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An Overview of Agricultural Pollution in the Philippines Summary Report Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized An Overview of Agricultural Pollution Public Disclosure Authorized in the Philippines 2016 2016Summary Report 2016 Public Disclosure Authorized An Overview of Agricultural Pollution in the Philippines Summary Report 2016 Submitted to The World Bank’s Agriculture and Environment & Natural Resources Global Practices Country Study Team Damasa B. Magcale-Macandog, Team Leader and Crops Expert Roehlano M. Briones, Policy and Socioeconomics Expert Arsenio D. Calub, Livestock and Poultry Expert Ronaldo B. Saludes, Livestock and Poultry Expert Ma. Lourdes A. Cuvin-Aralar, Fisheries Expert Arnold R. Salvacion, GIS Specialist Erick Voltaire P. Tabing, Research Associate Patricia Mae J. Paraiso, Research Associate Carl H. Ricafort, Research Associate Iana Mariene A. Silapan, Research Associate Sarena Grace L. Quiñones, Research Associate Rizza V. Estadola, Research Associate © 2016 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 1818 H Street NW Washington DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000 Internet: www.worldbank.org This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of The World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Rights and Permissions The material in this work is subject to copyright. Because The World Bank encourages dissemination of its knowledge, this work may be reproduced, in whole or in part, for noncommercial purposes as long as full attribution to this work is given. Any queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to World Bank Publications, The World Bank Group, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; fax: 202-522-2625; e-mail: [email protected]. Cite this report as: Magcale-Macandog, D.B, R.M. Briones, A.D. Calub, R.B. Saludes, M.L.A. Cuvin- Aralar, A.R. Salvacion, E.V.P. Tabing, P.M.J. Paraiso, C.H. Ricafort, I.M.A. Silapan, S.G.L. Quinones, R.V. Estadola. 2016. “An Overview of Agricultural Pollution in the Philippines: Summary Report.” Prepared for the World Bank. Washington, D.C. Publication design and typesetting by The Word Express, Inc. Cover photos courtesy of istock.com, shutterstock.com and the authors of this report. CONTENTS Abbreviations and Acronyms ......................................ix Foreword ....................................................xiii Executive Summary .............................................xv Summary Report 1 Introduction . 1 1.1 Background, Aim, and Scope ............................... 1 1.2 Conceptual Framework .................................... 2 2 Overview of Agriculture and Agri-Pollution Drivers . 5 2.1 Profile of Agriculture ...................................... 5 2.2 Context ................................................ 6 2.2.1 Rising Populations and Incomes have Driven Agricultural Growth .. 6 2.2.2 Consumer Preferences have Shifted over Time ................ 7 2.2.3 Supply-Side Factors Combine with Demand to determine Trends in Agriculture ..........................8 2.2.4 Global Trade has also Shaped the Evolution of Philippine Agriculture .................................8 2.3 Agricultural Development Policies .......................... 10 2.3.1 Laws on Agricultural Development ...................... 10 2.3.2 Commodity and Banner Programs ....................... 11 3 Crops . 13 3.1 Total Area Planted with Rice in the Country ................... 15 3.2 Areas Planted with White Corn in the Philippines from 1990 to 2014 .......................................... 17 3.3 Areas Planted with Yellow Corn in the Philippines from 1990 to 2014 .......................................... 17 iv An Overview of Agricultural Pollution in the Philippines: Summary Report 3.4 Areas Planted with Sugarcane in the Philippines from 1990 to 2014 ................18 3.5 Areas Planted with Banana in the Philippines from 1990 to 2014 ..................19 3.6 Areas Planted with Pineapple in the Philippines from 1990 to 2014 ................19 3.7 Fertilizer Application Trends ..............................................20 3.7.1 Consumption Trends ...............................................20 3.7.2 Fertilizer Application Rates ...........................................21 3.7.3 Estimating Excess Fertilizer Usage ......................................28 3.8 Farming Systems Evolving Toward Modern Cropping Practices ...................29 3.8.1 Impact of Fertilizer Application .......................................31 3.8.2 Crop Farming and Air Pollution .......................................35 3.9 Pesticide Application Trends ..............................................36 3.9.1 Overview ........................................................36 3.9.2 Total Pesticide Imports ..............................................36 3.9.3 Pesticide Application Across Different Crops ...............................38 3.9.4 Frequency and Timing of Herbicide Application in Wet and Dry Season Rice Cropping ..39 3.9.5 Adverse Impacts of Pesticide Application .................................41 3.10 Hazardous Plastic Wastes from Cropping Systems .............................57 4 Livestock . 61 4.1 Overview ............................................................61 4.1.1 Profile of the Livestock and Poultry Sectors ................................61 4.1.2 Problem of Animal Waste ............................................63 4.2 Management of Pollution from Animal Wastes ................................65 4.2.1 Impacts on the Environment ..........................................65 4.3 Other Pollutants from Livestock and Poultry Production ........................66 4.3.1 Air Pollutants ....................................................66 4.3.2 Antibiotic Resistance ................................................67 4.4 Other Pollution Sources in the Supply Chain: Slaughterhouses ....................67 4.5 Summary of Pollution Potential from Livestock Production ......................70 4.5.1 Regulatory Environment .............................................71 5 Fisheries . 73 5.1 Profile of the Sector .....................................................73 5.2 Potentially Polluting Practices of Fish Aquaculture .............................76 5.2.1 Fertilizers .......................................................76 5.2.2 Soil and Water Conditioners ..........................................76 5.3 Other Chemicals .......................................................76 5.4 Pollution from Fish Aquaculture ..........................................77 5.4.1 Nutrient Loading ..................................................77 5.4.2 Nutrients and Pathogens from Excreta ...................................78 5.4.3 Other Types of Contamination ........................................79 5.4.4 Aquaculture and the Introduction of Alien Species ..........................80 Contents v 5.5 Regulatory Standards for Fish and Fishery Products from Capture Fisheries and Aquaculture .......................................................81 6 Synthesis and Knowledge Gaps . 83 7 Existing Solutions/Interventions . 97 8 Concluding Remarks . 115 References ..................................................................117 List of Stakeholders Consulted for this Participatory Review and Assessment of Agricultural Pollution in the Philippines ...........................................128 List of Figures Figure 01: Shares in real agriculture GVA, constant 1985 prices, 1970–2010, in % ..........xiii Figure 1: Conceptual framework ................................................2 Figure 2: Agriculture GVA, million pesos, constant 1985 prices, 1970–2010 ...............6 Figure 3: Per capita income and real GDP, in 2000 prices, 1998–2013 ....................7 Figure 4: Areas where the major crops are grown in the Philippines, 2014 ................14 Figure 5: Volume of production, top 10 agricultural crops, 1990–2014 ..................15 Figure 6: Area harvested for crops in the Philippines, 1990–2014 .......................15 Figure 7: Areas planted with rice in the Philippines, 1990–2014 .......................16 Figure 8: Areas planted with white corn in the Philippines, 1990–2014 ..................17 Figure 9: Areas planted with yellow corn in the Philippines, 1990–2014 .................18 Figure 10: Areas planted with sugarcane in thePhilippines, 1990–2014 ...................18 Figure 11: Areas planted with banana in the Philippines, 1990–2014 .....................19 Figure 12: Areas planted with pineapple in the Philippines, 1990–2014 ...................20 Figure 13: National consumption of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilizers in the Philippines from 1961 to 2013 ....................................21 Figure 14: Fertilizer application rates in rice in Southeast Asian countries in 2001 ...........21 Figure 15: Fertilizer application rates in corn in Southeast Asian countries in 2001 ..........22 Figure 16: Fertilizer application rates in sugarcane in Southeast Asian countries in 2001 ......22 Figure 17: Trends of four major types of nitrogenous fertilizer application in rice crop from 1990 to 2014 .......................................................23
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