.3 98.1 69.3 310.2 18 197.9 172.7 322.4 294.3 172.1 140.4 16.1 343.8 312.2 190.0 161.3 42.2 19 290.0 264.8 54.4 26.2 264.0 232.2 107.9 75.6 44.1 282.0 253.3 134.3 20 22.1 356.9 146.5 118.2 355.9 324.1 199.8 167.5 136.0 14.0 345.3 226.3

21 114.2 89.0 238.5 210.1 87.8 55.9 291.6 259.4 228.0 105.9 77.4 318.4 22 206.3 181.1 330.5 302.1 179.7 147.8 23.5 351.2 319.9 197.9 169.4 50.4 23 298.4 273.1 62.5 34.0 271.6 239.7 115.3 83.1 51.8 289.8 261.4 142.5 24 30.5 5.2 154.6 126.0 3.5 331.5 207.2 175.0 143.7 21.8 353.4 234.6 25 122.6 97.3 246.6 217.9 95.4 63.4 299.1 266.9 235.6 113.7 85.4 326.6

26 214.7 189.3 338.6 309.9 187.3 155.2 30.9 358.7 327.5 205.7 177.4 58.7 27 306.8 281.4 70.6 41.8 279.1 247.1 122.8 90.6 59.4 297.7 269.4 150.7 28 38.9 13.5 162.6 133.8 11.0 339.0 214.6 182.5 151.4 29.6 1.5 242.8 29 131.0 105.5 254.6 225.7 102.9 70.8 306.5 274.4 243.3 121.6 93.5 334.9 30 223.1 346.6 317.6 194.8 162.7 38.3 6.3 335.2 213.6 185.5 66.9

31 315.2 78.6 286.7 130.2 98.1 305.5 159.0

CHANGE OF LONGITUDE IN INTERVALS OF MEAN TIME

h ° h ° m ° m ° m ° 1 33.83 7 236.83 10 5.64 1 0.56 6 3.38 2 67.67 8 270.67 20 11.28 2 1.13 7 3.95 3 101.50 9 304.50 30 16.92 3 1.69 8 4.51 4 135.33 10 338.33 40 22.56 4 2.26 9 5.08 5 169.17 11 372.17 50 28.19 5 2.82 10 5.64 6 203.00 12 406.00 60 33.83

System I refers to the equatorial regions of Saturn and System II to the remainder 78 Saturn BAA Handbook 2008

LONGITUDE OF CENTRAL MERIDIAN

SYSTEM III

Day Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May Jun. Jul. Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec. ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° 1 82.3 19.7 135.1 70.7 273.5 205.1 44.9 335.0 265.6 106.5 39.5 243.4 2 173.1 110.6 226.0 161.5 4.2 295.8 135.5 65.7 356.3 197.2 130.3 334.2 3 264.0 201.5 316.8 252.3 94.9 26.4 226.2 156.3 87.0 288.0 221.1 65.0 4 354.9 292.4 47.7 343.1 185.6 117.1 316.8 247.0 177.7 18.7 311.8 155.8 5 85.8 23.3 138.5 73.9 276.4 207.8 47.5 337.6 268.3 109.4 42.6 246.6

6 176.7 114.2 229.4 164.7 7.1 298.4 138.1 68.3 359.0 200.1 133.4 337.5 7 267.5 205.0 320.2 255.4 97.8 29.1 228.8 159.0 89.7 290.9 224.2 68.3 8 358.4 295.9 51.1 346.2 188.5 119.8 319.4 249.6 180.4 21.6 314.9 159.1 9 89.3 26.8 141.9 77.0 279.2 210.4 50.1 340.3 271.1 112.3 45.7 250.0 10 180.2 117.7 232.7 167.8 9.9 301.1 140.7 70.9 1.8 203.0 136.5 340.8

11 271.1 208.6 323.6 258.5 100.6 31.8 231.4 161.6 92.5 293.8 227.3 71.6 12 2.0 299.4 54.4 349.3 191.3 122.4 322.0 252.2 183.1 24.5 318.1 162.5 13 92.9 30.3 145.3 80.1 282.0 213.1 52.7 342.9 273.8 115.2 48.9 253.3 14 183.7 121.2 236.1 170.8 12.7 303.8 143.3 73.6 4.5 206.0 139.7 344.2 15 274.6 212.1 326.9 261.6 103.4 34.4 234.0 164.2 95.2 296.7 230.5 75.0

16 5.5 303.0 57.7 352.4 194.1 125.1 324.6 254.9 185.9 27.5 321.2 165.8 17 96.4 33.8 148.6 83.1 284.8 215.7 55.3 345.6 276.6 118.2 52.0 256.7 18 187.3 124.7 239.4 173.9 15.5 306.4 145.9 76.2 7.3 208.9 142.8 347.5 19 278.2 215.6 330.2 264.6 106.2 37.0 236.6 166.9 98.0 299.7 233.6 78.4 20 9.1 306.5 61.0 355.4 196.9 127.7 327.2 257.6 188.7 30.4 324.4 169.2

21 100.0 37.3 151.9 86.1 287.6 218.4 57.9 348.2 279.4 121.2 55.2 260.1 22 190.8 128.2 242.7 176.9 18.3 309.0 148.5 78.9 10.1 211.9 146.0 350.9 23 281.7 219.1 333.5 267.6 109.0 39.7 239.2 169.6 100.8 302.7 236.8 81.8 24 12.6 309.9 64.3 358.3 199.7 130.3 329.8 260.2 191.5 33.4 327.7 172.6 25 103.5 40.8 155.1 89.1 290.3 221.0 60.5 350.9 282.2 124.2 58.5 263.5

26 194.4 131.7 245.9 179.8 21.0 311.6 151.1 81.6 12.9 214.9 149.3 354.3 27 285.3 222.5 336.7 270.6 111.7 42.3 241.8 172.2 103.7 305.7 240.1 85.2 28 16.2 313.4 67.5 1.3 202.4 132.9 332.4 262.9 194.4 36.5 330.9 176.1 29 107.1 44.2 158.3 92.0 293.1 223.6 63.1 353.6 285.1 127.2 61.7 266.9 30 198.0 249.1 182.8 23.7 314.2 153.7 84.3 15.8 218.0 152.5 357.8

31 288.8 339.9 114.4 244.4 174.9 308.8 88.7

CHANGE OF LONGITUDE IN INTERVALS OF MEAN TIME

h ° h ° m ° m ° m ° 1 33.78 7 236.48 10 5.63 1 0.56 6 3.38 2 67.57 8 270.26 20 11.26 2 1.13 7 3.94 3 101.35 9 304.05 30 16.89 3 1.69 8 4.50 4 135.13 10 337.83 40 22.52 4 2.25 9 5.07 5 168.92 11 371.61 50 28.15 5 2.82 10 5.63 6 202.70 12 405.40 60 33.78

System III applies to all other features and refers to the origin of radio emissions from Saturn. 79 Satellites of Saturn BAA Handbook 2008 SATELLITES OF SATURN

TABLE 1. MIMAS AND ENCELADUS

Elongation distances from the centre of the planet

Date Jan. 15 Feb. 24 Apr. 4 May 14 Jun. 23 Aug. 2 Sep. 11 Oct. 21 Nov.30

" " " " " " " " " Mimas 30 31 30 28 26 25 25 25 27 Enceladus 39 40 39 36 34 32 32 33 35

Mimas: each third eastern elongation Enceladus: each second eastern elongation

d h d h d h d h d h d h Jan. 3 18.9 Apr. 25 20.7 Aug. 16 23.5 Jan. 3 08.7 Apr. 21 22.9 Aug. 9 14.5 6 14.7 28 16.6 19 19.4 6 02.4 24 16.7 12 08.3 9 10.5 May 1 12.4 ------8 20.2 27 10.5 15 02.1 12 06.4 4 08.3 Sep. 19 22.1 11 13.9 30 04.3 ------15 02.2 7 04.1 22 17.9 14 07.7 May 2 22.0 Sep. 25 05.1 17 22.1 10 00.0 25 13.8 17 01.4 5 15.8 27 22.9 20 17.9 12 19.9 28 09.7 19 19.2 8 09.6 30 16.7 23 13.8 15 15.7 Oct. 1 05.6 22 13.0 11 03.4 Oct. 3 10.5 26 09.6 18 11.6 4 01.4 25 06.7 13 21.2 6 04.3 29 05.5 21 07.4 6 21.3 28 00.5 16 14.9 8 22.1 Feb. 1 01.3 24 03.3 9 17.2 30 18.2 19 08.7 11 15.9 3 21.2 26 23.2 12 13.1 Feb. 2 12.0 22 02.5 14 09.7 6 17.0 29 19.0 15 08.9 5 05.7 24 20.3 17 03.5 9 12.8 Jun. 1 14.9 18 04.8 7 23.5 27 14.1 19 21.3 12 08.7 4 10.8 21 00.7 10 17.2 30 07.9 22 15.0 15 04.5 7 06.6 23 20.6 13 11.0 Jun. 2 01.6 25 08.8 18 00.4 10 02.5 26 16.4 16 04.7 4 19.4 28 02.6 20 20.2 12 22.4 29 12.3 18 22.5 7 13.2 30 20.4 23 16.0 15 18.3 Nov. 1 08.2 21 16.2 10 07.0 Nov. 2 14.2 26 11.9 18 14.1 4 04.0 24 10.0 13 00.8 5 08.0 29 07.7 21 10.0 6 23.9 27 03.7 15 18.6 8 01.8

Mar. 3 03.6 24 05.9 9 19.8 29 21.5 18 12.4 10 19.6 5 23.4 27 01.7 12 15.6 Mar. 3 15.2 21 06.2 13 13.3 8 19.3 29 21.6 15 11.5 6 09.0 24 00.0 16 07.1 11 15.1 Jul. 2 17.5 18 07.4 9 02.7 26 17.8 19 00.9 14 10.9 5 13.4 21 03.2 11 20.5 29 11.6 21 18.7 17 06.8 8 09.2 23 23.1 14 14.3 Jul. 2 05.4 24 12.5 20 02.6 11 05.1 26 19.0 17 08.0 4 23.2 27 06.2 22 22.5 14 01.0 29 14.8 20 01.8 7 17.0 30 00.0 25 18.3 16 20.9 Dec. 2 10.7 22 19.5 10 10.8 Dec. 2 17.8 28 14.2 19 16.7 5 06.6 25 13.3 13 04.6 5 11.6 31 10.0 22 12.6 8 02.4 28 07.1 15 22.4 8 05.3 Apr. 3 05.9 25 08.5 10 22.3 31 00.8 18 16.1 10 23.1 6 01.7 28 04.4 13 18.1 Apr. 2 18.6 21 09.9 13 16.9 8 21.6 31 00.3 16 14.0 5 12.3 24 03.7 16 10.7 11 17.4 Aug. 2 20.1 19 09.8 8 06.1 26 21.5 19 04.4 14 13.3 5 16.0 22 05.7 10 23.9 29 15.3 21 22.2 17 09.1 8 11.9 25 01.6 13 17.6 Aug. 1 09.1 24 16.0 20 05.0 11 07.8 27 21.4 16 11.4 4 02.9 27 09.7 23 00.8 14 03.6 30 17.3 19 05.2 6 20.7 30 03.5 BAA Handbook 2008 Satellites of Saturn 80

TABLE 2. ANGULAR ELONGATION DISTANCES

2008 Tethys Dione Rhea Titan Hyperion 2008 Tethys Dione Rhea Titan Hyperion

" " " " " " " " " " Jan. 5 47 60 84 195 236 Jul. 13 41 52 73 168 204 15 48 61 85 198 239 23 40 51 72 167 202 25 48 62 86 200 242 Aug. 2 40 51 71 165 200 Feb. 4 49 62 87 202 245 12 40 51 71 164 199 14 49 63 88 203 246 22 39 50 70 163 198 24 49 63 88 203 246 Sep. 1 39 50 70 163 198 Mar. 5 49 63 88 203 246 11 39 50 70 163 198 15 49 62 87 202 245 21 39 51 71 164 198 25 48 62 86 200 243 Oct. 1 40 51 71 164 199 Apr. 4 48 61 85 198 240 11 40 51 71 166 201 14 47 60 84 195 236 21 40 52 72 167 203 24 46 59 83 192 232 31 41 52 73 169 205 May 4 45 58 81 188 229 Nov. 10 41 53 74 171 208 14 45 57 80 185 224 20 42 54 75 174 211 24 44 56 78 182 220 30 43 55 76 177 215 Jun. 3 43 55 77 179 217 Dec. 10 43 56 78 180 218 13 42 54 76 176 213 20 44 57 79 183 222 23 42 53 75 173 210 30 45 58 81 187 226 Jul. 3 41 53 74 170 207

TABLE 3. TETHYS

Time of each third eastern elongation After e.e. R P After e.e. R P

d h d h d h d h ° d h ° Jan. 5 06.9 Apr. 27 12.6 Aug. 18 20.2 0 00 1.00 83 1 00 0.98 262 10 22.8 May 3 04.6 ------0 02 0.96 81 1 02 0.90 259 16 14.7 8 20.5 Sep. 21 20.2 0 04 0.86 78 1 03 0.83 258 22 06.6 14 12.4 27 12.2 0 05 0.78 76 1 04 0.75 256 27 22.5 20 04.4 Oct. 3 04.2 0 06 0.68 74 1 05 0.65 253 Feb. 2 14.3 25 20.4 8 20.2 0 07 0.58 71 1 06 0.54 250 8 06.2 31 12.3 14 12.1 0 08 0.47 67 1 07 0.43 245 13 22.1 Jun. 6 04.3 20 04.1 0 09 0.35 60 1 08 0.31 237 19 13.9 11 20.3 25 20.1 0 10 0.23 46 1 09 0.20 218 25 05.8 17 12.2 31 12.1 0 11 0.15 12 1 10 0.14 175 Mar. 1 21.7 23 04.2 Nov. 6 04.0 0 12 0.17 321 1 11 0.20 129 7 13.6 28 20.2 11 20.0 0 13 0.27 295 1 12 0.30 110 13 05.4 Jul. 4 12.2 17 12.0 0 14 0.38 284 1 13 0.42 101 18 21.3 10 04.2 23 03.9 0 15 0.50 278 1 14 0.54 96 24 13.2 15 20.2 28 19.9 0 16 0.61 274 1 15 0.65 93 30 05.1 21 12.2 Dec. 4 11.8 0 17 0.71 271 1 16 0.74 91 Apr. 4 21.0 27 04.2 10 03.8 0 18 0.80 269 1 17 0.83 89 10 12.9 Aug. 1 20.2 15 19.7 0 19 0.87 268 1 18 0.90 87 16 04.8 7 12.2 21 11.6 0 20 0.93 266 1 20 0.98 85 21 20.7 13 04.2 27 03.5 0 22 1.00 264 1 22 1.00 82 BAA Handbook 2008 Satellites of Saturn 81 TABLE 4.DIONE

Time of each second eastern elongation After e.e. R P After e.e. R P

d h d h d h d h ° d h ° Jan. 4 21.2 Apr. 23 07.6 Aug. 10 20.4 0 00 1.00 84 1 10 1.00 263 10 08.5 28 19.0 ------0 02 0.98 83 1 12 0.96 262 15 19.9 May 4 06.4 Sep. 29 03.8 0 04 0.93 81 1 14 0.89 260 21 07.2 9 17.7 Oct. 4 15.2 0 06 0.84 79 1 16 0.79 257 26 18.5 15 05.1 10 02.7 0 08 0.73 76 1 18 0.66 254 Feb. 1 05.8 20 16.5 15 14.2 0 10 0.59 72 1 20 0.51 249 6 17.1 26 04.0 21 01.6 0 12 0.43 66 1 22 0.35 240 12 04.4 31 15.4 26 13.1 0 14 0.27 52 2 00 0.20 216 17 15.7 Jun. 6 02.8 Nov. 1 00.5 0 16 0.15 10 2 02 0.16 153 23 03.0 11 14.3 6 12.0 0 18 0.21 309 2 04 0.29 114 28 14.3 17 01.7 11 23.4 0 20 0.36 287 2 06 0.45 102 Mar. 5 01.6 22 13.2 17 10.9 0 22 0.52 278 2 08 0.60 96 10 12.9 28 00.6 22 22.3 1 00 0.67 274 2 10 0.74 92 16 00.2 Jul. 3 12.1 28 09.7 1 02 0.80 271 2 12 0.85 89 21 11.6 8 23.5 Dec. 3 21.1 1 04 0.90 268 2 14 0.93 87 26 22.9 14 11.0 9 08.5 1 06 0.96 267 2 16 0.98 86 Apr. 1 10.2 19 22.5 14 19.9 1 08 1.00 265 2 18 1.00 84 6 21.5 25 10.0 20 07.3 12 08.9 30 21.4 25 18.7 17 20.2 Aug. 5 08.9 31 06.0

TABLE 5. RHEA

Time of each eastern elongation After e.e. R P After e.e. R P

d h d h d h d h ° d h ° Jan. 3 05.6 Apr. 25 02.3 Aug. 16 03.1 0 00 1.00 84 2 09 0.99 263 7 18.0 29 14.7 ------0 03 0.99 83 2 12 0.95 262 12 06.4 May 4 03.2 Sep. 21 07.7 0 06 0.94 81 2 15 0.88 260 16 18.7 8 15.6 25 20.3 0 09 0.87 80 2 18 0.78 258 21 07.1 13 04.0 30 08.9 0 12 0.77 77 2 21 0.67 255 25 19.4 17 16.5 Oct. 4 21.4 0 15 0.66 75 3 00 0.53 251 30 07.8 22 05.0 9 10.0 0 18 0.52 70 3 03 0.39 244 Feb. 3 20.1 26 17.4 13 22.5 0 21 0.37 63 3 06 0.24 228 8 08.4 31 05.9 18 11.1 1 00 0.23 46 3 09 0.15 183 12 20.7 Jun. 4 18.4 22 23.6 1 03 0.15 358 3 12 0.21 128 17 09.1 9 06.9 27 12.2 1 06 0.22 305 3 15 0.35 108 21 21.4 13 19.4 Nov. 1 00.7 1 09 0.36 287 3 18 0.49 99 26 09.7 18 07.9 5 13.2 1 12 0.51 279 3 21 0.63 95 Mar. 1 22.0 22 20.5 10 01.7 1 15 0.64 274 4 00 0.75 92 6 10.3 27 09.0 14 14.3 1 18 0.76 272 4 03 0.85 89 10 22.7 Jul. 1 21.5 19 02.8 1 21 0.86 269 4 06 0.93 88 15 11.0 6 10.1 23 15.3 2 00 0.94 268 4 09 0.98 86 19 23.3 10 22.6 28 03.8 2 03 0.98 266 4 12 1.00 85 24 11.7 15 11.2 Dec. 2 16.2 2 06 1.00 264 4 15 0.99 83 29 00.0 19 23.7 7 04.7 Apr. 2 12.4 24 12.3 11 17.2 7 00.8 29 00.9 16 05.6 11 13.1 Aug. 2 13.4 20 18.1 16 01.5 7 02.0 25 06.5 20 13.9 11 14.6 29 18.9 82 Satellites of Saturn BAA Handbook 2008 TABLE 6. TITAN

Eastern Inferior Western Superior After R P After R P Elongation Conjunction Elongation Conjunction e.e. e.e.

d h d h d h d h d h º d h º Jan. 2 15.8 Jan. 6 13.2 Jan. 10 11.3 Jan. 14 12.5 0 00 1.00 85 8 08 0.98 263 Jan. 18 13.9 Jan. 22 11.3 Jan. 26 09.2 Jan. 30 10.3 0 10 0.99 83 8 18 0.94 261 Feb. 3 11.6 Feb. 7 09.0 Feb. 11 06.7 Feb. 15 07.8 0 20 0.95 82 9 04 0.88 260 Feb. 19 09.0 Feb. 23 06.6 Feb. 27 04.1 Mar. 2 05.2 1 06 0.89 80 9 14 0.79 258 Mar. 6 06.4 Mar. 10 04.2 Mar. 14 01.6 Mar. 18 02.7 1 16 0.80 78 10 00 0.68 255 Mar. 22 03.9 Mar. 26 01.9 Mar. 29 23.2 Apr. 3 00.5 2 02 0.69 76 10 10 0.56 252 Apr. 7 01.7 Apr. 10 23.9 Apr. 14 21.2 Apr. 18 22.6 2 12 0.56 72 10 20 0.43 246 Apr. 22 23.9 Apr. 26 22.2 Apr. 30 19.6 May 4 21.1 2 22 0.42 66 11 06 0.29 236 May 8 22.5 May 12 21.0 May 16 18.5 May 20 20.1 3 08 0.28 55 11 16 0.18 210 May 24 21.6 May 28 20.2 Jun. 1 17.8 Jun. 5 19.5 3 18 0.16 23 12 02 0.15 153 Jun. 9 21.1 Jun. 13 19.7 Jun. 17 17.5 Jun. 21 19.3 4 04 0.17 321 12 12 0.26 118 Jun. 25 21.0 Jun. 29 19.6 Jul. 3 17.5 Jul. 7 19.5 4 14 0.29 292 12 22 0.39 105 Jul. 11 21.1 Jul. 15 19.7 Jul. 19 17.8 Jul. 23 19.9 5 00 0.44 282 13 08 0.52 98 Jul. 27 21.6 Jul. 31 20.0 Aug. 4 18.3 Aug. 8 20.4 5 10 0.57 276 13 18 0.65 94 Aug. 12 22.1 Aug. 16 20.4 Aug. 20 18.9 Aug. 24 21.1 5 20 0.70 273 14 04 0.76 92 Aug. 28 22.8 Sep. 1 20.9 Sep. 5 19.5 Sep. 9 21.8 6 06 0.81 270 14 14 0.85 90 Sep. 13 23.4 Sep. 17 21.4 Sep. 21 20.2 Sep. 25 22.5 6 16 0.89 268 15 00 0.92 88 Sep. 30 00.0 Oct. 3 21.8 Oct. 7 20.7 Oct. 11 23.1 7 02 0.95 267 15 10 0.97 87 Oct. 16 00.5 Oct. 19 22.1 Oct. 23 21.2 Oct. 27 23.5 7 12 0.99 265 15 20 1.00 85 Nov. 1 00.8 Nov. 4 22.2 Nov. 8 21.3 Nov. 12 23.6 7 22 1.00 264 16 06 1.00 84 Nov. 17 00.8 Nov. 20 22.0 Nov. 24 21.2 Nov. 28 23.4 Dec. 3 00.5 Dec. 6 21.5 Dec .10 20.7 Dec. 14 22.8 Dec. 18 23.7 Dec. 22 20.6 Dec. 26 19.7 Dec.30 21.7

TABLE 7. HYPERION

Eastern Inferior Western Superior After R P After R P Elongation Conjunction Elongation Conjunction e.e. e.e.

d h d h d h d h d h º d h º Jan. 1 10.8 0 00 0.92 85 10 20 1.07 266 Jan. 6 02.3 Jan. 10 22.0 Jan. 16 21.7 Jan. 22 14.5 0 20 0.89 82 11 16 1.05 264 Jan. 27 05.8 Feb. 1 01.5 Feb. 7 00.4 Feb. 12 17.2 1 16 0.79 79 12 12 0.98 262 Feb. 17 08.3 Feb. 22 04.0 Feb. 28 02.4 Mar. 4 19.3 2 12 0.65 76 13 08 0.86 260 Mar. 9 10.3 Mar .14 06.2 Mar. 20 04.2 Mar. 25 21.4 2 22 0.56 73 14 04 0.69 257 Mar. 30 12.4 Apr. 4 08.6 Apr. 10 06.6 Apr. 16 00.1 3 08 0.46 69 15 00 0.49 251 Apr. 20 15.2 Apr. 25 11.9 May 1 10.0 May 7 03.6 3 18 0.36 63 15 10 0.38 247 May 11 19.0 May 16 16.3 May 22 14.6 May 28 08.2 4 04 0.26 53 15 20 0.27 237 Jun. 1 23.9 Jun. 6 21.9 Jun. 12 20.6 Jun. 18 13.9 4 14 0.18 31 16 06 0.17 216 Jun. 23 05.9 Jun. 28 04.7 Jul. 4 03.8 Jul. 9 20.6 5 00 0.15 350 16 16 0.13 167 Jul. 14 12.9 Jul. 19 12.6 Jul. 25 12.1 Jul. 31 04.2 5 10 0.20 313 17 02 0.19 125 Aug. 4 20.9 Aug. 9 21.4 Aug. 15 21.3 Aug. 21 12.5 5 20 0.29 295 17 12 0.30 108 Aug. 26 05.6 Aug. 31 07.2 Sep. 6 07.3 Sep. 11 21.5 6 06 0.39 286 17 22 0.41 101 Sep. 16 15.0 Sep. 21 17.5 Sep. 27 17.8 Oct. 3 07.0 6 16 0.49 281 18 08 0.51 96 Oct. 8 00.9 Oct. 13 04.3 Oct. 19 04.5 Oct. 24 16.7 7 12 0.68 275 19 04 0.70 91 Oct. 29 11.0 Nov. 3 15.2 Nov. 9 15.2 Nov. 15 02.4 8 08 0.84 272 20 00 0.84 88 Nov. 19 21.1 Nov. 25 01.9 Dec. 1 01.6 Dec. 6 11.9 9 04 0.96 269 20 20 0.91 86 Dec. 11 06.8 Dec. 16 12.0 Dec. 22 11.4 Dec. 27 21.0 10 00 1.04 267 21 16 0.92 84 BAA Handbook 2008 Satellites of Saturn 83

Satellite of Saturn: TITAN

All times refer to the centre of Titan.

The following abbreviations are used:

OcD Occultation-Disappearance OcR Occultation-Reappearance TrI Transit-Immersion TrE Transit-Emersion

h m 2008 Oct 19 21 02 TrI Oct 19 23 13 TrE Oct 27 21 52 OcD Oct 28 1 18 OcR Nov 4 20 01 TrI Nov 5 0 25 TrE Nov 12 21 11 OcD Nov 13 2 15 OcR Nov 20 19 26 TrI Nov 21 0 40 TrE Nov 28 20 39 OcD Nov 29 2 22 OcR Dec 6 18 46 TrI Dec 7 0 20 TrE Dec 14 19 55 OcD Dec 15 1 52 OcR Dec 22 17 51 TrI Dec 22 23 31 TrE Dec 30 18 51 OcD Dec 31 0 50 OcR 84 Satellites of Saturn BAA Handbook 2008

TITAN BAA Handbook 2008 Satellites of Saturn 85 IAPETUS Iapetus shows variations in brightness and is always brighter at western elongation (February 29, May 17, August 6, October 27) than at eastern. The diagrams show the apparent path of Iapetus relative to Saturn, to scale, the measurements being in seconds of arc.

Eastern Inferior Western Superior Elongation Conjunction Elongation Conjunction

d h d h d h d h Jan. 1 07.4 Jan. 21 21.0 Feb. 10 07.1 Feb 29 01.3 Mar. 19 12.4 Apr. 8 15.1 Apr. 28 16.9 May 17 13.1 Jun. 6 17.1 Jun. 27 08.8 Jul. 17 22.5 Aug. 6 09.9 Aug. 26 20.4 Sep. 17 00.1 Oct. 7 06.0 Oct. 27 02.3 Nov. 16 05.3 Dec. 7 06.0 Dec. 26 18.3 BAA Handbook 2008 Uranus 86 URANUS

Uranus is at opposition on September 13, magnitude 5.8, diameter 3".9 87 Neptune BAA Handbook 2008

NEPTUNE Neptune is at opposition on August 15, magnitude 7.8, diameter 2".5 BAA Handbook 2008 Pluto 88

PLUTO Pluto is at opposition on June 20, magnitude 14.3

Stars down to magnitude 12 are shown. Pluto’sbrightness varies little throughout the year –mag. 14.3 to mag. 14.5. The position of Pluto is marked every 15 days from 2008 January 1. BAA Handbook 2008 Pluto 89

PLUTO Detailed charts around the time of opposition June 14 to July 14 July 14 to August 14

These charts show stars down to mag. 15. The position of the dwarf planet is that for 00:00 UT on the date shown. BAA Handbook 2008 Comets 90

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b u s w r n n e E s a E o b A e v n A l a i l i u a

s l N a T e o N E l A y e e a t n i T I C l E n I N o a E N c u n c l m e n N / s E I h N r A I N e a i

r n h n a c a L r L w q c A b N P N c c o i / i / u e L E e o e k L B p

N i I a I O o e / / E / w m I P p P a h r 0 G M S o

D L T L M N K r n L L P d M t / P / / K m t

/ / / / / C / / , y L / N / 2 / /

0 e 4 o / / N t s e e , P P P C P C P t i 1 2 n D P P 8 C P 8 D P l 2 2 d P P t i d u e i e e m e 1 S N V 6 5 F 1 3 6 1 2 3 V 1 a a U 3 1 1 1 e r t 5 1 d h n t a r n F R V V J X B K U C J Q R T L T F O Q U U Y i e r a c c r i

t g s i e e i g 4 6 7 8 9 9 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 u m e n u s P c p 9 9 9 9 9 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 o q o e h y n r 9 o x 8 8 9 9 9 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 e r D 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 c T S u r f p 2 e BAA Handbook 2008 Satellites of Saturn 91

, e e h y n y n t h a b b b i t 3

e a

s t 1 o 1 d r t

m n 1

t

n e o 2 e 5 i a u c . t 1 h o n t a 2 t

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t h r K N a i 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

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o r t 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 h n o e f i c g w

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9 n ...... 9 g c . a p e -

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m p

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s c t e

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; i d r T

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e t e s p t d

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i r - ) r a f i h - - O i r a t l e y s u o

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8 H 7 T B B G D R d S d B W a F W / / / / / / / / / / t e o / e

d T N P / / / / / / - / / / / / d 1 1 i r 5 1 l 1 / / s P P P P P P P P P P o

t

P P P P D P P P P P P P P P P i i u e m 2 P P P 0 3 4 9 4 6 7 8 0 2 3 1 2 3 a t 1

d 1 5 6 9 5 6 3 4 6 1 7 1 9 5 6

h m i o 6 7 8 1 1 2 3 4 4 4 4 5 7 t t n e 1 1 1 1 2 2 3 4 4 5 5 6 7 8 8 B T U Y B e c s 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

e n r g s i C

l y i

7 5 6 6 7 i l e g e

u s m i t

0 0 0 0 0 e a h

e h y a n o 0 0 0 0 0 h

D 2 2 2 2 2 T S w d t e c m 92 Comets BAA Handbook 2008

Cometary activity often changes from apparition to apparition and the magnitude may differ from that printed here. Please refer to the Section web page http://www.ast.cam.ac.uk/~jds for the latest estimates.

6P/d’Arrest

2008 RA(J2000.0) Dec Mag  r Transit Elong.(º) Moon 0h TT h m ° ' AU AU h m Sun Moon Ph.% June 3 19 9.8 +13 32 13.3 0.73 1.59 2.23 130 119 1 13 19 18.1 +14 19 12.7 0.64 1.53 1.52 134 95 73 23 19 25.2 +14 6 12.2 0.56 1.48 1.19 138 42 84 July 3 19 31.6 +12 29 11.6 0.49 1.44 0.46 143 140 0 13 19 38.1 +8 56 11.1 0.43 1.41 0.14 149 72 76 23 19 45.9 +3 5 10.7 0.39 1.38 23.42 156 59 79 August 2 19 56.2 -5 1 10.5 0.36 1.36 23.13 162 156 0 12 20 10.3 -14 30 10.4 0.35 1.35 22.47 161 38 79 22 20 28.8 -23 40 10.5 0.37 1.36 22.27 154 90 72 September 1 20 51.2 -31 2 10.8 0.41 1.37 22.10 146 130 1 11 21 16.3 -35 55 11.2 0.47 1.39 21.55 138 22 81 21 21 42.3 -38 31 11.7 0.54 1.42 21.42 132 118 64 October 1 22 7.7 -39 16 12.2 0.62 1.46 21.28 126 107 2 11 22 31.7 -38 39 12.8 0.71 1.50 21.12 122 29 83 21 22 54.0 -37 4 13.4 0.81 1.55 20.55 118 136 56 31 23 14.7 -34 51 14.0 0.92 1.61 20.36 114 91 3 8P/Tuttle

2008 RA(J2000.0) Dec Mag  r Transit Elong.(º) Moon 0h TT h m ° ' AU AU h m Sun Moon Ph.% January 5 1 51.1 +9 38 4.9 0.26 1.08 18.56 105 143 11 15 2 18.3 -20 38 5.3 0.35 1.04 18.43 90 37 41 25 2 38.8 -35 57 5.9 0.48 1.03 18.24 81 117 93 February 4 2 55.5 -44 9 6.5 0.62 1.03 18.02 76 93 10 14 3 10.6 -49 11 7.1 0.75 1.06 17.37 74 73 48 24 3 25.8 -52 40 7.7 0.87 1.11 17.13 73 110 92 March 5 3 42.9 -55 17 8.3 0.97 1.18 16.51 74 81 8 15 4 3.3 -57 26 8.9 1.06 1.26 16.32 75 89 56 25 4 28.4 -59 19 9.5 1.13 1.34 16.17 78 97 91 April 4 4 59.6 -60 58 10.0 1.18 1.44 16.09 82 86 6 14 5 37.9 -62 22 10.5 1.23 1.53 16.08 86 90 63 24 6 23.6 -63 21 11.0 1.28 1.63 16.14 90 87 89 May 4 7 15.6 -63 42 11.5 1.33 1.74 16.27 95 101 3 14 8 11.1 -63 15 12.0 1.39 1.84 16.43 99 75 69 24 9 5.8 -61 56 12.5 1.47 1.94 16.58 102 90 87 BAA Handbook 2008 Satellites of Saturn 93

19P/Borelly

2008 RA(J2000.0) Dec Mag  r Transit Elong.(º) Moon 0h TT h m ° ' AU AU h m Sun Moon Ph.% March 5 23 42.4 -24 19 13.2 2.93 2.03 12.50 21 39 8 15 0 5.2 -21 30 13.0 2.86 1.96 12.34 20 101 56 25 0 28.5 -18 30 12.7 2.79 1.89 12.18 21 131 91 April 4 0 52.2 -15 21 12.5 2.72 1.82 12.02 21 28 6 14 1 16.6 -12 4 12.2 2.65 1.75 11.47 22 117 63 24 1 41.5 -8 38 11.9 2.57 1.69 11.32 22 122 89 May 4 2 7.1 -5 7 11.7 2.51 1.63 11.18 23 22 3 14 2 33.4 -1 30 11.4 2.44 1.57 11.05 24 128 69 24 3 0.7 +2 7 11.2 2.38 1.52 10.53 24 115 87 June 3 3 28.8 +5 44 11.0 2.33 1.47 10.42 25 21 1 13 3 58.0 +9 17 10.8 2.28 1.43 10.32 25 138 73 23 4 28.3 +12 41 10.6 2.24 1.40 10.23 26 107 84 July 3 4 59.8 +15 54 10.5 2.20 1.37 10.15 27 27 0 13 5 32.4 +18 51 10.4 2.17 1.36 10.08 28 148 76 23 6 6.1 +21 27 10.3 2.15 1.35 10.02 29 96 79 August 2 6 40.7 +23 40 10.3 2.13 1.36 9.57 31 39 0 12 7 15.9 +25 26 10.4 2.12 1.38 9.53 33 158 79 22 7 51.2 +26 45 10.5 2.11 1.40 9.49 35 81 72 September 1 8 26.4 +27 38 10.6 2.10 1.43 9.45 37 53 1 11 9 0.9 +28 6 10.7 2.09 1.47 9.40 40 165 81 21 9 34.4 +28 13 10.9 2.09 1.52 9.34 43 63 64 October 1 10 6.4 +28 3 11.1 2.09 1.58 9.27 47 67 2 11 10 36.8 +27 43 11.3 2.08 1.63 9.17 50 161 83 21 11 5.4 +27 17 11.5 2.08 1.70 9.07 54 47 56 31 11 32.0 +26 51 11.7 2.07 1.76 8.54 58 82 3 November 10 11 56.8 +26 29 11.9 2.06 1.83 8.39 63 148 86 20 12 19.5 +26 16 12.1 2.04 1.90 8.22 67 35 49 30 12 40.2 +26 15 12.3 2.03 1.97 8.04 73 97 4 December 10 12 58.7 +26 29 12.4 2.00 2.04 7.43 78 129 90 20 13 14.9 +27 1 12.6 1.98 2.11 7.20 84 36 44 30 13 28.7 +27 52 12.8 1.95 2.18 6.54 90 113 5 94 Comets BAA Handbook 2008

29P/Schwassmann-Wachmann

2008 RA(J2000.0) Dec Mag  r Transit Elong.(º) Moon 0h TT h m ° ' AU AU h m Sun Moon Ph.% January 5 6 2.4 +30 39 12.3 5.03 5.98 23.07 165 155 11 15 5 57.3 +30 28 12.3 5.08 5.99 22.23 154 75 41 25 5 53.1 +30 15 12.3 5.17 5.99 21.39 144 68 93 February 4 5 50.0 +30 0 12.4 5.28 5.99 20.56 133 170 10 14 5 48.0 +29 45 12.4 5.40 5.99 20.15 123 34 48 24 5 47.4 +29 29 12.5 5.55 6.00 19.35 112 102 92 March 5 5 48.1 +29 14 12.6 5.71 6.00 18.56 103 136 8 15 5 50.1 +29 0 12.6 5.87 6.00 18.19 93 5 56 25 5 53.2 +28 46 12.7 6.03 6.01 17.42 84 133 91 April 4 5 57.4 +28 33 12.7 6.19 6.01 17.07 75 103 6 14 6 2.5 +28 20 12.8 6.35 6.01 16.33 66 40 63 24 6 8.5 +28 8 12.9 6.49 6.02 15.59 58 162 89 May 4 6 15.1 +27 56 12.9 6.62 6.02 15.27 50 70 3 14 6 22.3 +27 43 12.9 6.74 6.02 14.54 42 72 69 24 6 30.0 +27 30 13.0 6.84 6.03 14.23 34 170 87 June 3 6 38.0 +27 16 13.0 6.92 6.03 13.51 26 36 1 13 6 46.3 +27 1 13.0 6.99 6.03 13.20 19 100 73 August 2 7 28.5 +25 30 13.0 6.99 6.05 10.45 20 29 0 12 7 36.5 +25 10 13.0 6.93 6.05 10.14 28 153 79 22 7 44.1 +24 50 13.0 6.84 6.05 9.42 36 79 72 September 1 7 51.3 +24 30 13.0 6.74 6.06 9.10 44 59 1 11 7 58.0 +24 10 12.9 6.63 6.06 8.37 52 179 81 21 8 4.0 +23 52 12.9 6.50 6.06 8.04 60 45 64 October 1 8 9.2 +23 36 12.8 6.36 6.06 7.29 69 89 2 11 8 13.7 +23 22 12.8 6.20 6.07 6.54 78 150 83 21 8 17.2 +23 10 12.7 6.05 6.07 6.18 87 9 56 31 8 19.6 +23 1 12.7 5.89 6.07 5.41 96 120 3 November 10 8 20.9 +22 56 12.6 5.73 6.08 5.03 106 117 86 20 8 21.1 +22 55 12.6 5.59 6.08 4.24 116 28 49 30 8 20.0 +22 57 12.5 5.45 6.08 3.44 126 152 4 December 10 8 17.7 +23 1 12.5 5.33 6.09 3.02 137 80 90 20 8 14.4 +23 8 12.4 5.23 6.09 2.19 148 66 44 30 8 10.2 +23 17 12.4 5.16 6.09 1.36 159 173 5 BAA Handbook 2008 Satellites of Saturn 95

46P/Wirtanen

2008 RA(J2000.0) Dec Mag  r Transit Elong.(º) Moon 0h TT h m ° ' AU AU h m Sun Moon Ph.% January 5 23 43.8 -9 58 9.8 1.01 1.12 16.48 69 106 11 15 0 12.7 -4 31 9.5 0.98 1.09 16.38 67 16 41 25 0 44.5 +1 29 9.3 0.95 1.06 16.30 67 145 93 February 4 1 19.6 +7 56 9.2 0.93 1.06 16.26 67 103 10 14 1 58.7 +14 34 9.2 0.92 1.07 16.26 68 21 48 24 2 42.1 +20 56 9.4 0.92 1.10 16.30 70 145 92 March 5 3 29.9 +26 33 9.7 0.94 1.14 16.38 72 105 8 15 4 21.1 +30 56 10.1 0.98 1.19 16.50 74 24 56 25 5 13.9 +33 47 10.6 1.05 1.26 17.03 76 141 91 April 4 6 5.6 +35 4 11.1 1.13 1.33 17.15 77 104 6 14 6 53.9 +34 59 11.7 1.23 1.41 17.24 77 31 63 24 7 37.4 +33 55 12.2 1.35 1.49 17.28 77 143 89 May 4 8 15.9 +32 9 12.8 1.49 1.57 17.27 75 95 3 14 8 49.8 +29 59 13.3 1.63 1.66 17.22 74 42 69 24 9 19.8 +27 35 13.9 1.78 1.74 17.12 71 152 87

85P/Boethin

2008 RA(J2000.0) Dec Mag  r Transit Elong.(º) Moon 0h TT h m ° ' AU AU h m Sun Moon Ph.% August 2 20 15.4 -24 58 13.1 1.09 2.10 23.32 169 161 0 12 20 1.8 -25 18 12.6 1.03 2.00 22.39 157 32 79 22 19 49.2 -25 23 12.1 0.99 1.91 21.47 145 100 72 September 1 19 39.2 -25 10 11.6 0.97 1.82 20.58 133 118 1 11 19 33.5 -24 41 11.1 0.96 1.72 20.12 123 6 81 21 19 32.8 -23 57 10.7 0.96 1.63 19.32 113 142 64 October 1 19 37.4 -23 1 10.2 0.96 1.55 18.58 104 84 2 11 19 47.2 -21 51 9.7 0.96 1.46 18.28 97 35 83 21 20 1.9 -20 24 9.2 0.96 1.39 18.03 91 173 56 31 20 21.1 -18 35 8.8 0.95 1.32 17.43 85 62 3 November 10 20 44.6 -16 21 8.3 0.93 1.26 17.27 81 55 86 20 21 12.0 -13 36 7.9 0.92 1.21 17.15 78 166 49 30 21 43.1 -10 15 7.6 0.90 1.17 17.07 77 51 4 December 10 22 17.7 -6 18 7.5 0.88 1.15 17.02 76 67 90 20 22 55.5 -1 48 7.4 0.87 1.15 17.00 76 159 44 30 23 36.0 +3 4 7.5 0.88 1.16 17.01 77 50 5 96 Comets BAA Handbook 2008

144P/Kushida

2008 RA(J2000.0) Dec Mag  r Transit Elong.(º) Moon 0h TT h m ° ' AU AU h m Sun Moon Ph.% November 10 3 27.1 +21 27 12.6 0.69 1.68 0.10 173 50 86 20 3 23.1 +20 19 12.2 0.64 1.63 23.26 175 96 49 30 3 19.2 +18 59 11.9 0.61 1.58 22.43 164 139 4 December 10 3 17.6 +17 41 11.7 0.59 1.54 22.02 153 12 90 20 3 19.8 +16 37 11.5 0.59 1.50 21.25 144 134 44 30 3 26.8 +15 55 11.4 0.60 1.47 20.52 135 107 5

2006OF2 (Broughton)

2008 RA(J2000.0) Dec Mag  r Transit Elong.(º) Moon 0h TT h m ° ' AU AU h m Sun Moon Ph.% May 4 0 29.3 +22 34 12.8 3.63 2.84 9.41 33 15 3 14 0 45.9 +25 19 12.7 3.52 2.79 9.18 37 142 69 24 1 3.1 +28 7 12.5 3.41 2.73 8.56 42 99 87 June 3 1 21.1 +30 58 12.4 3.29 2.69 8.34 46 34 1 13 1 39.9 +33 52 12.2 3.18 2.64 8.14 50 157 73 23 1 59.6 +36 45 12.1 3.06 2.60 7.54 54 81 84 July 3 2 20.3 +39 36 11.9 2.95 2.57 7.35 58 56 0 13 2 42.0 +42 24 11.8 2.84 2.53 7.18 62 160 76 23 3 4.8 +45 5 11.7 2.73 2.50 7.01 66 63 79 August 2 3 28.6 +47 38 11.5 2.63 2.48 6.45 70 78 0 12 3 53.3 +50 0 11.4 2.53 2.46 6.31 75 150 79 22 4 18.6 +52 9 11.3 2.44 2.45 6.17 79 44 72 September 1 4 44.1 +54 3 11.2 2.35 2.44 6.03 83 98 1 11 5 9.3 +55 43 11.1 2.26 2.43 5.48 87 135 81 21 5 33.3 +57 8 11.1 2.18 2.43 5.33 92 31 64 October 1 5 55.4 +58 19 11.0 2.10 2.44 5.16 97 116 2 11 6 14.6 +59 17 10.9 2.03 2.45 4.56 103 115 83 21 6 30.1 +60 5 10.9 1.96 2.46 4.32 108 38 56 31 6 40.8 +60 41 10.8 1.90 2.48 4.03 115 134 3 November 10 6 46.2 +61 5 10.8 1.85 2.51 3.29 121 90 86 20 6 46.2 +61 12 10.8 1.81 2.54 2.49 128 63 49 30 6 41.0 +60 57 10.9 1.78 2.57 2.05 134 145 4 December 10 6 32.0 +60 12 10.9 1.77 2.61 1.16 140 58 90 20 6 21.2 +58 54 11.0 1.79 2.65 0.26 144 94 44 30 6 10.9 +57 4 11.1 1.82 2.69 23.36 146 134 5 BAA Handbook 2008 Satellites of Saturn 97

2006Q1 (McNaught)

2008 RA(J2000.0) Dec Mag  r Transit Elong.(º) Moon 0h TT h m ° ' AU AU h m Sun Moon Ph.% January 5 9 53.2 -50 23 12.6 3.04 3.32 2.58 98 73 11 15 9 52.3 -51 15 12.5 2.91 3.27 2.17 102 125 41 25 9 49.4 -51 40 12.3 2.79 3.21 1.35 107 61 93 February 4 9 44.8 -51 33 12.1 2.67 3.16 0.51 111 91 10 14 9 39.3 -50 48 12.0 2.56 3.12 0.06 116 111 48 24 9 33.7 -49 22 11.8 2.46 3.07 23.21 120 56 92 March 5 9 29.0 -47 12 11.7 2.37 3.03 22.37 123 114 8 15 9 26.1 -44 22 11.6 2.31 2.99 21.55 125 85 56 25 9 25.5 -40 56 11.5 2.26 2.95 21.14 125 67 91 April 4 9 27.3 -37 5 11.4 2.24 2.92 20.37 124 133 6 14 9 31.8 -32 58 11.4 2.24 2.89 20.02 121 53 63 24 9 38.5 -28 48 11.3 2.27 2.86 19.29 116 91 89 May 4 9 47.2 -24 44 11.4 2.32 2.83 18.59 110 129 3 14 9 57.6 -20 57 11.4 2.39 2.81 18.30 104 30 69 24 10 9.4 -17 31 11.4 2.48 2.80 18.02 97 120 87 June 3 10 22.2 -14 30 11.5 2.58 2.78 17.35 90 102 1 13 10 36.0 -11 54 11.6 2.70 2.77 17.10 83 37 73 23 10 50.3 -9 43 11.7 2.82 2.77 16.45 77 149 84 July 3 11 5.2 -7 55 11.8 2.95 2.76 16.20 70 71 0 13 11 20.3 -6 27 11.9 3.07 2.77 15.56 63 59 76 23 11 35.8 -5 17 12.0 3.20 2.77 15.32 56 176 79 August 2 11 51.4 -4 22 12.0 3.32 2.78 15.08 50 42 0 12 12 7.2 -3 39 12.1 3.44 2.79 14.44 44 82 79 22 12 23.0 -3 6 12.2 3.55 2.81 14.21 37 152 72 September 1 12 38.8 -2 41 12.3 3.65 2.83 13.57 31 16 1 11 12 54.7 -2 21 12.4 3.73 2.85 13.34 25 104 81 21 13 10.6 -2 3 12.5 3.81 2.88 13.10 19 123 64

November 10 14 29.0 -0 19 12.9 3.99 3.06 11.11 19 145 86 20 14 44.1 +0 16 12.9 3.98 3.11 10.47 25 70 49 30 14 59.0 +1 1 13.0 3.96 3.16 10.23 31 55 4 December 10 15 13.5 +1 57 13.0 3.93 3.21 9.58 37 155 90 20 15 27.5 +3 3 13.1 3.89 3.26 9.32 44 49 44 30 15 40.8 +4 23 13.1 3.84 3.31 9.06 51 76 5 BAA Handbook 2008 Meteor Diary 98 METEOR DIARY This diary includes all regular major and some of the more reliable minor streams. Radiant data (UT, Alt.) and twilight data are for observers at the standard latitudes 52°N and 35°S, on the meridian of Greenwich. Moonrise and moonset may be determined from the data on pages xx-xx. Where two radiants are given for one shower, the radiant on the same line as the times of twilight has been used for calculating the altitudes. All times are in UT. Normal limits are the dates between which the shower rates are normally greater than 25 per cent of the sporadic rate for the period. Zenithal Hourly Rate (ZHR) is the probable hourly rate for a single experienced observer watching a clear sky with limiting magnitude 6·5 with the shower radiant in the zenith. To a first approximation, the observed hourly rate (OHR) is given by: (OHR = ZHR sin a) where a is the radiant elevation. Hence high rates cannot be expected if the radiant is low. Sky conditions can alter rates considerably and consequently observers should record the approximate naked eye limiting magnitude in the areas being watched during each observing session. The rates given are the maximum ones, and are only a guide in view of the inherent variability of showers. Twilight here is nautical, starting and ending when the Sun is 12° below the horizon. Telescopic? If a number is given this is an approximate relative telescopic rate (sporadic rate = 1·0). If there is no entry the shower is deficient in faint meteors. However, many of the numbers are speculative. Observations using wide field CCD imaging may help augment telescopic meteor work in the future. Radiant Daily Motion. Where available, these come from Cook (NASA SP-319, pp.185–186, 1973). Meteor radiants are not stationary because of the Earth’smotion around the Sun. They move about one degree of ecliptic longitude per day. The daily motions should be applied to determine the radiant positions at dates other than maximum. The Geminid radiant position given has been revised on the basis of recent BAA data analysed by S. J. Evans. Special Notes for 2008: Bright moonlight has an adverse effect on visual meteor observing, and within about five days to ether side of Full, lunar glare swamps all but the brighter meteors, reducing the efficiency of counts. Once in every three years, Full Moon falls at such times as to restrict useful observation of the major meteor showers peaking in the latter half of the year: sadly, 2008 is one such year, and the most active parts of the Perseids, Orionids, Leonids and Geminids are all badly affected. There are, however, still some good observational opportunities, with the Quadrantids particularly well placed. The shower has a narrow peak, with best activity concentrated into a 10-12 hour window centred on maximum. In 2008, the Quadrantid maximum is favourably timed for observers in western Europe, and highest rates should be found late on January 3-4 at a time when the shower radiant is high in the pre-dawn sky. Quadrantids are relatively slow meteors, and a reasonable proportion of events are bright, making this a good shower photographically. The last well- observed maximum from the UK, in 1992, saw peak ZHR touching 120. In the absence of moonlight interference, the 2008 maximum could be similarly productive given clear skies. Dark skies also prevail during late July, when several showers with radiants below the Square of Pegasus are at their most active. The combined activity of the Delta Aquarids and Alpha Capricornids, together with good background sporadic rates and early Perseids can make watches at this time very worthwhile. Peaking just before Christmas, the Ursids have been rather neglected over the years. This is unfortunate, as the shower has been found to produce unexpectedly strong activity on a number of past occasions. The shower is favoured by dark skies in 2008, and with a circumpolar radiant useful observations are possible at all times during the long midwinter nights around their December 22- 23 peak. As always, observations away from the major shower maxima, and of year-round sporadic activity, are every bit as important to the work of the Association’sMeteor Section as those obtained when high rates are anticipated. BAA Handbook 2008 Meteor Diary 99

Epoch Radiant Position Local λ☼ ZHR Maximum Daily Tele- Time of (2000.0) Normal At R.A. Dec Motion Dec Scopic Transit Shower ° Maximum Limits Max h m ° ° R.A. ° Activity h Quadrantids 283.1 Jan. 4d 06h Jan 1-6 100? 15 28 (232) +50 1.5 8.6

Virginids 022 Apr. 10 Mar-Apr 5 14 04 (211) -09 ? 0.7 Apr.7-18 5 13 36 (204) -11

Lyrids 032.1 Apr. 22d 04h Apr.19-25 10 18 08 (272) +32 +1.1 0.0 - 4.2

η Aquarids 045 May 4 Apr.24- 40 22 20 (335) -01 +0.9 +0.4 - 7.6 May 20

α-Scorpiids 038 Apr. 27 Apr.20- 5 16 31 (248) -24 +0.5 -0.19 1.5 2.0 052 May 12 May 19 16 04 (241) -24 1.6

Ophiuchids 079 Jun. 9 May 19- 5 17 56 (269) -23 - 089 Jun. 19 July 17 20 (260) -20 23.5

α-Cygnids 118 Jul. 21 Jul.-Aug. 5 21 00 (315) +48 ? 0.9 148 Aug. 21

Capricornids 106 Jul. 8 Jul.-Aug. 5 20 44 (311) -15 - 1.2 113 Jul. 15 0.6 123 Jul. 26 δ-Aquarids 126 Jul. 29 Jul.15- 20 22 36 (339) -17 +0.8 +0.18 1.0 2.2 134 Aug. 6 Aug.20 10 23 04 (346) +02 +1.0 +0.2 2.1

Piscis 128 Jul. 31 Jul. 15- 5 22 40 (340) -30 ? 2.1 Australids Aug. 20

α- 130 Aug. 2 Jul. 15- 5 20 36 (309) -10 +0.9 +0.3 - 23.9 Capricornids Aug. 20

ι-Aquarids 134 Aug. 6 Jul.-Aug. 8 22 10 (333) -15 +1.07 +0.18 1.0? 1.6 22 04 (331) -06 +1.03 +0.13 1.1

Perseids 140.0 Aug 12d 09h Jul.23- 80 03 04 (046) +58 +1.35 +0.12 0.5 5.7 Aug.20

Piscids 166 Sep. 8 Sep.-Oct. 10 00 36 (009) +07 ? 1.3 178 Sep. 21 5 00 24 (006) 00 0.3 200 Oct. 13 ? 01 44 (026) +14 0.1 Orionids 209 Oct. 20 Oct.16-27 25 06 24 (096) +15 +1.23 +0.13 1.0 4.5

Taurids 221 Nov. 3 Oct.20- 10 03 44 (056) +14 +0.79 +0.15 ? 0.6 Nov.30 03 44 (056) +22 +0.76 +0.10 0.6

Leonids 235.3 Nov.17d 12h Nov.15-20 20 10 08 (152) +22 +0.07 -0.42 0.5? 6.4

Puppids- 257 Dec. 9 Nov.27-Jan 15 09 00 (135) -48 ? 6.4 Velids 274 Dec. 26 09 20 (140) -65

Geminids 262.0 Dec.13d 18h Dec.7-16 100 07 32 (113) +33 +1.1 -0.07 1.5 1.9

Ursids 271 Dec. 22 Dec.17-25 10 14 28 (217) +78 +0.88 -0.45 1.0? 8.4 100 Meteor Diary BAA Handbook 2008

Latitude 52°N Latitude 35°S Twilight Radiant Twilight Radiant Age of Moon Ends Begins UT Alt Ends Begins UT Alt Date d h h h ° h h h ° Notes Jan. 4 26 17.4 6.7 00 21 - - - - Blue and yellow meteors. Diffuse radiant 03 40 except at peak. Strong in 1992. 06 46 Favourable. Apr. 10 5 20.2 3.8 22 20 18.6 5.4 20 21 The two most prominent of several 01 29 00 62 radiants in Virgo, active March-April. 04 16 04 38 Slow, long paths Apr. 22 17 20.6 3.4 21 15 18.4 5.6 01 09 Normally rather moderate activity, but 00 41 03 21 fine displays in 1803, 1922, 1982. 03 66 05 22 Unfavourable. May 4 29 21.1 2.8 02 03 18.2 5.7 02 05 Fine southern radiant, poorly seen from 03 12 04 29 the UK. Broad maximum and multiple

06 49 radiant. Telescopic peak λA=042 Apr. 27 22 21.4 2.5 22 07 18.1 5.8 20 30 Part of the Scorpio-Sagittarius complex. May 12 7 00 14 00 77 Several weak radiants. April –July. 02 12 03 57 Jun. 9 6 22.5 1.5 22 15 17.9 6.1 21 54 Weak activity from several radiants. Best Jun. 19 16 00 18 00 74 for southern observers. 02 10 03 42 Jul. 21 18 21.8 2.3 22 62 18.1 6.1 23 03 Weak, apparently stationary radiant 00 80 01 07 producing steady activity throughout 02 79 02 06 northern summer. Jul. 8 5 22.2 2.1 22 11 18.1 6.1 21 54 Bright yellow-blue meteors. May have Jul. 15 12 00 21 00 64 three maxima and multiple radiant. Jul. 26 23 02 22 03 06 Jul. 29 26 21.6 2.6 23 09 18.2 6.0 23 44 Fine southern shower with double Aug. 6 5 01 19 02 72 radiant. S component is the richer. 03 20 05 49 Meteors tend to be faint. Favourable. Jul. 31 28 21.5 2.7 00 03 18.3 6.0 23 51 Southern shower in need of observation. 01 07 02 85 02 08 05 53 Aug. 2 1 21.4 2.8 22 23 18.3 5.9 23 43 Maxima at 123°, 129°, 137°. Long, slow 00 28 02 65 fireballs are often seen. 02 22 05 41 Aug. 6 5 21.2 2.9 22 12 18.3 5.9 22 38 Rich in faint meteors. Double radiant. 00 21 01 68 02 22 04 52 Aug. 12 11 21.0 3.2 21 27 - - - - Rich showers with fast meteors and a high 00 44 proportion of bright events leaving persistent 03 66 trains. Good photographic target. Unfavourable. Sep. 8 8 19.7 4.1 21 21 18.7 5.2 21 16 Another multiple-radiant ecliptic Sep. 21 21 00 42 complex with low rates. Oct. 13 14 03 41 Oct. 20 22 18.1 5.4 00 26 19.3 4.2 00 09 Fast meteors, with high proportion of 02 43 02 29 persistent trains. Flat maximum, 04 53 04 40 including several sub-peaks. Unfavourable

Nov .3 5 17.7 5.7 21 33 19.5 3.9 21 19 Slow meteors. Broad peak λA 219-229. 00 51 00 36 Bright events, sometimes abundant, as in 03 42 03 30 2005. Nov. 17 19 17.4 6.1 01 23 19.8 3.7 02 05 Very fast meteors. Brighter examples 03 41 03 15 often leave persistent trains. Enhanced 05 56 04 24 activity now unlikely until the late 2020s, but observations still important. Unfavourable Dec. 9 12 - - - - 20.2 3.5 23 13 Two of several radiants in Puppis, Vela Dec. 26 29 01 31 and Carina from November to January. 03 50 Dec. 13 15 17.2 6.6 21 34 20.2 3.6 23 12 Richest of the annual showers, with slow 00 61 01 22 meteors and a reasonable proportion of 03 67 03 31 bright events in the photographic range. Unfavourable. Dec. 22 25 17.3 6.7 22 41 - - - - Under-observed shower which has produced 02 49 outbursts in 1945, 1982 and 1986. 06 61 101 Variable Stars BAA Handbook 2008 VARIABLE STARS Geocentric Times of Primary Minima β Persei (Algol) 2m.1 to 3m.4 , Duration 9.6 hours

h h h h h h Jan. 1 15.8 Feb. 2 4.8* Mar. 1 21.0* Apr. 2 9.9 May 1 2.1*Jun. 1 15.1 4 12.6 5 1.6* 4 17.8 5 6.8 3 22.9 4 11.9 7 9.4 7 22.4* 7 14.6 8 3.6* 6 19.7 7 8.7 10 6.3* 10 19.2* 10 11.4 11 0.4* 9 16.6 10 5.5 13 3.1* 13 16.1 13 8.2 13 21.2* 12 13.4 13 2.4 15 23.9* 16 12.9 16 5.0 16 18.0 15 10.2 15 23.2 18 20.7* 19 9.7 19 1.9* 19 14.8 18 7.0 18 20.0 21 17.5 22 6.5 21 22.7* 22 11.7 21 3.8 21 16.8 24 14.3 25 3.3* 24 19.5 25 8.5 24 0.6 24 13.6 27 11.2 28 0.1* 27 16.3 28 5.3 26 21.5 27 10.4 30 8.0 30 13.1 29 18.3 30 7.2

Jul. 3 4.1 Aug. 3 17.1 Sep. 1 9.2 Oct. 2 22.2* Nov. 3 11.2 Dec. 2 3.3* 6 0.9* 6 13.9 4 6.0 5 19.0 6 8.0 5 0.2* 8 21.7 9 10.7 7 2.8* 8 15.8 9 4.8* 7 21.0* 11 18.5 12 7.5 9 23.7* 11 12.6 12 1.6* 10 17.8 14 15.3 15 4.3* 12 20.5* 14 9.5 14 22.4* 13 14.6 17 12.1 18 1.1* 15 17.3 17 6.4 17 19.3* 16 11.4 20 9.0 20 21.9* 18 14.1 20 3.1* 20 16.1 19 8.2 23 5.8 23 18.8 21 10.9 22 23.9* 23 12.9 22 5.1* 26 2.6* 26 15.6 24 7.7 25 20.7* 26 9.7 25 1.9* 28 23.4* 29 12.4 27 4.6* 28 17.5 29 6.5* 27 22.7* 31 20.2 30 1.4* 31 14.4 30 19.5*

λ Tauri 3m.4 to 3m.9, Duration 14.2 hours

h h h h h h Jan. 1 3.9* Feb. 1 18.8* Mar. 4 9.8 Apr. 1 1.9 May 2 16.9 Jun. 3 7.9 5 2.8* 5 17.7 8 8.7 5 0.8 6 15.8 7 6.7 9 1.6* 9 16.6 12 7.6 8 23.7 10 14.6 11 5.6 13 0.5* 13 15.5 16 6.4 12 22.5 14 13.5 15 4.5 16 23.4* 17 14.3 20 5.3 16 21.4 18 12.4 19 3.3 20 22.2* 21 13.2 24 4.2 20 20.3 22 11.2 23 2.2 24 21.1* 25 12.1 28 3.0 24 19.1 26 10.1 27 1.1 28 20.0* 29 10.9 2818.0 30 9.0 30 23.9

Jul. 4 22.8 Aug. 1 14.9 Sep. 2 5.9 Oct. 3 20.8* Nov. 4 11.8 Dec. 2 3.9* 8 21.7 5 13.8 6 4.8 7 19.7 8 10.7 6 2.8* 12 20.6 9 12.7 10 3.6* 11 18.6 12 9.6 10 1.6* 16 19.4 13 11.5 14 2.5* 15 17.5 16 8.4 14 0.5* 20 18.3 17 10.4 18 1.4* 19 16.3 20 7.3 17 23.4* 24 17.2 21 9.3 22 0.2* 23 15.2 24 6.2 21 22.3* 28 16.0 25 8.1 25 23.1* 27 14.1 28 5.0* 25 21.1* 29 7.0 29 22.0* 31 12.9 29 20.0* 102 Meteor Diary BAA Handbook 2008

RZ Cassiopeiae 6m.2 to 7m.7, Duration 4.8 hours h h h h h h Jan. 1 6.3 * Feb. 1 8.1 Mar. 1 0.6 * Apr. 1 2.4 * May 1 4.3 Jun. 1 6.1 2 11.0 2 12.8 2 5.3 2 7.1 2 9.0 2 10.8 3 15.6 3 17.5 3 10.0 3 11.8 3 13.6 3 15.5 4 20.3 * 4 22.2 4 14.6 4 16.5 4 18.3 4 20.2 6 1.0 * 6 2.9 * 5 19.3 * 5 21.2 * 5 23.0 * 6 0.8 * 7 5.7 * 7 7.5 7 0.0 * 7 1.9 * 7 3.7 7 5.5 8 10.4 8 12.2 8 4.7 * 8 6.5 8 8.4 8 10.2 9 15.1 9 16.9 9 9.4 9 11.2 9 13.1 9 14.9 10 19.8 * 10 21.6 * 10 14.1 10 15.9 10 17.7 10 19.6 12 0.4 * 12 2.3 * 11 18.8 11 20.6 * 11 22.4 * 12 0.3 * 13 5.1 * 13 6.9 12 23.4 * 13 1.3 * 13 3.1 * 13 5.0 14 9.8 14 11.6 14 4.1 * 14 6.0 14 7.8 14 9.6 15 14.5 15 16.3 15 8.8 15 10.7 15 12.5 15 14.3 16 19.2 16 21.0 * 16 13.5 16 15.3 16 17.2 16 19.0 17 23.9 * 18 1.7 * 17 18.2 17 20.0 * 17 21.9 17 23.7 * 19 4.6 * 19 6.4 18 22.9 * 19 0.7 * 19 2.5 * 19 4.4 20 9.2 20 11.1 20 3.6 * 20 5.4 20 7.2 20 9.1 21 13.9 21 15.7 21 8.2 21 10.1 21 11.9 21 13.8 22 18.6 * 22 20.5 * 22 12.9 22 14.8 22 16.6 22 18.5 23 23.3 * 24 1.1 * 23 17.6 23 19.5 23 21.3 23 23.1 25 4.0 * 25 5.8 * 24 22.3 * 25 0.1 * 25 2.0 * 25 3.8 26 8.7 26 10.5 26 3.0 * 26 4.8 * 26 6.7 26 8.5 27 13.4 27 15.2 27 7.7 27 9.5 27 11.4 27 13.2 28 18.1 * 28 19.9 * 28 12.4 28 14.2 28 16.0 28 17.9 29 22.7 * 29 17.0 29 18.9 29 20.7 29 22.6 31 3.4 * 30 21.7 * 30 23.6 * 31 1.4 *

h h h h h h Jul. 1 3.3 Aug. 1 5.1 Sep. 1 6.9 Oct. 1 4.1 Nov. 1 5.9 Dec. 1 3.1 * 2 7.9 2 9.8 2 11.6 2 8.8 2 10.6 2 7.8 3 12.6 3 14.5 3 16.3 3 13.5 3 15.3 3 12.5 4 17.3 4 19.2 4 21.0 * 4 18.2 4 20.0 * 4 17.1 5 22.0 5 23.8 * 6 1.7 * 5 22.8 * 6 0.7 * 5 21.8 * 7 2.7 7 4.5 6.4 7 3.5 * 7 5.4 7 2.5 * 8 7.4 8 9.2 8 11.1 8 8.2 8 10.1 8 7.2 9 12.1 9 13.9 9 15.7 9 12.9 9 14.7 9 11.9 10 16.7 10 18.6 10 20.4 * 10 17.6 10 19.4 * 10 16.6 11 21.4 11 23.3 * 12 1.1 * 11 22.3 * 12 0.1 * 11 21.3 * 13 2.1 13 3.4 13 5.8 13 3.0 * 13 4.8 * 13 2.0 * 14 6.8 14 8.6 14 10.5 14 7.6 14 9.5 14 6.6 15 11.5 15 13.3 15 15.2 15 12.3 15 14.2 15 11.3 16 16.2 16 18.0 16 19.9 * 16 17.0 16 18.9 * 16 16.0 17 20.9 17 22.7 * 18 0.5 * 17 21.7 * 17 23.5 * 17 20.7 * 19 1.5 * 19 3.4 * 19 5.2 19 2.4 * 19 4.2 * 19 1.4 * 20 6.2 20 8.1 20 9.9 20 7.1 20 8.9 20 6.1 * 21 10.9 21 12.8 21 14.6 21 11.8 21 13.6 21 10.8 22 15.6 22 17.5 22 19.3 22 16.4 22 18.3 22 15.4 23 20.3 23 22.1 24 0.0 * 23 21.1 * 23 23.0 * 23 20.1 * 25 1.0 * 25 2.8 * 25 4.7 25 1.8 * 25 3.7 * 25 0.8 * 26 5.7 26 7.5 26 9.3 26 6.5 26 8.4 26 5.5 * 27 10.3 27 12.2 27 14.0 27 11.2 27 13.0 27 10.2 28 15.0 28 16.9 28 18.7 28 15.9 28 17.7 * 28 14.9 29 19.7 29 21.6 29 23.4 * 29 20.6 * 29 22.4 * 29 19.6 * 31 0.4 * 31 2.3 * 31 1.2 * 31 0.2 *

Minima marked with an asterisk( *) are favourable from the British Isles, taking into account the altitude of the variable and the distance of the Sun below the horizon (based on longitude 0º and latitude 52º deg N) 103 Variable Stars BAA Handbook 2008

MIRA STARS Below are given predicted dates of maxima and minima for Mira stars on the programme of the BAA Variable Star Section, together with (usually) the mean visual range, period (P), and fraction of the period taken in rising from minimum (m) to maximum (M) for each star. All dates are only approximate.

Star Range Period (M-m)/P Max. Min. M m d R And 6.9 14.3 409 0.38 Jun. 27 Jan. 23 W And 7.4 13.7 396 0.42 Jun. 8 - RW And 8.7 14.8 430 0.36 Jul. 4 Jan. 31 R Aqr 6.5 10.3 387 0.42 Dec. 17 Jul. 8 R Aql 6.1 11.5 284 0.42 Mar. 21, Dec. 30 Sep. 2 UV Aur* 7.4 10.6 394 0.50 - Jul. 13 V Cam 9.9 15.4 522 0.31 - Aug.24 X Cam 8.1 12.6 144 0.49 Apr. 26, Sep. 17 Feb. 16, Jul. 8, Nov. 29

SU Cnc* 10.5 [15.4 187 0.43 Mar. 20, Sep. 23 Jul. 4 U CVn 9.9 14.6 346 0.37 Apr. 29 Dec. 3 RT CVn* 9.9 [15.0 254 0.45 Jan. 1, Sep. 10 May 19 S Cas 9.7 14.8 612 0.43 - Jun 18 T Cas 7.9 11.9 445 0.56 Oct. 20 Feb. 14  Cet 3.4 9.3 332 0.38 Feb. 3, Dec. 30 Aug. 26 R Com 8.5 14.2 363 0.38 Oct. 7 May22 S CrB 7.3 12.9 360 0.35 Sep. 25 May22 V CrB 7.5 11.0 358 0.41 Feb. 25 Sep. 23 W CrB 8.5 13.5 238 0.45 Aug. 17 May2, Dec. 26 R Cyg 7.5 13.9 426 0.35 Nov. 21 Jun. 25 S Cyg 10.3 16.0 323 0.50 Jan. 3, Nov. 20 Jun. 12 V Cyg 9.1 12.8 421 0.46 Jan. 22 Sep. 5  Cyg 5.2 13.4 408 0.41 Nov. 3 May19 T Dra 9.6 12.3 422 0.44 Mar. 22 Nov. 13 RU Her 8.0 13.7 485 0.43 Aug. 31 Feb. 5 SS Her 9.2 12.4 107 0.48 Feb. 26, Jun. 12 Jan. 5, Apr. 21, Sep. 28 Aug. 7, Nov. 23 R Hya 4.5 9.5 389 0.49 Nov. 3 Apr. 27 SU Lac* 10.3 [15.0 302 0.40 May 19 Jan. 19, Nov. 16 RS Leo* 9.7 [15.5 208 0.31 Apr. 1, Oct. 26 Jan. 27, Aug. 22 W Lyn 9.9 15: 295 0.40 Aug. 23 Apr. 27 X Lyn 10.2 15: 321 0.40 Sep. 14 May 9 X Oph 6.8 8.8 329 0.53 Jan. 10, Dec. 3 Jun. 12 U Ori 6.3 12.0 368 0.38 Feb. 1 Sep. 16 R Ser 6.9 13.4 356 0.41 Oct. 19 May26 T UMa 7.7 12.9 257 0.41 May 4 Jan. 20, Oct. 2

*Extreme range is given. [ = fainter than. : = approximately. BAA Handbook 2008 Variable Stars 104

VARIABLE STAR OF THE YEAR

U Orionis U Orionis is a classical Long Period Variable star that has been well observed from the UK for over 120 years. It was discovered on 1885 December 13 by J.E. Gore who went on to become the first Director of the BAA VSS some five years later. Initially it was thought to be a nova in the early stages of decline, but a spectrum taken at Harvard showed features similar to that of Mira. Thus U Orionis became the first Long Period Variable to be identified by a photograph of its spectrum. From the maxima he observed in the period 1885–1890, Gore calculated an early period for the variable as being 373.6 days. Gore’ssuccessor as Director of the BAA VSS Col. E.E. Markwick calculated the period to be 375.3 days from 13 maxima that he observed in the period 1886-1898. Using Gore’sand Markwick’sdata combined with BAA VSS data up to 2006 covering 117 maxima the average period is 371.8 days. As with all Long Period Variables, intervals between successive maxima can vary considerably, in 1939 & 1993 the period shortened to 340 days whereas the normal spread is 365-385 days. The average period is slightly longer than a calendar year so the star can be seen at maximum during the same month for several successive years. For example throughout the period 1983 to 2000 all the maxima of U Orionis took place in the month of November. Currently the maxima are occurring in the month of January which is very convenient for early evening observers equipped with binoculars. U Orionis is located in the northernmost part of Orion just 0.3 degrees south following Chi 1 Orionis. This is just 3.5 degrees from the northernmost point of the ecliptic which means that the sun, moon, planets and asteroids can pass close by. The normal apparition period is from early August to early May but observers with clear NW and NE horizons can extend this period by a few weeks. From examination of BAA VSS data C.F. Butterworth followed it until May 25 in 1914 and picked it up in the morning sky as early as July 10 in both 1920 and 1922. However, one should always take care in making visual observations in the bright summer twilight because of the red colour of the variable and its low altitude. The range of the variable is typically magnitude 6.5 to 12.0 which is suitable for observers equipped with 20cm telescopes and binoculars. The extreme range observed is magnitude 5.0 which it peaked at in 1973 and 13.3 which it sank to in 2006. Like many Long Period Variables U Orionis has a skewed light curve where the rise is usually much steeper than the fade. There is often a hump in the light curve on the rising branch at around magnitude 11 which was first commented upon by H. Corder in 1895. Following the hump the rate of rise can accelerate to 0.1 magnitudes a day and this is the time that observers should try to increase the frequency of observations. Observers with small telescopes should take care when the star approaches minimum and the limit of the telescope due to the close proximity of UW Orionis which is a suspected eclipsing binary normally at magnitude 10.6. Physically U Orionis is 306 parsecs distant and has a fairly typical spectral class range of M6-M9.5e. The linear radius is estimated at 370 times than that of the sun and it has a calculated luminosity of 7000 times the sun. Since 1969 several types of maser radiation has been detected and the water vapour maser emission appears to be loosely correlated with the visual cycle of the variable. In 2000 U Orionis became the first Long Period Variable to be confirmed as spatially asymmetrical through a lunar occultation. Finally if you want to witness the 120th maxima of U Orionis since its discovery take a look at the northern portion of Orion with a pair of binoculars in the first two months of 2008. BAA Handbook 2008 Variable Stars 105 e S I v r N u O C I

t R h O g

i L U BAA Handbook 2008 Variable Stars 106

FINDER CHART 107 Double Stars BAA Handbook 2008 EPHEMERIDES OF DOUBLE STARS Inspection of the two-point ephemeris will indicate whether a pair is closing, relatively static, or opening up, and whether motion is direct or retrograde. A fast-mover of long period is probably near periastron, while a slow-mover of short period is likely to be near apastron. The orbital elements employed for the computation are those published in the “Sixth Catalog of Orbits of Visual Binary Stars”,by William I. Hartkopf and Brian D. Mason, U.S. Naval Observatory, http://ad.usno.navy.mil/wds/orb6.html.

2000.0 2008.0 2009.0 Star Name ADS RA Dec. Mags. Period PA Dist. PA Dist. h m   y  ″  ″ 85 Peg 17175 0 02.2 +27 05 5.8 8.9 26 257.4 0.85 265.2 0.85 O 4 221 0 16.7 +36 29 7.7 8.5 109 104.2 0.23 97.7 0.22  Cas 434 0 31.8 +54 31 4.7 4.8 536 208.1 0.20 212.1 0.16  395 520 0 37.3 -24 46 5.6 5.9 25 72.9 0.26 86.7 0.37  Cas 671 0 49.1 +57 49 3.5 7.2 480 320.6 13.13 321.1 13.16 36 And 755 0 55.0 +23 38 5.5 5.9 168 320.8 1.03 322.1 1.05 Howe 4 1223 1 33.7 -12 13 8.5 8.6 146 333.0 0.92 332.8 0.92 Dunlop 5 .. 1 39.8 -56 12 5.8 5.9 484 188.7 11.64 188.5 11.65  186 1538 1 55.9 +1 51 6.0 6.1 162 68.4 0.83 69.1 0.81  Psc 1615 2 02.0 +2 46 3.8 4.9 933 266.0 1.78 265.3 1.78 10 Ari 1631 2 03.7 +25 56 5.6 7.7 325 342.9 1.39 343.5 1.41  228 1709 2 14.0 +47 29 6.1 6.7 144 290.3 0.88 291.5 0.86 h 3494 .. 2 19.8 -35 27 8.2 8.4 352 243.4 2.00 242.8 2.00  Cas AB 1860 2 29.1 +67 24 4.5 6.9 620 229.5 2.59 229.3 2.60  305 2122 2 47.5 +19 22 6.9 7.7 720 306.5 3.72 306.4 3.72

 For 2402 3 12.1 -28 59 3.8 7.0 269 299.7 5.17 299.7 5.20  367 2416 3 14.0 +0 44 7.4 7.4 790 130.6 1.13 130.2 1.13 7 Tau 2616 3 34.4 +24 28 6.0 6.0 522 354.0 0.72 353.6 0.73 O 65 2799 3 50.3 +25 35 5.2 6.0 61 193.6 0.17 195.9 0.20 40 Eri BC 3093 4 15.3 -7 39 9.5 11.2v 252 334.3 9.19 334.0 9.18 O 77 AB 3082 4 15.9 +31 42 7.3 7.4 188 292.7 0.57 293.7 0.56 Hu 445 3614 5 01.7 +20 50 8.0 8.7 304 133.3 0.43 134.8 0.43 14 Ori 3711 5 07.9 +8 30 5.3 6.2 199 303.7 0.89 301.9 0.90  Gem 4841 6 14.9 +22 30 3.3v 6.0 474 254.2 1.60 254.0 1.60 O 149 5234 6 36.4 +27 17 6.9 8.6 119 290.1 0.72 289.0 0.73 12 Lyn AB 5400 6 46.2 +59 27 5.4 6.0 908 69.5 1.87 69.1 1.87 14 Lyn 5514 6 53.1 +59 27 5.3 5.9 403 323.8 0.25 326.2 0.25  Gem 6175 7 34.6 +31 53 1.6 2.6 445 58.4 4.50 57.7 4.58 9 Pup 6420 7 51.8 -13 54 5.2 6.1 23 102.6 0.23 270.0 0.11  Cnc AB 6650 8 12.2 +17.39 5.6 6.0 60 45.5 1.03 41.6 1.04  Cnc AB-C 6650 8 12.2 +17.39 5.1 6.2 1115 69.3 5.91 68.8 5.92  208 6914 8 39.1 -22 40 5.1 6.5 123 40.2 1.05 41.1 1.01 I 314 .. 8 39.4 -36 36 6.4 7.9 67 244.0 0.65 243.6 0.68  Vel .. 8 44.7 -54 43 2.1 5.1 142 318.9 0.66 312.8 0.58  Hya AB-C 6993 8 46.8 +6 25 3.4 6.5 990 303.5 2.88 304.2 2.88  1338 7307 9 21.0 +38 11 6.1 6.4 303 300.7 1.01 302.5 1.01  Leo 7390 9 28.5 +9 03 5.4 6.1 118 99.8 0.71 101.4 0.72  Sex 7555 9 52.5 -8 06 5.1 5.6 78 51.6 0.59 50.5 0.59  Leo 7724 10 20.0 +19 50 2.0 3.2 510 125.6 4.61 125.7 4.61  411 7846 10 36.1 –26 41 6.3 7.4 170 308.1 1.37 307.8 1.38  UMa AB 8119 11 18.2 +31 32 4.3 4.8 60 225.6 1.64 218.5 1.62  Leo 8148 11 23.9 +10 32 4.0 6.8 186 102.3 1.92 101.3 1.95 108 Variable Stars BAA Handbook 2008

2000.0 2008.0 2009.0 Star Name ADS RA Dec. Mags. Period PA Dist. PA Dist. h m   y  ″  ″ BrsO 5 .. 11 24.7 –61 39 7.2 8.4 399 246.2 7.18 246.4 7.23 O 235 8197 11 32.3 +61 05 5.5 7.0 73 14.5 0.76 17.8 0.78  1639 8539 12 24.4 +25 35 6.4 7.6 575 323.8 1.77 323.7 1.78

 28 8573 12 30.1 –13 24 6.4 9.4 151 340.5 2.18 341.1 2.19  Cen .. 12 41.5 –48 58 2.2 2.3 84 333.9 0.52 330.0 0.44  Vir 8630 12 41.7 –1 27 2.7 2.8 169 41.0 0.93 30.5 1.17 35 Com 8695 12 53.3 +21 15 4.9 6.9 359 193.2 1.04 194.2 1.04 I 83 .. 12 56.7 –47 41 6.8 6.9 191 232.5 0.88 232.8 0.88

78 UMa 8739 13 00.7 +56 22 4.9 8.0 106 94.0 1.27 95.9 1.24 A 1609 AB 8901 13 25.8 +44 30 8.3 8.6 44 28.9 0.47 31.9 0.46 25 CVn 8974 13 37.5 +36 18 4.8 6.9 228 97.1 1.74 96.8 1.73  Cen .. 14 39.6 –60 50 0.0 1.4 80 237.3 8.29 240.9 7.53  Boo 9343 14 41.1 +13 44 3.8 3.8 123 296.0 0.61 295.3 0.58

 309 .. 14 46.2 –21 11 7.1 7.2 26 55.8 0.16 78.5 0.18  Boo 9413 14 51.4 +19 06 4.5 6.8 152 310.4 6.18 309.4 6.11 O 288 9425 14 53.4 +15 42 6.4 7.1 313 162.3 1.10 161.9 1.09 H 4707 .. 14 54.2 –66 25 7.0 7.5 346 275.0 1.03 274.1 1.05 44 Boo 9494 15 03.8 +47 39 4.8 5.6v 206 58.1 1.79 58.8 1.71

 CrB 9617 15 23.2 +30 17 5.0 5.3 42 146.6 0.53 157.8 0.56  Lup .. 15 35.1 –41 10 2.8 2.9 190 277.2 0.82 277.1 0.82 2 UMi 9769 15 39.6 +79 59 6.9 7.7 183 23.4 0.71 23.2 0.71  Sco AB 9909 16 04.4 –11 22 4.8 5.1 46 350.6 0.87 353.0 0.92  CrB 9979 16 14.7 +33 52 5.2 6.3 889 237.2 7.16 237.3 7.18

 Oph 10087 16 30.9 +1 59 3.8 4.9 129 35.5 1.45 36.3 1.45  Her 10157 16 41.3 +31 36 2.8 5.5 34 195.7 1.09 186.8 1.11 20 Dra 10279 16 56.4 +65 02 6.4 6.6 422 67.4 1.16 67.3 1.16 MlbO 4 AB .. 17 19.0 –34 59 6.4 7.4 42 202.6 1.45 195.8 1.42 BrsO 13 .. 17 19.1 –46 38 5.5 8.7 2205 254.5 10.32 254.8 10.40

26 Dra 10660 17 35.0 +61 53 5.2 8.6 76 321.4 1.24 319.5 1.15  Oph 11005 18 03.1 –8 11 4.8 5.4 257 284.1 1.65 284.5 1.64 70 Oph 11046 18 05.5 +2 30 4.0 5.9 88 134.1 5.42 132.8 5.58 h 5014 .. 18 06.8 –43 25 4.9 5.0 450 3.4 1.71 2.9 1.72 O 358 11483 18 35.9 +16 59 6.2 6.3 380 150.4 1.55 149.8 1.54

1 Lyr AB 11635 18 44.3 +39 40 4.7 5.8 1725 348.1 2.40 347.8 2.40 2 Lyr CD 11635 18 44.4 +39 37 4.6 4.8 724 79.1 2.36 78.6 2.37  CrA .. 19 06.4 –37 04 4.2 4.3 122 22.3 1.33 17.4 1.34  Cyg 12880 19 45.0 +45 08 2.9 6.6 780 220.8 2.66 220.4 2.67  Cyg 14296 20 47.4 +36 29 4.5 6.0 391 3.0 0.91 2.6 0.91 4 Aqr 14360 20 51.4 –5 38 6.0 7.0 194 25.3 0.80 26.0 0.79  Equ AB 14499 20 59.1 +4 18 5.3 5.7 101 284.1 0.58 284.0 0.54  Cyg 14787 21 14.8 +38 03 3.7 6.6 50 247.8 0.74 240.7 0.76  Cyg 15270 21 44.1 +28 45 4.5 5.9 789 314.6 1.70 315.5 1.68 53 Aqr 15934 22 26.6 –16 45 5.6 5.7 3500 31.0 1.36 34.9 1.34

Kr 60 15972 22 28.0 +57 42 9.6 11.2v 45 46.4 2.14 36.9 2.00  Aqr AB 15971 22 28.8 –0 01 3.7 3.9 587 176.0 2.17 174.7 2.20  Cep 16538 23 07.9 +75 23 4.4 6.7 160 357.0 1.18 357.8 1.19  80 16665 23 18.9 +5 24 8.0 9.1 97 217.5 0.44 223.0 0.48 72 Peg 16836 23 34.0 +31 20 5.0 5.4 246 102.4 0.53 103.2 0.53 109 Bright Stars BAA Handbook 2008

BRIGHT STARS

FOR EPOCH 2008.5

Name R.A. Dec. Mag. Name R.A. Dec Mag. h m s º ' " h m s º ' " α And 0 08 49.7 +29 08 14 2.06 α UMa 11 04 14.8 +61 42 17 1.79

β Cas 0 09 38.2 +59 11 48 2.27 β Leo 11 49 29.6 +14 31 28 2.14 α Cas 0 40 59.7 +56 35 02 2.23 α Cru A 12 27 04.6 -63 08 46 1.33 β Cet 0 44 00.9 -17 56 24 2.04 γ Cru 12 31 38.5 -57 09 38 1.63 β And 1 10 12.6 +35 39 55 2.06 γ Cen 12 41 59.3 -49 00 22 2.17 α Eri 1 38 01.8 -57 11 37 0.46 β Cru 12 48 13.4 -59 44 06 1.25 γ And 2 04 25.5 +42 22 13 2.26 ε UMa 12 54 24.1 +55 54 50 1.77 α Ari 2 07 39.3 +23 30 08 2.00 ζ UMa 13 24 16.0 +54 52 52 2.27 α UMi 2 41 49.8 +89 18 03 2.02 α Vir 13 25 38.5 -11 12 20 0.98 β Per 3 08 43.5 +40 59 16 2.10 ε Cen 13 40 25.9 -53 30 33 2.30 α Per 3 24 56.0 +49 53 27 1.79 η UMa 13 47 52.5 +49 16 16 1.86 η Tau 3 47 59.5 +24 07 51 2.87 β Cen 14 04 25.8 -60 24 49 0.61 α Tau 4 36 24.6 +16 31 33 0.85 θ Cen 14 07 11.1 -36 24 41 2.06 β Ori 5 14 56.8 -8 11 33 0.12 α Boo 14 16 03.0 +19 08 18 -0.04 α Aur 5 17 19.1 +46 00 21 0.08 η Cen 14 36 03.0 -42 11 41 2.31 γ Ori 5 25 35.2 +6 21 24 1.64 α Cen cg 14 40 10.9 -60 52 12 0.00 β Tau 5 26 49.8 +28 36 50 1.65 α Lup 14 42 29.9 -47 25 27 2.30 δ Ori 5 32 26.5 -0 17 36 2.23 ε Boo 14 45 21.4 +27 02 19 2.40 ε Ori 5 36 38.7 -1 11 50 1.70 β UMi 14 50 41.3 +74 07 15 2.08 ζ Ori 5 41 11.2 -1 56 19 1.77 α CrB 15 35 02.9 +26 41 11 2.23 κ Ori 5 48 09.6 -9 40 02 2.06 δ Sco 16 00 50.2 -22 38 43 2.32 α Ori 5 55 37.9 +7 24 29 0.40 α Sco 16 29 55.8 -26 27 01 0.96 β Aur 6 00 09.1 +44 56 51 1.90 α TrA 16 49 34.3 -69 02 32 1.92 β CMa 6 23 04.4 -17 57 38 1.98 ε Sco 16 50 42.9 -34 18 29 2.29 α Car 6 24 08.5 -52 42 02 -0.72 λ Sco 17 34 11.2 -37 06 33 1.63 γ Gem 6 38 12.2 +16 23 29 1.93 α Oph 17 35 19.8 +12 33 16 2.08 α CMa 6 45 31.3 -16 43 42 -1.46 θ Sco 17 37 55.8 -43 00 09 1.87 ε CMa 6 58 57.6 -28 59 03 1.50 γ Dra 17 56 48.2 +51 29 18 2.23 δ CMa 7 08 44.2 -26 24 26 1.86 ε Sgr 18 24 44.2 -34 22 48 1.85 α Gem 7 35 08.5 +31 52 09 1.95 α Lyr 18 37 13.6 +38 47 31 0.03 α CMi 7 39 44.8 +5 12 10 0.38 μ Sgr 18 55 47.5 -26 17 08 2.02 β Gem 7 45 50.1 +28 00 18 1.14 β Cyg 19 31 03.9 +27 58 41 3.08 ζ Pup 8 03 53.0 -40 01 39 2.25 α Aql 19 51 11.9 +8 53 29 0.77 γ Vel 8 09 47.7 -47 21 43 1.78 γ Cyg 20 22 32.0 +40 17 03 2.20 ε Car 8 22 41.3 -59 32 14 1.86 α Pav 20 26 18.9 -56 42 26 1.94 δ Vel 8 44 56.3 -54 44 23 1.96 α Cyg 20 41 43.3 +45 18 40 1.25 λ Vel 9 08 18.6 -43 28 02 2.21 α Cep 21 18 46.9 +62 37 18 2.44 β Car 9 13 17.4 -69 45 08 1.68 ε Peg 21 44 36.2 +9 54 51 2.39 ι Car 9 17 19.0 -59 18 40 2.25 α Gru 22 08 45.9 -46 55 10 1.74 α Hya 9 28 00.3 -8 41 45 1.98 β Gru 22 43 10.3 -46 50 24 2.11 α Leo 10 08 49.4 +11 55 31 1.35 α PsA 22 58 07.1 -29 34 37 1.16 γ Leo 10 20 26.4 +19 47 54 1.99 β Peg 23 04 11.3 +28 07 45 2.42 β UMa 11 02 21.0 +56 20 12 2.37 α Peg 23 05 11.1 +15 15 04 2.49

A = Brighter component of the double star cg = Centre of Gravity of the double star BAA Handbook 2008 Bright Galaxies 110

BRIGHT GALAXIES

Galaxies suitable for supernova patrolling with telescopes of moderate aperture.

NORTHERN HEMISPHERE No. NGC RA (2000·0) Dec. Const. Type Mag. (V) Size h m s ° '' ' ' 1 925 2 27 17 +33 35 Tri S(B)c 10·0 9·8 x 6·0 2 2403 7 36 33 65 37 Cam Sc 8·4 17·8 x 11·0 3 2841 9 22 02 50 59 UMa Sb 9·3 8·1 x 3·8 4 2903 9 32 10 21 30 Leo Sb 8·9 12·6x 6·6 5 3184 10 18 17 41 25 UMa Sc 9·7 6·9 x 6·8 6 3359 10 46 38 +63 13 UMa S(B)c 10·4 6·8 x 4·3 7 3631 11 21 03 53 10 UMa Sc 10·4 4·6 x 4·4 8 3726 11 33 21 47 02 UMa Sc 10·4 6·0 x 4·5 9 3893 11 48 36 48 43 UMa Sc 11·1 4·4 x 2·8 10 3938 11 52 49 44 07 UMa Sc 10·4 5·4 x 4·9 11 3953 11 53 49 +52 20 UMa Sb 10·1 6·6 x 3·6 12 4088 12 05 34 50 32 UMa Sc 10·5 5·8 x 2·5 13 4274 12 19 50 29 37 Com Sb 10·4 6·9 x 2·8 14 4414 12 26 27 31 13 Com Sc 10·3 3·6 x 2·2 15 4490 12 30 36 41 39 CVn Sc 9·8 5·9 x 3·1 16 4535 12 34 20 +8 12 Vir S(B)c 9·8 6·8 x 5·0 17 4725 12 50 27 25 30 Com S(B)b 9·2 11·0 x 7·9 18 5474 14 05 01 53 40 UMa Sc 10·8 4·5 x 4·2 19 6946 20 34 52 60 09 Cep Sc 8·9 11·0 x 9·8 20 7331 22 37 04 +34 25 Peg Sb 9·5 10·7 x 4·0

Charts are available from the UK Nova/Supernova Patrol Co-ordinator.

SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE

No. NGC RA (2000·0) Dec. Const. Type Mag. (V) Size h m s ° '' ' ' 1 55 0 15 08 –39 13 Scl SB 8·4 32·0 x 5·0 2 253 0 47 33 25 17 Scl Sc 8·0 27·0 x 7·0 3 300 0 54 54 37 41 Scl Sd 8·7 22·0 x 15·0 4 1291 3 17 18 41 06 Eri SBa 9·4 9·8 x 8·0 5 1316 3 22 39 37 12 For S(B)0 9·4 11·0 x 7·0 6 1350 3 31 08 –33 38 For SBb 11·2 5·0 x 3·0 7 1365 3 33 36 36 08 For SBb 10·3 11·3 x 6·2 8 1398 3 38 52 26 20 F or S(B)b 10·6 7·0 x 5·0 9 6822 19 44 58 14 48 Sgr Irr 8·8 16·0 x 10·0 10 7793 23 57 50 –32 35 Scl Sd 9·1 9·0 x 7·0 111 Galaxies BAA Handbook 2008

ACTIVE GALAXIES Object RA (2000·0) Dec. Const. Type Mag.(V)* U.2000† h m ° Chart No. 3C 66A 2 22 +43·0 And BL Lac 14 –16·3 62 NGC 1275 3 20 +41·5 Per Seyfert 13·2 –13·7 63 3C 120 (BW Tau) 4 33 + 5·4 Tau BL Lac 13·7 –14·6 178 S5 0716+71 7 22 +71·3 Cam BL Lac 12·3 –14·2 21 OJ+287 8 54 +20·1 Cnc BL Lac 12·4 –16 142 Markarian 421 11 04 +38·2 UMa BL Lac 12·3 –14·2 106 NGC 4151 12 10 +39·4 CVn Seyfert 11·0 –12·4 74 W Comae 12 21 +28·2 Com BL Lac 11·5 –16 148 3C 273 12 26 + 2·3 Vir Quasar 12·3 –13·3 238 3C 279 12 56 –5·8 Vir Quasar 11·5 –17·0 239 BL Lacertae 22 02 +42·3 Lac BL Lac 12·5 –15 87 *Approximate range †Uranometria

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o t i r r t u t m n p r n r a t o e a p u a a e r e a o u a l * † u N S M M V E M J S U N P D F * † ‡ § * r † BAA Handbook 2008 Satellites 113 SATELLITES This list excludes the numerous small satellites of the outer planets discovered since 1999. At the time of going to press, the numbers of known satellites were: Jupiter 62, Saturn 59, Uranus 27, Neptune 13 and Pluto 3. Data on these may be obtained from http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/?satellites

Mean Mean Mean Mean Sidereal Inclination Diameter(s) Reciprocal Opp’n Planet and Distance Period Eccentricity (2) Mass Opp’n Visual 3 Satellite (10 km) (days) (1) ° km (Planet = 1) Mag. EARTH Moon 384·4 27·322 0·055 18·3–28·6 3476 x 3472 81·301 –12·7 MARS I Phobos 9·38 0·319 0·0151 1·08 27 x 22 x 18 11·3 II Deimos 23·46 1·262 0·0005 1·79 15 x 12 x 10 12·4 JUPITER XVI Metis 128 0·295 0·0002 0·06 40 17·5 XV Adrastea 129 0·298 0·0015 0·03 26 x 20 x 16 19·1 V Amalthea 181·4 0·498 0·003 0·40 262 x 146 x 134 14·1 XIV Thebe 221·9 0·675 0·018 0·8 110 x 90 15·7 I Io 421·6 1·769 0·004 0·04 3643 21 260 5·0 II Europa 670·9 3·551 0·010 0·47 3122 39 550 5·3 III Ganymede 1070·4 7·155 0·002 0·21 5262 12 810 4·6 IV Callisto 1882·7 16·689 0·007 0·51 4820 17 650 5·6 XIII Leda 11170 240·92 0·164 27·5 10 20·2 VI Himalia 11460 250·57 0·162 27·6 170 14·8 X Lysithea 11720 259·22 0·112 27·4 24 18·4 VII Elara 11740 259·65 0·217 24·8 80 16·7 XII Anake 21280 629·8r 0·244 148·9 20 18·9 XI Carme 23400 734·2r 0·253 164·9 30 18·0 VIII Pasiphae 23620 743·6r 0·409 151·4 36 17·0 IX Sinope 23940 758·9r 0·250 158·1 28 18·3

SATURN XVIII Pan 133·58 0·575 0·000 0·00 20 20 XV Atlas 137·67 0·602 0·000 0·30 37 x 34 x 27 18 XVI Prometheus 139·35 0·613 0·002 0·00 148 x 100 x 68 16·5 XVII Pandora 141·70 0·629 0·004 0·00 110 x 88 x 62 16 XI Epimetheus 151·42 0·694 0·009 0·34 138 x 110 x 110 15·5 X Janus 151·47 0·695 0·007 0·14 194 x 190 x 154 14·5 I Mimas 185·52 0·942 0·020 1·53 418 x 392 x 382 15 158 930 12·9 II Enceladus 238·02 1·370 0·005 0·00 512 x 494 x 490 8 745 540 11·7 III Tethys 294·66 1·888 0·000 1·86 1072 x 1056 x 906 640 10·2 XIII Telesto 294·66 1·888 0·000 0·00 30 x 25 x 15 18·5 XIV Calypso 294·66 1·888 0·000 0·00 30 x 16 x 16 18·7 IV Dione 377·40 2·737 0·002 0·02 1 120 516 780 10·4 XII Helene 377·40 2·737 0·005 0·00 36 x 32 x 30 18·5 V Rhea 527·04 4·518 0·001 0·35 1 528 246 090 9·7 VI Titan 1221·83 15·945 0·029 0·33 5 150 4 225 8·3 VII Hyperion 1481·1 21·277 0·104 0·43 370 x 280 x 226 28 423 000 14·2 VIII Iapetus 3561·3 79·330 0·028 14·72 1 436 357 520 10·2–11·9 IX Phoebe 12952 550·48r 0·163 175·3 230 x 220 x 210 16·5 114 Satellites BAA Handbook 2008

SATELLITES (continued)

Mean Mean Mean Mean Sidereal Inclination Diameter(s) Reciprocal Opp’n Planet and Distance Period Eccentricity (2) Mass Opp’n Visual 3 Satellite (10 km) (days) (1) ° km (Planet = 1) Mag. SATURN’SRINGS D inner edge 133 800 D outer edge 149 020 C inner edge 149 316 C outer edge 184 000 B inner edge 184 000 B outer edge 235 160 A inner edge 244 340 Encke gap 267 178 Keeler gap 273 060 A outer edge 273 550 F centre 280 360 G inner edge 340 000 G outer edge 350 000 E inner edge 362 000 E outer edge 966 000 URANUS VI Cordelia 49·77 0·335 0·0003 0·08 40 24·1 VII Ophelia 53·79 0·376 0·0099 0·10 42 23·8 VIII Bianca 59·17 0·435 0·0009 0·19 54 23·0 IX Cressida 61·78 0·464 0·0004 0·01 80 22·2 X Desdemona 62·68 0·474 0·0001 0·11 64 22·5 XI Juliet 64·35 0·493 0·0007 0·07 94 21·5 XII Portia 66·09 0·513 0·0000 0·06 136 21·0 XIII Rosalind 66·94 0·558 0·0001 0·28 72 22·5 XIV Belinda 75·26 0·624 0·0001 0·03 80 22·1 XV Puck 86·01 0·762 0·0001 0·32 162 20·2 V Miranda 129·39 1·413 0·0027 4·22 480 x 468 x 466 1 315 640 16·3 I Ariel 191·02 2·520 0·0034 0·31 1162 x 1156 x 1155 64 320 14·2 II Umbriel 266·30 4·144 0·0050 0·36 1 169 74 220 14·8 III Titania 435·91 8·706 0·0022 0·14 1 578 24 670 13·7 IV Oberon 583·52 13·463 0·0008 0·10 1 523 28 850 13·9 XVI Caliban 7230 579·5r 0·159 140·8 96 22·4 XX Stephano 8002 676·5r 0·230 144·0 20 24·1 XVII Sycorax 12179 1283·4r 0·522 159·4 190 20·8 XVIII Prospero 16418 1992·8r 0·443 151·9 30 23·2 XIX Setebos 17459 2202·3r 0·588 158·1 30 23·3 NEPTUNE III Naiad 48·23 0·294 0·0003 4·74 96 x 60 x 52 24·7 IV Thalassa 50·08 0·311 0·0002 0·21 108 x 100 x 52 23·8 V Despina 52·53 0·335 0·0001 0·07 180 x 148 x 128 22·6 VI Galatea 61·95 0·429 0·0001 0·05 204 x 184 x 144 22·3 VII Larissa 73·55 0·555 0·0014 0·20 216 x 204 x 168 22·0 VIII Proteus 117·65 1·122 0·0004 0·04 440 x 416 x 404 20·3 I Triton 354·76 5·877 0·000016 157·3 2707 4 786 13·5 II Nereid 5513·4 360·136 0·7512 7·235 340 3 414 330 18·7 PLUTO I Charon 19·6 6·387 0·0 0·0 1186 7·72 17·3

Data taken from http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/planetfact.html For definitions of the parameters, see http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/factnotes.html (1) The elements, in particular the eccentricities, of the satellite orbits are all subject to considerable variations. The orbits of the outer satellites of Jupiter are not even approximately elliptical owing to severe solar perturbations; the eccentricity of the orbit of Jupiter VIII, for example, varies between 0·16 and 0·66. (2) Orbital inclinations are with respect to the planet’sequator. r = retrograde. 115 Planetary Orbits BAA Handbook 2008

ELEMENTS OF THE PLANETARY ORBITS

MEAN ELEMENTS FOR THE EPOCH 2008 JAN. 1.5 TT

Mean Longitude Inclination at the of the of the to the Mean Planet Epoch Perihelion Ascending Ecliptic Eccentricity Distance Node L ω Ω i e a ° ° ° ° Mercury 330.177 77.581 48.426 7.005 0.20563 0.38710 Venus 183.517 131.676 76.752 3.395 0.00677 0.72333 Earth 100.528 103.075 .. .. 0.01671 1.00000 Mars 86.769 336.208 49.620 1.850 0.09341 1.52368 Jupiter 277.256 14.460 100.464 1.303 0.04851 5.20260 Saturn 147.958 93.214 113.736 2.489 0.05548 9.55491 Uranus 348.444 173.124 74.048 0.773 0.04629 19.21845 Neptune 321.939 48.238 131.872 1.769 0.00899 30.11039

Sidereal Mean Mean Perihelion Aphelion Mean Daily Sidereal Synodic Orbital Planet Distance Distance Motion Period Period Velocity q Q n P km/s ° d d Mercury 0.3075 0.4667 4.09234 87.969 115.88 47.87 Venus 0.7184 0.7282 1.60214 224.701 583.92 35.02 Earth 0.9833 1.0167 0.98561 365.256 .. 29.79 Mars 1.3814 1.6660 0.52404 686.980 779.94 24.13 Jupiter 4.950 5.455 0.08306 4332.59 398.88 13.06 Saturn 9.025 10.085 0.03337 10759.21 378.09 9.65 Uranus 18.329 20.108 0.01170 30684.6 369.66 6.80 Neptune 29.840 30.381 0.00597 60191.2 367.49 5.43

OSCULATING ELEMENTS FOR THE EPOCH 2008 May 14.0 TT Planet M ω Ω I e a ° ° ° ° Pluto 26.128 114.650 110.336 17.113 0.25356 39.79500 These elements are referred to the mean ecliptic and equinox of J2000.0 BAA Handbook 2008 Program and Data Library 116 THE PROGRAM AND DATA LIBRARY Co-ordinator: Robert Watkins The P&DL of the Computing Section was formed towards the end of 1991 to assist members of the BAA in obtaining machine-readable astronomical data. Most astronomical databases are too large for simple distribution by floppy disc.One of our services provides such resources in a form or size more readily managed by some home computer systems. We can also assist astronomy software writers to distribute their “freeware”, shareware or BAAware applications. The latter makes a small profit that is paid direct to the BAA for the benefit of all members.Historically, many programs were written on early microcomputers, but the PC running DOS/Windows and the Apple Macintosh have now emerged as the most popular platforms for home users. We have a number of prediction and display applications available for active observers. Examples include:  Lunar occultations of zodiacal stars; Grazing lunar occultations; Lunar occultations of planets; Lunar occultations of infra-red sources.  Preparation of comet or minor planet ephemerides from user-entered orbital elements.  Several good desktop planetaria for planning observing runs or preparing finder charts for comets/minor planets/variable stars.Many can use observer- prepared catalogues or the Hubble Telescope Guide Star Catalog.  Prediction of the transit of artificial satellites over a visual observer’ssite anywhere on the Earth. A version is available for radio observers too.  A meteor diary package allowing the user to enter any year, for any location, and to use the meteor stream database included, or a self-prepared one.  ASTRUTIL –a suite of programs to prepare sunrise, sunset, twilight, transit, moonrise, moonset details for any date and location. Conversion of a time, RA and Dec. to HA, Az., Alt. (including Sun and Moon). Converts GMT to apparent ST, Equation of the Equinoxes, nutation parameters and mean or true obliquity. We distribute about 100 software items, which are detailed in our P&DL Software List. This is frequently updated and is available to BAA members and non-members.To obtain this list, and for help and information, write to Robert Watkins, 7 Shirehampton Close, Webheath, Redditch, Worcestershire, B97 5PF, UK, enclosing two first-class postage stamps or international reply coupons. Alternatively, requests may be e-mailed to [email protected], and an up-to-date list will be returned as an e-mail attachment. This saves time and expense, and makes it possible to use computerised search and find tools for browsing the list. 117 Internet Resources BAA Handbook 2008

INTERNET RESOURCES The following internet resources may be of interest to Handbook users.Mention here does not implythat the BAAsanctionsthe contentsofthese web pages.Web addresses can change and sites may not always be available. BAA Section home pages can be accessed from the BAA home page (see backcover).If you have difficultyaccessing websites whichignore the www. prefix, then use the prefix http:// For example http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod

IAU Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams (main page) www.cfa.harvard.edu/iau/cbat.html The Astronomer (main page) www.theastronomer.org Astronomical data and catalogues Centre de Données Astronomiques de Strasbourg cdsweb.u-strasbg.fr/CDS.html National Space Science Data Center (USA) nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov Astronomical Data Archives Center (Japan) dbc.nao.ac.jp NGC/IC Project www.ngcic.org The Sun, eclipses and space weather SOHO web site sohowww.nascom.nasa.gov Solar Terrestrial Dispatch www.spacew.com Aurorae www.sec.noaa.gov/Aurora Space Weather www.spaceweather.com NASA Eclipse Home Page sunearth.gsfc.nasa.gov/eclipse/eclipse.html

Comet and meteor information Latest IAU comet ephemerides www.cfa.harvard.edu/iau/Ephemerides/Comets Comets cometography.com Meteors meteorshowersonline.com International Meteor Organisation www.imo.net

Minor planets (asteroids) Lowell Observatory asteroid.lowell.edu Solar System Dynamics on-line Tools ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/?tools Near Earth Object Confirmation page cfa-www.harvard.edu/iau/NEO/ToConfirm.html IAU Minor Planet Centre cfa-www.harvard.edu/iau/mpc.html Variable star information AAVSO www.aavso.org 118 Internet Resources BAA Handbook 2008

Recent Supernovae www.cfa.harvard.edu/iau/lists/RecentSupernovae.html Artificial satellite visibility Heavens Above www.heavens-above.com Atmospheric phenomena www.atoptics.co.uk Equipment reviews Todd Gross Home page www.weatherman.com Astronomical and space news Astronomy Now www.astronomynow.com Sky and Telescope skytonight.com ESO www.eso.org/outreach Space.com www.space.com NASA science.nasa.gov ESA www.esa.int Links dir.yahoo.com/science/astronomy Astronomy Picture of the Day antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod

CONVERSION FORMULAE Equations for converting hour angle and declination to azimuth and altitude, and vice versa, where φ = latitude, A = azimuth, a = altitude, h = hour angle, δ = declination. cos a sin A = –cos δ sin h cos a cos A = sin δ cos φ –cos δ sin φ cos h sin a = sin δ sin φ + cos δ cos φ cos h cos δ sin h = –cos a sin A cos δ cos h = sin a cos φ –cos a sin φ cos A sin δ = sin a sin φ + cos a cos φ cos A ERRATA Handbook 2007 Page 106: The URL for recent supernovae is: www.cfa.harvard.edu/iau/lists/RecentSupernovae.html Handbook 2006 Page 64: Date at top right hand corner of page should be 2006 119 Constants BAA Handbook 2008

ASTRONOMICAL AND PHYSICAL CONSTANTS

Gaussian gravitational constant 0·01720209895 Astronomical unit (au) 149,597,870 km Speed of light in vacuo 299,792·458 km s-1 Dynamical form-factor J2 for the Earth 0·00108263 Product of gravitational constant and mass of the Earth 398,600·5 km3s-2 Earth-Moon mass ratio 81·3007 Moon’ssidereal mean motion 2·661699489x10-6 radians s-1 = 0"·5490149294 s-1 Obliquity of the ecliptic (2000) 23° 26' 21"·448 Constant of nutation in obliquity (2000) 9"·2025 Solar parallax 8"·794148 Light-time for unit distance 499·004782°S = 0·005775518 d Constant of aberration 20"·49552 Mean distance Earth to Moon 384,400 km Constant of sine Moon’sparallax 3422"·451 Lunar inequality 6"·43987 Parallactic inequality 124"·986 Length of the year: Tropical (equinox to equinox) 365d·24219 Sidereal (fixed star to fixed star) 365·25636 Anomalistic (apse to apse) 365·25964 Eclipse (Moon’snode to Moon’snode) 346·62003 Gaussian (Kepler’slaw for a = 1) 365·25690 Length of the month: Tropical (equinox to equinox) 27d·32158 Sidereal (fi xed star to fi xed star) 27·32166 Anomalistic (apse to apse) 27·55455 Draconic (node to node) 27·21222 Synodic (New Moon to New Moon) 29·53059 Length of the day: Mean solar day Mean sidereal day 23h 56m 04s·091 = 0d·99726957 mean solar time Sidereal rotation period of the Earth 22h 56m 04s·099 = 0d·99726966 mean solar time Figure of the Earth: Equatorial radius 6378·140 km Polar radius 6356·755 km Reciprocal flattening 298·257 * ρ sin φ' =°S sin φ, ρ cos φ' = C cos φ where: S = 0·99497418 - 0·00167082 cos 2φ +10-8 (210 cos 4φ + 15·7 h) C = 1·00167997 - 0·00168208 cos 2φ +10-8 (212 cos 4φ + 15·7 h) ρ = 0·99832707 + 0·00167644 cos 2φ -10-8 (352 cos 4φ - 15·7 h) + 10-8 cos 6φ tan φ' =(0·9933054 + (0·11 x 10-8 h)) tan φ φ - φ ' = 692"·74 sin 2φ - 1"·16 sin 4φ 1° of latitude [111·1333 - 0·5598 cos 2 φ + 0·0012 cos 4φ] km 1° of longitude [111·4133 cos φ - 0·0935 cos 3φ + 0·0001 cos 5φ] km Acceleration due to gravity (g) 9·780310 [1 + 0·00530239 sin2φ - 0·00000587 sin2 φ - (31·55 x 10-8) h] m s2 Length of seconds pendulum (l) [0·9935769 - 0·0026272 cos 2φ + 0·0000029 cos 4φ - (3133 x 10-10) h] m Constant of gravitation 6·672 x 10-11kg-1m3s-2 Annual general precession p = 50"·290966 + 0"·0222226 T† *φ = Geographic or geodetic latitude ρ = Geocentric distance in equatorial radii φ ' = Geocentric latitude h = Height in metres †T = Time measured in Julian centuries from J2000·0 120 Internet Resources BAA Handbook 2008

Solar radiation: Solar constant 1·39 x 103 J m-2s-1 Radiation emitted 3·90 x 1026 J s-1 Radiation emittance at surface. 6·41 x 107 J m-2s-1 Total internal radiant energy 2·8 x 1040 J Radiation emitted per unit mass 1·96 x 10-4 J s-1 kg-1 Visual absolute magnitude (Mv) +4·79 Colour indices (B-V, U-B) +0·62, +0·10 Spectral type G2V Effective temperature 5,800 K The Galaxy: Pole of galactic plane (1950) 12h 49m·0, x +27° 24' Point of zero longitude (1950) 17h 42m·4, x -28° 55' Galactic Longitude of North Celestial Pole 123°·00 Mass 1·1 x 1011 solar masses = 2·2 x 1041 kg Average density 0·1 solar mass pc-3= 7 x 10-21 kg m-3 Diameter 25,000 pc Thickness 4,000 pc Distance of Sun from centre 8,200 pc Distance of Sun above galactic plane 8 pc Solar apex (1950)‡ α 18h 06m , δ + 30° Solar motion‡ 20·0 km s-1 Period of revolution of Sun about centre 2·2 x 108yr Conversion factors: Light-year (ly) 9·4607 x 1012km = 63,240 au = 0·30660 pc Parsec (pc) 30·857 x 1012km = 206,265 au = 3·2616 ly

MISCELLANEOUS DATA π 3·141 592 653 6 e 2·718 281 828 5 1 radian 57°·295 779 513 1 3437'·746 770 78 206264"·806 25 5·314 4251 1° 0·017 453 292 5 radian 1' 0·000 290 888 2 1" 0·000 004 848 137 1 revolution = 360° = 1,296,000" = 24h = 86,400s 1 sphere = 12·5664 steradians = 41,253 square degrees 1 Julian year = 365·25 days = 31,557,600 seconds Annual precession in RA = 3s·0730+1s·3362 sin α tan δ Annual precession in Dec.= 20"·043 cos α TELESCOPE DATA (where D = diameter of aperture in millimetres) Resolving power (Rayleigh limit) = 138/D arc seconds Resolving power (Dawes limit) = 116/D arc seconds Theoretical visual limiting magnitude (optical system 100% efficient) = 2 + 5 log10D In practice, it is likely that the constant 2 in the above equation could be replaced by a value between 3 and 4, particularly when higher magnifications are used.

‡From bright stars. BAA Handbook 2008 Constants and Data 121 The British Astronomical Association

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