Methodism in the Soviet Union Since World War II* MARK ELLIOTT BACKGROUND Methodism progressed through the northwestern portions of the Rus- sian Empire beginning in Finland (from 1861), then to St. Petersburg (from 1889), to Lithuania (from 1893), to Latvia (from 1904), and to Estonia (from 1907) by means of Swedish, Finnish, German and American mission activ- ity.1 Methodism made its way to Estonia through the influence of an Ameri- can missionary in St. Petersburg. An energetic bachelor, Indiana native and graduate of Drew Seminary, Rev. George Simons was the unlikely New World connection between the capital of the Russian empire and its nearest Baltic possession. Upon his arrival in St. Petersburg in 1907, Simons made the acquaintance of an Estonian, Vassili Taht, who shortly became a member of the ethnically mixed Methodist congregation of St. Petersburg, which held Sunday services in succession in German, English, Russian, Swedish, Finnish and Estonian.2 Taht quickly joined forces that same year with an Es- tonian friend, Karl Kuum, a Moravian lay pastor, soon-to-tum Methodist. The two of them began house and open-air preaching on the large island of Saaremaa, Estonia, with reports of thousands in attendance.3 In 1908, in the wake of these meetings, converts formed the first Meth- odist congregation in Estonia at Kuressaare, Saaremaa, officially recognized as a Methodist church in 1910. The Kuressaare sanctuary, erected in 1912, is the oldest in Estonia and still is in use.4 On the eve of World War II, Methodism in an independent Estonia counted sixteen hundred full members, an additional fifteen hundred youth and children, twenty-six churches and Sunday schools, fifteen pastors and a monthly periodical, Kristlik Kaitsja (Christian Advocate).5 In 1945, in the wake Mark Elliott is professor of history and director of t'1e Institute for the Study of Christianity and Marxism at Wheaton College. *An earlier draft of this paper was presented at the IV World Congress of Soviet and East European Studies, Harrogate, England, July 25, 1990. THE ASBURY THEou::x:;1cAL JOURNAL VoL. 46 No. 1 SPRING 1991 ! ! 5 6 Elliott of two Soviet occupations, two deportations, Red Army- and Nazi-forced conscriptions, large-scale westward flight and battle casualties, what re- mained of the thirty-one hundred members and adherents were some seven hundred Methodists in twelve churches. Church membership in the capital of Tallinn declined from some three hundred in 1939 to 175 in 1945 with only forty still active.6 One-third of the Estonian Methodist clergy were killed in Soviet prisons or died in Siberian labor camps, including Superin- tendent Martin Prikask.7 Furthermore, the dismemberment of Methodism on Soviet soil in the 1920s and 1930s was followed after 1945 by the banning of the denomination in the newly annexed territories of Latvia, Lithuania and Western Ukraine.8 POSTWAR GROWTH Nevertheless, growth against great odds characterizes Estonian Methodism throughout most of the postwar years. Membership in Tallinn's Merepuiestee Street Church, which has been the largest Methodist congre- gation in Europe since the early 1960s, peaked in 1971with1,166 full mem- bers, while the denomination as a whole recorded its high mark to date in 1974 with an Estonian membership of 2,363. 9 In accounting for the survival-indeed expansion-of Estonian Methodism under Soviet rule, a strong, highly committed leadership cannot be overemphasized. Whereas only 77 of 250 Lutheran clergy remained in Es- tonia at the end of World War II, and whereas the majority of Methodist ministers in Latvia and Lithuania fled westward before the advancing Red Army, most Estonian Methodist preachers remained at their posts.10 Of twenty-eight former Baltic Methodist ministers attending a 1962 re- union in Bay View, Michigan, or sending greetings to the gathering, only two were Estonian (Alex Poobus and Konstantin Wipp).11 Only one other Methodist minister, Eduard Raud, is known to have left Estonia during the war.12 As of 1940 Estonian Methodism was self-supporting, whereas Latvian and Lithuanian Methodists still received financial support from the United States. Whether or not greater Estonian self-sufficiency contributed to a given minister's decision to stay with his flock, one can only speculate.13 The survival of Estonian Methodism, with its remnant of some seven hundred members in twelve churches in 1945, appears all the more remarkable when it is noted that Estonia's Moravian Brethren, with over one hundred churches as of 1940, saw all of their congregations closed by Soviet authori- ties following the war.14 Symbolic of the fortitude of Estonian Methodism was its unofficial patri- arch, Rev. Alexander Kuum (1899-1989). Son of the 1907 Saaremaa evangel- ist, Rev. Kuum served many years as pastor of the Tallinn Methodist Church (1938-1952 and 1956-1970) and as Methodist superintendent (1962- 1974). The night of March 9-10, 1944, a Russian bombing raid on Tallinn de- stroyed the twelve-hundred-seat Methodist sanctuary. Returning from the countryside, Kuum was crushed to find only charred embers where the Methodism in the Soviet Union Since World War II 7 church had stood. Digging through the ashes he salvaged a metal piece from the baptismal font which still read, "Suffer the little children to come unto me .... " Taking heart, he determined to start his church anew with his own six children and the few remaining members who had not fled or been killed in the war.15 Decades later Kuum shared the passion of his heart at a 1971 meeting of the Methodist World Conference in Denver, Colorado: "We Methodists in Estonia have one goal-to work for God in the Methodist way. Our aim is to save souls. We hold our hands high to receive God's power for we can't do without Him in these turbulent times."16 Western pastors, college and semi- nary professors and bishops all have been humbled in the presence of the quiet, steel-like but joyous faith of Alexander Kuum, who counted even Si- berian imprisonment (1952-1956) a blessing.17 Rev. Hugo Oengo (1907-1978), Kuum's successor as superintendent (1974-1978), by all accounts brought exceptional gifts to his difficult job: a professor at the Tallinn Technical University, a member of the Estonian Academy of Sciences and one of Estonia's foremost construction engineers. Evacuated to Sverdlovsk in the Urals on the eve of the German invasion and a worker on major Estonian projects for the Russians after the war, he ulti- mately lost his job due to his outspoken witness. Like Kuum, Oengo had a reputation as a powerful evangelist with a special burden for the preaching of sanctification and healing.18 While Rev. Olav Parnamets (1937-), Oengo's successor as superinten- dent (1979-), does not possess the administrative strength of his predeces- sors, his quiet humility, gentle manner and spiritual depth consistently have won Estonian Methodism committed friends and helpers from the West. Pastor of Tallinn's Merepuiestee Street Methodist Church since 1970, Rev. Parnamets holds to the conviction that motivated Rev. Kuum and Rev. Oengo before him: that prayer, evangelism and openness to revival are es- sential to the spiritual vitality of the church.19 Several Russian sources point to leadership through twelve-member class meetings as a factor explaining Methodist vitality. In 1979 the journal of Moscow's Institute of Scientific Atheism went so far as to argue that, "The existence of the classes and the fairly flexible and capable management of them is one of the main reasons for the vitality and activity of the Estonian Methodist Church."20 Such small-group accountability indeed would be beneficial, Methodist leaders agree, but it has not been a feature of the de- nomination's life in Estonia since it was rooted out by Soviet authorities un- der Stalin.21 In addition to strong leadership, Estonian Methodism's growth may stem in part from comparatively restrained Soviet interference in church life. For all its trials under Soviet rule, the denomination has had to endure a relatively tolerable regimen compared to most churches in the U.S.S.R. Ad- mittedly, the Stalinist years proved harrowing, with mass deportations of more than one hundred thousand members of the nation's professional, 8 Elliott spiritual, cultural and political elite in 1940, 1945-46 and 1949.22 Neverthe- less, from the late 1950s on, de-Stalinization introduced an unwritten modus vivendi between Moscow and the Baltic states: In return for Baltic efficiency, industry and political submission, Moscow was willing to concede a some- what looser leash, especially in regard to cultural life and foreign contacts. Several factors contributed to the compromise. In the case of Estonia, the Russians found it quite difficult to penetrate the culture or comprehend the language.23 Estonian Methodists, in contrast to Baptists and Adventists, have had the added advantage of not having to take orders from a non-Esto- nian, Moscow-based denominational leadership ever susceptible to political pressures. Geography also has worked to Estonia's advantage. Tallinn is a mere forty miles across the Gulf of Finland from Helsinki and is a port of entry for large numbers of Scandinavian and other Western tourists. The Tallinn Methodist congregation, within sight of a major Intourist hotel and within walking distance of the port of entry for innumerable Western ferry passen- gers, undoubtedly has benefited from knowing and being known by large numbers of Western Christians who have worshiped with them. Because of the similarity of the languages and the proximity, Finnish television has been an Estonian mainstay for years. The Tallinn vicinity is the only part of the Soviet Union able to receive Western television broadcasts.24 The Estonian Methodist Church holds membership in the Northern Eu- ropean Central Conference of The United Methodist Church.