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Syllable Structure and Syllabification in Al'ain

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Syllable Structure and Syllabification in Al'ain SYLLABLE STRUCTURE AND SYLLABIFICATION IN AL’AIN LIBYAN ARABIC A thesis submitted by Tamader Hassan Hwaidi in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Integrated) in the subject of (Linguistics) School of English Literature, Language and Linguistics Newcastle University April, 2016 ii Declaration I declare that this thesis has not been previously submitted for a degree at Newcastle University or any other university and it is entirely my own work. Signed: Date: 21/04/2016 Tamader H A Hwaidi iii Abstract The variety of Arabic under investigation is one of the dialects spoken in a town on the Western Mountain (Nafuusa Mountain) in Libya. Its phonological characteristics are clearly different from what Harrama (1993) called the “Al-Jabal dialect,” which the inhabitants of the Western Mountain claim to speak. The current study is concerned with a variety spoken in the town of Riyayna (Or Alriyayna); mainly, Al’ain (henceforth identified as ALA). The objective of this thesis is to contribute a description of the phonology of a previously unexamined dialect, under a moraic approach. This approach has been adopted as the prominent role of the mora that has been established in literature by accounting for various phonological phenomena, such as vowel epenthesis (Itô, 1989) and compensatory lengthening (Hayes, 1989) (see Watson 2002). Thus, it is claimed for example, that the loss of the glottal stop in ALA is repaired by compensatory lengthening in words, such as: /biːr/ ~ /bɪʔr/, /raːs/ ~ /rʌʔs/, /juːmɪn/ ~ /joʔmɪn/ to satisfy the minimal moraicity requirement, or by gemination: /mɪjjah ~ mɪʔah/, /rɪjjah/ ~ /rɪʔah/ to satisfy the restriction of vowel-initial syllables, utterance- internally. Although, the main aim of the thesis is to examine the syllable inventories and syllabification process in ALA, focus is placed on initial consonant clusters that are claimed to exist in a cluster-resistant dialect, where it is argued that such clusters strictly occur in certain environments. Emphatics and emphatic allophones are also phonologically investigated claiming that, in addition to the four emphatic consonants, emphatic vowels (/ʌ/ and /ɑː/ in ALA) also exist in the dialect and similarly cause emphasis spread. Vowel-initial syllables is another issue whose existence in ALA is asserted in this study demonstrating that although they might surface with a glottal-stop-like gesture, they should still be treated as underlying onsetless syllables because their behaviour is different from syllables that underlyingly begin with a glottal stop. Finally, stress assignment procedures in ALA are interesting in following many North African dialects by ignoring, in many cases, syllable weight and having a tendency to stress final syllables. This is also expressed in the study. iv Dedication To the soil combined with Baba’s sweat, Where Mama’s olive tree grew taller, To the tickle I still remember on my bare tiny feet, May the land be in peace … For my children إلى تراب امتزج ب َع َر ِق ابي، ْ ُ ّ ونبتت في ِه شجرة زيتو ِن امي، َ َ ودغدغ باطن قدم ِّي الصغيرتين، َّ فلي ِحل في َك السﻻم ... ْ من ا ج ِل اطفالي v Acknowledgement My greatest thanks go to Allah for being with me even when I stopped believing in myself. The writing of this doctoral thesis would have been impossible without the help of the kind and caring people around me. I would like to offer my special thanks to the Libyan Ministry of Higher Education for funding my study and stay in the UK. My appreciation is greatly expressed to Mr. Faisal Antat, my supervisor at the Libyan Embassy for his effective communication and advice when needed. I would like to express my deepest appreciation to my principal supervisor Dr. S. J. Hannahs. Without his encouragement, guidance, support and patience this thesis would not have materialized. My great thanks also go to my second supervisor, prof. Martha Young-Scholton for her endless advice and suggestions. A great thank you also goes to my examiners, Professor Janet Watson and Dr. Damien Hall for their remarkable comments and feedback, which made a huge difference to the current study. I am indebted to prof. Anders Holmberg and prof. Maggie Tallerman for their support in assisting me to acquire the course I wanted. I would like to express my gratitude to Mufleh Alqahtani for several discussions that helped me focus on some uncertain sections. I would like to express my appreciation to both previous and current secretaries at the SELLLS’s: Examinations Officer and PA to the Head of School: Mrs Rowena Bryson; to SELLLS Computing, Technical & Safety Officer Jeffrey Wilson; to the cleaning staff for taking care of the Postgraduate Suite; and finally, to all my friends and colleagues in the School of English Literature, Language and Linguistics. I am deeply grateful to my husband Khalifa Algadi for being big-hearted and limitless with his help, understanding and support. He left everything behind in Libya just to be with me during my years of study. vi My great thanks go also to my parents; the ones who were first to call me a doctor back when I was a child, and their endless support and precious prayers for me. I also owe my two children Shaima and Malek a big THANK YOU for being my greatest inspiration. I cannot find words to express my gratitude to Al-Khansaa Martakush for her care, friendship and kindness during the tough times I faced during the final stage of writing my thesis. vii viii Contents Declaration................................................................................................................................ iii Abstract ..................................................................................................................................... iv Acknowledgement .................................................................................................................... vi Contents .................................................................................................................................... ix List of the phonetic symbols .................................................................................................... xii List of abbreviations ............................................................................................................... xiv List of Tables ........................................................................................................................... xv Chapter 1: Introduction .............................................................................................................. 1 1.1. Al’ain Libyan Arabic (ALA).................................................................................... 1 1.2. Data sources ............................................................................................................. 2 1.3. Aims of the study ..................................................................................................... 2 1.4. Organisation of the thesis ......................................................................................... 3 1.5. Development of syllable theory ............................................................................... 4 1.5.1. The role of the syllable in phonology ....................................................................... 4 1.5.2. Phonotactic constraints ............................................................................................ 5 1.5.3. Allophonic evidence ................................................................................................. 5 1.5.4. Phonological processes ............................................................................................ 5 1.5.5. Early Syllable Theories ............................................................................................ 6 1.5.5.1. CV and X-bar theories ...................................................................................... 7 1.5.5.2. The Mora Approach .......................................................................................... 9 1.6. Moraicity and Arabic syllable structure ................................................................. 10 1.7. Arabic morphology ................................................................................................ 16 Chapter 2. The phoneme system of Al’ain Libyan Arabic (ALA) .......................................... 22 2.0. Introduction ................................................................................................................ 22 2.1. Consonants in ALA ................................................................................................... 22 2.1.1. The phonetic analysis of ALA consonants ............................................................. 22 2.1.2. Emphatics in ALA .................................................................................................. 24 2.1.3. Allophones in ALA ................................................................................................ 28 2.1.3.1. Emphatic allophones ....................................................................................... 28 2.1.3.2. Emphasis spread in ALA ................................................................................. 29 2.1.4. The phonemic analysis of ALA consonants ........................................................... 33 2.1.5. The Consonant System ........................................................................................... 34 ix 2.1.5.1. Plosives ..........................................................................................................
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