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On the Crime Beat 2.0: Citizen Journalism, Crowd-Sourced Policing and the Police Narrative in Canadian News

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On the Crime Beat 2.0: Citizen Journalism, Crowd-Sourced Policing and the Police Narrative in Canadian News ON THE CRIME BEAT 2.0: CITIZEN JOURNALISM, CROWD-SOURCED POLICING AND THE POLICE NARRATIVE IN CANADIAN NEWS VERONICA S.E. FOX Bachelor of Arts, Simon Fraser University, 2003 Master of Arts, Royal Roads University, 2010 Doctor of Policing and Security Australian Graduate School of Policing and Security Charles Sturt University November 14th 2017 2 STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP This dissertation is submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Policing and Security by course work. I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and that, to the best of my knowledge and belief, it contains no material previously published or written by another person nor material which to a substantial extent has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma at Charles Sturt University or any other educational institution, except where due acknowledgment is made in the dissertation. Any contribution made to the research by colleagues with whom I have worked at Charles Sturt University or elsewhere during my candidature is fully acknowledged. I agree that this dissertation be accessible for the purpose of study and research in accordance with the normal conditions established by the Executive Director, Library Services or nominee, for the care, loan and reproduction of theses. VERONICA S.E. FOX 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my academic supervisor, Dr. Henry Prunckun, for his ongoing support from the very beginning of this process. I have valued his consistent insight and guidance as I progressed through the stages of topic identification, literature review, data gathering, analysis and documentation. I also thank those who participated in the research as my anonymous panel of experts. Your input contributed to the objectivity of my study. Thanks to my colleagues and, in particular, the library staff at Kwantlen Polytechnic University, who provided me with much of the access to the materials needed to complete my literature review. Also thanks to Pamela Burns and Marc Ramos who conducted a final review of my work for context. I appreciate you taking the time to help make sure my final copy is an engaging read. And to Erin Seatter, my editor: I appreciate your eye for detail and contribution to the quality of my final written work. During my studies, I have been fortunate to have the support of friends as well as a number of academic and policing colleagues and supervisors. Thank you all for your encouragement as I progressed through some extremely busy seasons. Thanks in particular to those friends who stocked my freezer, understood my often-sporadic communication, and made the extra effort to get me away from the books periodically, too. I owe a special thank you to Dr. Sara Fretheim who stepped in to assist on the final line-by-line read when my day job suddenly required some significant extra attention. Finally, but most importantly, I thank my parents, who have always believed in me and have expressed no surprise as I’ve embarked on each successive academic endeavour, despite my constant assertions each time that it was to be “the last one.” 4 ABSTRACT In Western society, the professions of policing and journalism are closely entwined within a nexus of social control. While one of the key roles of policing organisations is to enforce the norms and legal values of society, journalists can be seen as a mechanism of police or government overwatch, ensuring that society’s agents of control do not overstep their bounds. Historically, the relationship between the police and the mass media has been characterised by an ongoing negotiation for dominance, and over time, this struggle and the balance of power has been impacted by the rise of technology. Traditionally, journalists were reliant on a police narrative for news production, but advances over time in technology such as the television news camera facilitated the ability of journalists to obtain a counternarrative to crime, justice and policing stories. More recently, new internet platforms such as Facebook and Twitter (Web 2.0), along with associated technologies such as camera phones, have enhanced the public narrative in news discourse. According to the theory of social constructionism, knowledge is created by individuals, groups or organisations in society and is impacted by social, economic and political influences. The mass media play a unique role in the production of meaning and values as they become forums for narratives where competing constructions are framed and compete for dominance. Within this theoretical framework, this dissertation explores the police–media relationship in light of the rise of Web 2.0 technologies by considering who holds narrative dominance within crime, justice and policing stories. The four-month study included daily quantitative analyses of three evening television newscasts, one online news publication, and four police-operated Web 2.0 platforms. A total of 1,537 broadcasted television news stories, 155 text-based online news stories, and 1,694 police-generated social media posts were considered in order to determine who holds narrative dominance and how Web 2.0 technologies employed by the police and public might influence such narratives. The study findings suggest that police and media roles vis-à-vis social control, and accordingly their professional association, have been impacted by civilian use of Web 2.0 technologies. As members of the public use new technology to engage in citizen journalism to produce first-hand news stories and crowd-sourced policing to define and enforce social norms within the media forum, police and media organisations will need to adapt their operations in both theory and practice in order to maintain relevance and a balance of power. 5 CONTENTS STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP ........................................................................................... 2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ....................................................................................................... 3 ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................... 4 CONTENTS ............................................................................................................................... 5 LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................... 7 LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................................... 11 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS .................................................................................................. 12 CHAPTER 1 — INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................ 13 BACKGROUND .................................................................................................................. 13 RATIONALE ....................................................................................................................... 14 THEORETICAL BASE ....................................................................................................... 17 RESEARCH QUESTION .................................................................................................... 23 APPROACH OF THE STUDY ........................................................................................... 23 OUTLINE OF THE STUDY ............................................................................................... 23 CHAPTER 2 — LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................................. 25 BACKGROUND .................................................................................................................. 25 ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL PRESSURES AND MOTIVES IMPACT MASS MEDIA COVERAGE OF CRIME AND POLICING ....................................................................... 26 ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL PRESSURES AND MOTIVES IMPACT POLICING .. 33 THE PURSUIT OF LEGITIMACY IN A COMMUNITY POLICING–DRIVEN ENVIRONMENT................................................................................................................. 36 HISTORICAL FRAME: POLICE–MEDIA RELATIONSHIP CHARACTERISED BY JOURNALISTIC RELIANCE ON POLICE FOR CRIME-RELATED CONTENT ......... 40 MODERN FRAME: FROM HEGEMONY TO PLURALISM .......................................... 42 MODERN FRAME: POLICE–MEDIA RELATIONSHIP CHARACTERISED BY TECHNOLOGICALLY FUELLED STRUGGLE FOR DOMINANCE ............................ 45 MODERN FRAME: NEW MEDIA AND POLICING ....................................................... 47 CHAPTER 3 — METHODOLOGY ....................................................................................... 53 BACKGROUND .................................................................................................................. 53 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS............................................................................................ 53 CASE STUDY APPROACH ............................................................................................... 55 SAMPLING ......................................................................................................................... 56 RATIONALE ....................................................................................................................... 56 6 DATA COLLECTION ......................................................................................................... 59 DATA COLLATION AND ANALYSIS ...........................................................................
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