... .TO E s ofnfMtuditJnat

Vol. 1 No.3

May ENGLAND 1965

'-r sllpply this season­ er introductions of

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Ie dowers, white striped red, lte pink semi-double medium iomsii 'MARY CHRISTIAN'). )f glistening deep rose pink, '.1 EGANT BEAUTY' A.G.M. 1958. Lorge semi­ rOm 301- to 35/-. 'er and will gladly be sent 1d Office. An Official Publication of the ~ CRISP, LTO. ~-!!' ..... - . BERKSHIRE International Camellia Society

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iii' MAXICROP L1QUIFIED SEAWEED is used in many of the famous gardens mentioned here. You can use it to advan­ tage in your own garden, whatever the size. Send for free Iiterature, and, if it would interest you, a copy of our research bulletin describing the effects of Maxicrop on certain pests - particularly aphids, mil­ dews, and Red Spider mites. Our work suggests that these may be controllable without using poison sprays. MAXICROP LIMITED - HOtDENBY - NORTHAMPTON Telephone: East Haddon 227

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V1Ll VOLUME I

NUMBER 3

An Official Publication a/the International Camellia Society

EDITED BY CHARLES PUDDLE

•

Articles may nor be reproduced without the permission of the Author and Editor. International Camellia Society * PRESIDENT: E. G. WATERHOUSE, 17, McInlOsh Street, Gordon, New South Wales, Australia

VICE-PRESIDENT: ALBERT FENDIG, SI. Simons Island, Georgia, USA.

DIRECTORS:

J. HOWARD ASPER, Green Valley Nurseries, Escondido, California, U.S.A. R. E. DEAN, Central Government Offices, West Wing, Hong Kong. T. DURRANT, Mayhills Farm, Tirau, New Zealand.

H. G. HILLIER, Hillier & Sons, Winchester, Hams., United Kingdom KIYOSHI ISHIKAWA, 100 Fusuma-cho, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan. Le Vicomte de NOAILLES, Villa Noailles, Grasse, France. RALPH N. PHILBRICK, Sama Barbara Botanic Gardens, Santa Barbara, California, U.S.A. CHARLES PUDDLE, Bodnam Garden, Tal-y-Cafn, Colwyn Bay, Denbighshire, United Kingdom. T. J. SAVIGE, 141 Prospect Hill Road, Camerbury E.7, ViclOria, Australia. ANDREW C. SOFFE, Murambi House, 1/3 SlOrford Avenue, UmtaIi, Southern Rhodesia. * The International Camellia Society has been inaugurated with the following motives;­

• To foster the love of camellias throughout the world and 10 maintain and to increase their popularity. • To undertake hislOrical, scientific and horticultural research in connection with climellias. • To co-operate with all national and regional camellia societies and with other horticultural societies. • To disseminate information concerning camellias by means of bulletins anJ other publications. • To encourage a friendly exchange between camellia emhusiasts of all nationalities.

2 Vol. 1, No.3 MAY, 1965

The Secretary's Page 4 Camellia Hybrids Way Down Under Les Jury 5 Gibberellic Acid for Early Blooms Stewart C. Forbes ... 12 Camellias and Cicadas F. T. Clere 15 Madeira-An Island Paradise H. Pa'yne ... 17 Some Thoughts on Picture Taking in General and Flower Close-ups in Particular George Du Brul, Marjorie Washburne} Alvin Cooter 19 Camellias Cultivated in Taiwan E. G. Waterhouse 25 Camellias around Cape Town Herbert Nash 29 The Story of Sacramento's Camellia Festival E. A. Combatalade 32 Camellias in the Sub-Tropics and Tropics of Queensland R. ]. E. Dcwidson 39 The International Camellia Society and Camellia Nomenclature Albert Fendig 43 How Tea is Grown and Manufactured Boh Plantations 44 Can Chimaeras Occur in Camellias? C. Blumenthal 50 Advice to Beginners on Propagation Geoffrey R. Wakefield 52 Camellias Outdoors in the North David Gurin 55 Camellias in Jersey Violet Lort-Ph-illips 57 Camellia Enemy Number One Jack Clark 61 On Nor Running the 'Gauntlerrii' Dorothea W. Newton 63 Australian Camellias of the Nineteenth Cenrury Tom Savige 64 Growing Camellias as a Hobby Tom and Alice Clower 80 Colour Plates and Nomenclature of some Japanese Camellias E. G. Waterhouse 81 Camellias in the Natal Midlands Trevor Schofield 85 First Show H. G. Ayling 88 The Lyndhurst Conference Walter Wilde 90 Book Reviews ... 92

AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL CAMELLIA SOCIETY

3 The Secretary's Page

I would like to thank all conrribucors CO this Tournai for their arricles and for providing the required illustrations. The' very wide range of subjeer material ensures that there is something to inrerest everyone. I must also thank the advertisers for their suPPOrt and our prinrers for their co-operation and fine workmanship. During the past year the Society has conrinued co make progress and membership has been more than maintained at over the thousand mark. With its world-wide membership, the Society will play an increasingly importanr role in the camellia world. It is becoming mOre and more evidenr that the Society is not only being Llsed as a source of information on all aspects of camellia culture, bur also as a means of escablishing friendships between enthusiasts of all nations. Work has continued on the compilation of the new nomenclature checklist and Dr. Harold E. Moore Jr., Director of the L H. Bailey Hortorium, gives the presenr position a.s follows "The romanization of oriental culrivar names and final editing for the Camellia Checklist are expected ro be completed by Dr. Philbrick dUrIng rhe year. It is hoped that the added usefulness of the final list will counter the delay in publication and that a definite publication schedule can be announced with the next Journal." Members of the Society's Nomenclature Committee are already at work mainraining records of all new culrivar names which are registered or validly published in accordance with the International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants. In order co carry out our projeers we need many more members and helpers and I hope you will do all you can to give publicity to the Society and encourage your friends to join. I shall welcome articles and illustrations for our future publications. Good luck wirh your camellias. CHARLES PUDDLE.

Front Cover 'Elegant Beauty' (c. saluenensis x C. iaponica 'Elegans'), one of the very fine hybrids raised by Mr. ies Jury in New Zealand (See Page 10). 4 Camellia Hybrids Way Down Under LES .JuRY

New Plymouth New Zealand

CHARLES PUDDLE kindly suggested I write of my experiences in hybridising camellias here in New Zealand. He said "Might I suggest that you outline to our members, what your main objects arc and how far you have succeeded in your aims." It was about twenty-thtee years ago that I first read of the C. salulmensis x C. japonica hybrids raised in England. At that time I was engaged in crossing rhododendrons and Lilium speciosum x L. auratum. Two years later I read that the late Mr. Lionel de Rothschild had recorded over 1100 rhodod::ndron crosses in his studbook, so it seemed I was "treading a well beaten track" and after some consideration I decided to give my attention to camellia hybridisation. I imported camellias mostly C. iaponica varieties from Australia, England and the United States. I considered it essential to obtain the very best cultivars in all colours in order to attempt my objeerives, my first being; to extend the colour range and forms of C. x williamsii. As far as I could find at that time the existing hybrids were only in shades of pink. Plants of the various camellia species were also acquired whenever the opportunity arose and now I have C. salumensis, C. sasanqua, C. wabiske, C hongkongensis, C. taliensis, C. japonica, C. pitardii, C. oleifera, C. tsetii, C. granthamiana, C. fraterna, C. rosaeflora, c. miyagii, C. cuspidata, C. reticulata, C. heJerophylla, C. jrtponica var. macrocarpa, C. vemalis, C. maliflora and the variant of C. japonica known as C. hozanensis. The most valuable acquisition from a hybridists point of view must surely be C. saluen!msis, for it crosses teldily with other important species and produces delightful free-flowering hybrids. I have several forms of C. s,duenensis. The first twO plants I obtained came from England as six-inch seedlings. When they flowered, one proved to be poor but the other was very good, having large wide open blooms with extra substance. The latter proved to be superior to other imported forms such as 'Sartley Pink', the deep pink variation from Exbury and the type used by Professor Waterhouse. In order to differentiate it from others I have mmed my best form 'Sunnybank'. As soon as C. saluenensis 'Sunnybank' could bear seed, its flowers were pollinated chiefly with C. iaponica pollen. However as it occured to me that a red hybrid of C. sal!Jenensis was the "missing link" in the colour range of 5 Mr. and Mrs. Les Jury's home at New Plymouth.

6 C x williamsii, I endeavoured'to secure a variety which would serve as a suitable parent. After much though the answer came to me-why not cross! C. saluenensis with 'Purpurea' a single maroon crimson camellia now identified as 'Fuyajo' C). The cross was made using C. saluenensis'Sunnybank' as seed, parent and about twenty-eight plants were raised. The seedlings ranged, from deep pink to rosy red with only one crimson. This plant has blooms' intermediate in size between the two parents, the extra long flowering season' of C. saluenensis 'Sunnybank' which often lasts for six months and even more prolific flowering than either parent. It has been named 'Joyful Bells', Not only does this plant fulfil the purposes of a red C. saluenensis and provide a red hybrid of the C. x williamsii type, it can also be crossed witl~ forms of C. japonica (which indeed it has) to secure another object; a range of extra prolific flowering hybrids. ' We have now in New Zealand some well established plants of 'Donation', one being about twelve feet high, a size capable of displaying hoW. prodigiously this hybrid can bloom-not just for a short time but over a very long season, making it an excellent garden plant. So my object with 'Joyful Bells' is to raise simularly floriferous hybrids in a wide range of colour and form, not necessarily show bench winners, but real garden display plants. One seedling from 'Joyful Bells' x 'Red Ensign' flowered this year. It was a brilliant red and looks a winner. A number of other seedlings of 'Joyful Bells' will bloom next season. : A further object is to raise first class show camellias, with large blooms of excellen: substance in a wide range of colours and floral forms including fimbriated and picotee types. One of the weaknessesof C. x williamsii in our climaticconditions is that the pollen goes off colour very quickly. It is known that a second cross usually brings about the greatest improvement in hybrids. It is therefore logical to assume that this weakness can be overcome if care is taken in the . selection of parent plants. This I am attempting to do and at the same time to increase the substance of the petals. I am fortunate' in having very select first cross "breeder" plants to act as seed parents for my second generation. I have raised about eight hundred C. x williamsii seedlings and so have a wide field from which to select "breeder plants". Some hybrids bear surprisingly large flowers of heavy substance. One in particular which I have called 'Spencer's Delight'is so large and of such good substance that I believe it is a tetraploid. Dr. Lammerts, the well known plant breeder from the United States when he visited my garden was amazed to see C. x williamsii with such large blooms and asked how I accounted for them. I am afraid I cannot explain the exact reason but apparently C. saluenensis 'Sunnybank' may contain genes which give extra size and substance to its offspring, making it a much better parent than the usual forms of C. saluenensis. Of

(1) Mr. Jury is of the opmlOn that 'Fuyajo' ('Purpur,ea') which he obtained from Japan is ,a distinct species and could perhaps beLong to C. iodina. 'Kuro­ tsubaki' has been referred to this species by Mr. Satomi. !tis thought that 'Fuy,ajo' may be the single form of the more double 'Kuro-,tsubaki.' Mr. Sealy makes no reference to C. iodina in his monograph and both 'FUyajo' and 'Kuro-tsubaki' are usually 'listed as cultivarsof C. japonica. 7 'Grand Jury' with seed and poLlen parents.

'Anticipation' (right) with seed and po-1!en parents. 8 'Joyful B€'lIs.' 'Grand Jury.'

A five-year-old plant of 'Anticipation.' 'Debbie.' II course if large numbers of seedlings are raised one is more likely to get an occasional plant of such quality and it may be the result of polyploidy, mutation, proliferation or a recessive quality. I would place paramount significance on the quality of "breeder" plants since it is obvious that the greater the advance made in the first cross, then, the greater the possibilities as a future parent. It is quite clear to me that there is a definite advantage in raising a large number of first cross hybrids if only to obtain an outstanding set of "breeder" plants. If one raises large numbers of new camellias one must have a scale of' merit to evaluate each plant. The order I use is good, very good, excellent, outstanding, and extraordinary. Plants which rate as good are normally used as understock. Not many plants coine up to the rating of extraordinary, and I have only one plant I would place in this class. It is 'Spencer's Delight'. I have reason to hope for some first class show camellias from this plant. I have pointed out the possibilities of two of my most remarkable "breeder" plants, 'Joyful Bells' and 'Spencer's Delight.' I will not enumerate all my "breeder" plants but the following are my named and registered double hybrids, the ratings given being as merited in my garden. 'Kia Ora' (c. saluenensis x C. japonica 'Gauntlettii'). The ,Maori name means "good luck" and is pronounced "ke ora". This was the first hybrid to be named and now I rather regret it, although present rating is "good". I will not name others unless they are quite distinct and meritorious. 'Elsie Jury' (C. saluenensis x C. japonica 'Pukekura'). A large to very large, silver pink, with a full center of wavy petaloids and an outer row of petals. Produces show quality blooms but needs semi-shade to be at its best. "Excellent". 'Elegant Beauty' (c. saluenensis x C. japonica 'Elegans'), A large rose red with petals waved in the manner of C. reticulata. A vigorous grower with reddish young growths. "Very good". 'Grand Jury' (C saluenensis x 'Salutation'). I consider this to be my best hybrid as it blooms over such a long period including the winter months. The blooms are large to very large, salmon pink with more substance and deeper colour than 'Salutation.' They are of C. reticulata quality indicating this species in the' parentage of 'Salutation' and a pointer to the possibilities of back crossing. "Outstanding". 'Debbie' (c. saluenensis x C. japonica 'Debutante'). A medium to large; deep"rosy pink, full peony form which is extremely free flowering. "Very good .' 'Anticipation' (C. saluenensis x C. japonica 'Leviathan'). A medium to large, red, peony form which is also free flowering. "Very good. ',' I have one crimson hybrid, and irregular double, which is awaiting another flowering season, before naming. , Bearing in mind the tendency to small gardens, I am also working on another objective; dwarf hybrids with large blooms. 'Hassaku'a dwarf cultivar of C. japonica has been crossed with other species and strangely the '10 dwarfest and most bushy seedlings resulted from a cross with C. heterophylla 'Barbara Hillier.' One with large flowers has been selected for furcher hybridisation. Yec another objeccive is co raise exrra early hybrids. Camellias which will commence flowering in aurumn and continue righc through che wincer. They would prolong the season and be plants bearing high class blooms. I think hybrids of C. granthamiana should fill che bill admirably. Other unusual inter-specific crosses are being actempced becween the different chromosone groups. Not many viable seeds are obcained in difficulc crosses and in some cases several accempcs may be necessary. Ic is slow work buc well worth the endeavour in order co secure new free flowering forms and colours. I am making a cross which I hope will result in a creamy-yellow center with pink oUCer pecals. Yellows are a distiner possibility and I am working on my own hopeful plans. Experiments are being carried ouc co determine if any chemical agency will assist in setcing viable seed. I am also trying Michurin's "approach" method of varying one hybrid plant into ocher desirable forms. This all cakt's cime and will necessitate another progress report in a later Journal. May I end with an invitation. Any overseas member of the International Camellia Society visiting New Zealand is cordially inviced co see our garden -buc firsc cake a look ac che map of che world, New Zealand is a little speck way down under.

'Elsie Jury.'

11 Gibberellic Acid for Early Blooms STEWART c. FORBES Savannah Georgia

GIBBERELLIC Acid has created a new high in camellia interest and has converted nearly all the skeptics who frowned on the practice a year ago. One has only to view the exquisitely beautiful blooms at any of the shows to be convinced that "Chemically Treated Blooms" are an important phase of present day camellia culture. Many have remarked that size wasn't everything but the treated blooms have outstanding beauty along with size. Some few varieties do not respond to treatment and tend to "bullhead" or grow distorted,· but that is also true of untreated blooms. It is a fallacy to believe that anyone can treat bloom buds and grow outstanding blooms. The good grower will continue .to produce good flowers while the careless grower will still achieve disappointing results. While greenhouse grown blooms will still be superior, the greatest benefit from gibberellic treatment will be with outdoor blooms. For several years, interest in outdoor blooms has lagged considerably because early freezes frequentlyinjured the buds ora great many varieties, especially theimbricated formal doubles. Because gibberellic add breaks the dormancy of a plant, we can plan to have blooms before the first freezing weather. In early September, 1963, we treated five buds on eachof about 50 cultivars of fairly large camellias in the garden. In two weeks it was possible to pick out the treated buds at considerable distance from the plant. These buds had increased in size to a marked degree over the untreated ones. When the first treated buds opened on 'Emmett Barnes' in 25·30 days with five beautiful blooms, it ushered in a new era. The succession of outstanding blooms was astonishing when compared to the still dormant untreated buds. Many varieties that haven't produced acceptable blooms outdoors for several years, because of adverse weather conditions, had blooms of greenhouse Fluality. . An interesting record was begun on the treated buds,but a three week sojourn in the Bahamas interrupted these records. Some of the fallen blooms proved how well they had performed while blooming unseen by the writer. By that time, almost everyone who had visited the garden to see the flowers had become a convert, and many gardens in the area were having the same remarkable results. An. excellent fall show the first week of November. The material most commonly used is an 85 % gibberellic acid in crystalline form manufactured by Eastman Chemical Corp., designated as Item 7444 12 and retailed at $4.61 per gram. The material is not soluble in water and must be reduced by the addition of household ammonia or a solution of bicarbonate of soda. There are two popular formulae for mixing the acid, depending 011 the quantity desired. We started out with the first formula which gave us one .ounce of solution which was shared with several friends. We have found that it is much better to use fresWy mixed material so the smaller quantities prove to be more suitable. Formula 1: Take one gram Item 7444 gibberellic acid 85% and divide into three equal parts. Place t gram in 2-oz. brown bottle to which add one ounce distilled water. Mix up solution of t teaspoon bicarbonate of soda in one ounce of water and add one drop of this solution at a time to gibberellic acid in 2-ounce bottle. Shake thoroughly between adding drops until crystals go into solution. It should take 10-12 drops of bicarbonate of soda solution to do this. This produces a solution of about 9.800 parts pet million. A gram will treat 1,500 to 2,000 buds. . The gibberellic acid crystals can be stored at room temperature for an indefinite' period if kept in the dark. After mixing, the solution must be kept out of direct light and refrigerated until used. Even so, it soon begins to lose its potency and, while old solution still produces good results, it is advisable to use freshly mixed material whenever possible. Because small quantities obviously are preferable, the following formula is becoming quite popular: - , Weigh out one gram of gibberellic acid into 20-milligram portions. Put a 20-milligram dose in small glass vial. In similar glass vial put 1-,!-c.c. .distilled water to which has been added five drops of household ammonia. When solution is needed, simply combine the contents of both vials, shake well and you are in business. This makes a solution of about 11,000 parts per' million. Some household ammonia containS small amounts of detergents and causes the solution to foam, but does not appear to be injurious. Distilled Water is used where the mineral content of local water is high. The method of treating the bloom buds is very simple and Can be accomplished with very little practice. Next to each bloom bud there is always one or more vegetative buds, which are long and narrow. Simply snap off the growth buds, leaving small cup-like cavities next to the bloom bud. Into one cavity carefully place a drop or two of the gibberellic solution. Various instruments now are· used for dropping in the solution-from glass eye droppers to glass or plastic hypodermic syringes. Most eyedroppers have too large an opening, which tends to release too large a drop. Disposable' 13 plastic syringes have a rubber ring around the plunger which makes it difficult to release one drop at a time. More expensive, but easiest to manipulate, is a standard glass hypodermic syringe with a long needle of large size. If the material is allowed to spill over the outside of the growth bud cavity, it tends to drain out and \:le lost. Obviously, one should exercise due care in releasing the branch after treating a bud. One treatment is sufficient and, of course, a record should be kept for future guidance. The proper time for treating the bloom buds is still a debatable question. If the bloom bud is too immature, it takes too long to develop and open. If, on the other hand, the bud is too advanced and showing much color, the results are not satisfactory. Choose well developed buds and the resulting blooms will usually be terrific. Do not treat too many buds on a plant, because the growth buds have been destroyed. Most growers prune off the treated portion back to the second line vegetative bud after the bloom has fallen, if it has not been already removed for other purposes, such as a show.

GIBBERELLIC TREATED CAMELLIA BLOOM BUDS, 1963 OUTDOORS. March 5, 1964. Buds Dates Date Variety. Treated. Treated. Bloomed. Ex. v.G. G. 'Emmett Barnes' ...... 5 Sept. 5 Sept. 30 1 4 'Collettii' ...... 5 Oct. 7 4 1 'Raggedy Ann' ...... 5 Oct. 7-14 3 .2 'Woodville Red' ...... 5 " Oct. 7-15 3 2 'Lady Clare' ...... 5 Oct. 7-9 1 4 'Drama Girl' ...... 5 " Oct. 7-15 2 3 'Margaret Ratcliffe' 5 Oct. 4 5 'Pink Ballet' ...... 5 " Oct. 4-8 3 2 'Barney Diamond' ...... 5 " Oct. 20 1 2 1 'Alba fimbriata' ...... 5 Sept." 9 Oct. 7-9 4 1 'Debutante' ...... 5 Oct. 5 1 3 1 'Dawn' (G. vernalis) ...... 5 Oct. 5-8 5 'Alba Plena' ...... 5 Oct. 6 5 'White By The Gate' ...... 5 " Oct. 7-9 2 3 'Thelma Dale' ...... 5 Oct. 15 2 1 " 'Minenoyuki' (G. sasanqua) 5 Sept. 14 Oct. 7 3 'Queen Of The South' ...... 2 Oct. 8 1 l' 'K. Sawada' ...... 5 Oct. 9 2 1 'Mathotiana' ...... 5 Oct. 14 3 2 'Rose Dawn' ...... 5 " Oct. 14 2 1 'Dr. Tinsley' ...... 5 " Oct. 20 4 1 " 'Ville de Nantes' ...... , ...... 5 Oct. 20 1 2 'Captain John Smith' ...... 5 Oct. 20 1 3 Others bloomed while away for 3 weeks." 14 Camellias and Cicadas F. T. CLERE

Wellington New Zealand

You who know what a cicada is may ask "Why associate them with camellias?" For those unacquainted with the cicada I had better explain that it is an insect which, to quote the late Mr. G. V. Hudson, one of New Zealand's most distinguished ,entomologists, "Cannot fail to attract attention in those countries where it abounds." New Zealand is one of these, as we have twenty-one species here. I believe they are found also in the southern part of the United States and in southern Europe and, no doubt, in many other countries. To quote further from Mr. Hudson's work on New Zealand insects, "The cicadas or 'singers' often very erroneously spoken of as 'locusts' constitute one of the most beautiful and attractive groups of insects." This is the view of an entomologist, but not necessarily that of a gardener. The one with which we are mostly concerned, the most common and also the largest has the somewhat fearsome name Melampsalta cingulata. It has a short broad head about t inch (l3mm.) in width with a wing spread of 3 inches (78mm.) in the males, slightly more in the females and is therefore quite a large insect. It is green in colour with dark markings and with two brilliant red spots on the forehead, so has some claim to be described as beautiful. They are called "singers" from the fact that the males have two peculiar drum-like organs with powerful muscles operating membranes stretched across cavities in the lower part of the abdomen. With these they emit an almost deafening musical drumming when they at times congregate in very large numbers on trees and shrubs in the hot sunshine. It is supposed that this drumming is to attract the females and it is the females in this case, as in so many others that is the more deadly of the species so far as we are concerned. The female has a short ovipositor with which she cuts slits in the' stems of plants in which to deposit her eggs. I have watched her carry­ ing out this process, slowly climbing up the stem, thrusting her ovipositor resembling a short thick black pin through the bark and cutting the slit, not I may say on a camellia but on one of our native shrubs growing wild on our hillside garden. It seems extraordinary that such a small body can exert the pressure required to pierce the bark even of a previous year's growth. It is this practice of the female cicada that brings it intO' such bad repute with gardeners living in the vicinity of our native bush. The larvae from the eggs laid in the slits made in the stems (a single female may lay from 500-700 eggs) as soon as hatched descend and burrow into the ground where they live as nymphs feeding on the roots of plants and perhaps on other subterranean larvae for as long as five or seven years. 15 In the United States the normal period for one of its species is seventeen years. When mature they come to the surface, always after dark when there are no birds about (sparrows are partial to them), crawl up the stem of some plant or tree, the skin splits open along the· back and the perfect insect emerges. On three occasions during the past ten years they have swarmed in such numbers on a hot summer's night that we have had to close all doors and windows to stop them coming into the house. This last year, which was colder and with less sunshine than usual, they have been quite scarce. Besides camellias, magnolias suffer considerably and rhododendrons to a lesser extent. Here on the eastern side of Wellington Harbour where many of our gardens abut on to hillsides covered with native forest, they can be, at times, particularly troublesome and the same applies, of course, in many other parts of New Zealand. The slits do not necessarily cause irreparable damage beyond being somewhat disfiguring when as the branches grow and the slits expand they leave a rough serrated surface in the bark. What is so disheartening to we camellia growers is that these slits weaken the stems of the new growth and impede the flow of the sap. Later on, when dry summer conditions prevail, we notice a branch looking unthrifty, with the leaves turning yellow and on examination discover the cause. The cicadas lay their eggs during hot summer days, in February in this hemisphere, and it is most likely that we learn of the damage done before the following summer. On going round after a winter's storm (Wellington is often called "Windy Wellington") we find branches broken off or perhaps hanging by a piece of bark. In the latter case I have very occasionally been successful in mending the damage, with tiie aid of splints and tape. Usually to do this is out of the question and then it is a case of taking cuttings or scions and endeavouring to propagate it. I have had branches of 'Donation' and 'Marjorie Magnificent' brought to me from each of which I have raised a dozen cuttings. Another neighbour had 'Shot Silk' broken to the ground from which I obtained four successful grafts. It is perhaps of interest that the drastic pruning did no lasting harm to the parent plant as it made tremendous growth last summer and is now in better shape than it had been previously with several buds about to flower. This lends weight to the resigned comment of another neighbour, that the cicada was nature's way of carrying out the pruning we failed to do. It is therefore not always a disaster. On one occasion I came home after a few days away to find two .branches out of four on a plant of 'Purple Gown,' one. of the best of the Kunming forms of C. reticulata, lying on the ground and managed to get three successful grafts from ~hese which otherwise I should not have dreamt of taking. It is most disheartening though, to lose a year's growth on a young camellia or to find the leading branch of a shapely bush dying off. We have therefore been trying to find a remedy but neither our horticulturists nor our scientists have so far been able to locate one.

Can anyone suggest a method of coping with them? I did read a suggestion in an agricultural article, concerned rather with the damage that might be done by the nymphs feeding on the roots of crops, that to spray or dust the ground with an insecticide might destroy them. To do this would be impracticable in the extensive areas of native bush where they breed in their thousands. The perfect insect, during its short life does not 16 partake of any nourishment as far as I know. To get near enough to spray them is difficult as they like to frequent the high 'branches of trees where they can enjoy the sunshine. Moreover they are extremely wary and if . disturbed their singing ceases and they wing away to another spot. One of our neighbours for the few weeks that the cicadas are about, binds the stems of the new growth with a thick layer of butter muslin, a wearisome job and only possible on a few of the choicer varieties she particularly wishes to protect. The swathing clothes have to be fairly thick, as I have found from experience that the insects were able to penetrate these where too loosely applied. I have considered smearing the branches with a tree grease but have been. warned that this might have a deleterious effect on the softer growth. It is here that the main damage is done, the older bark usually being too hard for the ovipositor to penetrate. I would have experimented with this treatment last summer but the scarcity of cicadas did not make it worth while. No doubt growers in places other than Great Britain, where there is only one rare species, have experienced similar troub1e to ours. Ha.<> anyone found any satisfactory control?

Madeira - An Island Paradise H. PAYNE

.Melbourne Australia

MADEIRA is one of the world's most beautiful islands. Situated in the North Atlantic, 360 miles off the coast of Morocco,· it is about 36 miles long by 14 miles wide .and mountainous throughout. The highest peak of over 6,000 ft. is often snowcapped. The soil is volcanic and the terrain so rocky that to ensure the maximum fertility, the Madeirenese have collected the rocks and terraced the land forming beautiful patterns in so doing. Almost all the island is irrigated by means of levades--concrete channels which conyey water from the mountains and are so controlled that landowners have water rights which allow them to flood their land fOr a certain number of hours each week or so. All work is done by hand for labour is very cheap and readily available and as a direct result each house has its own beautiful garden, either planted or potted, in which in the temperate climate that prevaUs, flowers in a depth of colour which must be seen to he believed, flourish all the year round. Every road is edged with hydrangeas, agapanthus, hibiscus and geraniums. In the main street of Funchal, thecapita~ of the island, there is a magnificent avenue of jacaranda trees and in the local gardens there are many fascinating plants such as the kapok tree,dragon tree and sausage tree. To orchid .and camellia lovers, Madeira is a veritable "Garden of Eden". The former are sold very cheaply on stems of great length and the latter 17 Entrance to 'Quinta do Palheiro,' the charming garden of Mr. and Mrs. Graham Blandy. invariably in large bunches surrounded by rheir shiny leaves. During my three months sray on the island from January to April, I can bear witness to the quality and quantity of rhe cameJJia blooms and ir is wonderful to see the dining rooms of rhe various hotels complerely decorared with rhem for mosr of the period. Many of rhe camellia rrees are of un-named varieries, for hundreds are self sown bur mosr of the older named culrivars such as 'Alba Plena, 'Chandleri' and 'Elegans' are very much in evidence.

Of parricular interesr is a visir to Quinra do Palheiro-rhe garden owned by Mr. and Mrs. Graham Blandy which contains among orher rare planrs and trees, 10,000 camellia bushes or trees, rhe blooms of which range in colour from pure white through variegared shades to glistening pinks, reds and even mallves. It is a wonderful experience to see rhousands of rrees in full bloom.

Mosr of the camellia rrees in this garden have from rhree to rwelve rrunks and some reach a heighr of fifteen ro twenty feer, and have a widrh almosr as great. I remember in particular a tree of 'Alba Plena' in full bloom 16fr. by 8fr. and one of 'Prince Eugene Napoleon' almosr as big covered wirh amazingly ~arge blooms. There is a unique avenue which has camellias eli pped into rhe form of a low hedge, whilst the upper branches are allowed to grow naruraJJy and almosr form an arch which is covered wirh lovely blooms. The original owner of rhe esrare, a Porruguese, Count de Carvalhal, planted many camellias berween 1801 and 1885 when Mr. J. B. Blandy, an 18 ancestor of the present owner, purchased the property, so many of the trees are showing signs of age and are being pampered. A charming miniature shell pink forma~. camellia which the Count always wore in his buttonhole still survives and is known as "The Count's Favourite" and it is really ? lovely camellia. The present owners have progressively planted thousands of seedlings and many of the newer English and American varieties. . The growing· conditions in the main are ideal for the garden is situated about 1,500 feet above sea level and the camellias areshel.tered by deciduous trees such as oaks, elms, planes and poplars. They are therefore protected from the summer heat but recdve the benefit of the winter sun. Surely it would be difficult to find a more beautif~l entrance to an estate than the avenue of camellias twelve deep which stretches from the gate to the house, a distance of half a mile. On my last visit to the garden I was astounded to see a huge tree of 'D. Herzilla de Freitas Maga1haes' cover,ed with blue and purple flowers This is the nearest I have seen to a "Blue Camellia." The colour is actually red overlaid with blue which turns purple as the bloom ages. It is really a most handsome camellia of the paeony form.

Some Thoughts on Picture Taking in General- and Flower Close-ups in Particular GEORGE DU BRUL, MARJORIE WASHBURNE and ALVIN COOTER Texas U.S.A.

WHEN our secretary, Mr. Charles Puddle, asked me to write an article for the Journal, it occurred to me that I might be of service to those of our camellia members around the world· who have hesitated to invest in a good quality camera because of the feeling that the taking of pictures is a complicated business and possibly (in rheir minds) something mysterious. Truly this is not the case. . I have called on two of my good friends who are very good in expressing their thoughts on matters photographic-Miss Marjorie Washburne, of Port Arthur, Texas, and Mr. Alvin B. Cooter, of Dallas, Texas, to collaborate with me in this article which really is three articles in one. Where each of us touches on the same aspect of photography, I hope that the difference in phraseology will drive home our strong belief in that particular aspect. For instance, all three of us are unanimous that your camera should be of the reflex type. I give you their thoughts first and then, a few of mine in conclusion. 19 IT'S DONE WITH MIRRORS Marjorie Washburne

'Many years ago, during World War I, a German inventor design~d a gadget for improving the periscopes on "U-boats." This ingenious device enabled the observer to see the target both right side up and properly left and right, while previously ,the image seen was reversed from top to bottom and left to right. By using a series of mirrors, light rays were reflected five times at angles similar to those of a 5-pointed star, returning an image to the observer exactly like the subject. The invention was called a pentaprism, and after the wat was adapted for use in cameras. The almost fool-proof "single lens reflex" camera of today is the result. The viewer of a conventional range-finder camera is normally positioned in the upper left hand corner of the camera body, and since the subject is viewed directly through it, and the image received by the film reaches it through the lens opening, framing a pichlre for close-ups is difficult and tedious. The pentaprism arrangement, however, permits the viewer to see the subject through the lens, exactly as it will reach the film. When a camellia grower concludes that it would be desirable to make color pictures or slides of his outstanding blooms and those seen at camellia shows, he will find cameras available of many designs, sizes, prices, and types. The single lens reflex camera is ideal for this purpose because it eliminates the necessity for measuring distances and giving special attention to framing. These cameras are available to focus at 18 inches and even closer without attachments, and if close-up lenses are used the focusing mechanism is not affected. Many provide both split-image and ground-glass focusing. Recent models incorporate synchronization for several types of flash bulbs, including the tiny AG-l, and electronic flash.

At close range, bu~bs or electronic flash must have low light output and the camera a small lens opening to avoid over-exposure. Using Kodachrome 11 film, which has an exposure index of 25, using AG-IB flash bulbs at a distance of 18 inches and a lens opening of F22, a large camellia blossom will fill the frame and the film be properly exposed for good color saturation. The slide will be sharp and clear. An unusually dark flower should have a slightly larger lens opening, while the distance should be increased for a white flower on light background (only the most expensive cameras have lens openings smaller than F22). The shutter speed must be set for proper synchronization with the flash but is otherwise disregarded as flash duration determines the period of light on the film. "Exposure index" refers to the sensitivity of film as related to period necessaty for proper exposure; i.e., film with a low index number will be "slow" and one with a high number, "fast." "Lens opening" refers to the size of the opening through which light will be admitted to the film, expressed in terms of "F stops," which, in a good camera, range from F2 to F22, the lower numbers being larger. "Shutter speeds" are in terms of fractions of a second, ranging from 1/10 of a second and slower to 1/1000 of a second and faster. Obviously, slow shutter speeds admit more light than fast speeds. Normally the smallest possible lens opening should be used and the shutter 20 speed determined accordingly if sharp, clear outlines are desired. "AG-IB" refers to all glass bulbs with blue for color correction of daylight film used with flash. A package of a dozen is small enough to fit in a shirt pocket. For closeups, it has been found that a "skylight" filter will offset the blue of the bulb and give more accurate color rendition. Color films available have a margin for error, and over or under exposure of 1/2 stop will have little effect on the picture. . Having chosen a camera, the camellia addict should avoid disappointments by becoming familiar with the mechanics of picture taking well in advance of camellia season. The new completely automated models are wonderful, but they are expensive and more likely to get out of order. Less expensive equipment will be more than adequate, is less likely to require maintenance, but will require more rhoughr. Three items should always be checked before releasing the shurrer: the shurrer speed, rhe lens opening, and the focus. If a fourrh may be added, ir is rhe reminder that a great many camellia growers will be using "jib," and that camellia season will therefore be early this year!

THE FLOWER CLOSE UP THROUGH THE LENS By Alvin B. Cooter

Without question, the superlative beauty of a living flower stands alone in all its majesty-each a flawless gift of nature is with us but a short time. Often we are presented with a most unusual specimen, only to watch its life ebb and fade into our memory. When we are presented with a most unusual bloom it is with the aid of photography that we can and do preserve this beauty. The photographic lens and fine color films that we have today help us to capture this living beauty for the archives of tomorrow. The close-up photograph is not and should not be thought of as difficult. As a matter of point, any camera can do a good job for you. It is true that some lend themselves to doing close-up work with more ease than others. If a choice of equipment is available, the single lens reflex camera or one that can be adapted for reflex work, is first to be selected. If this type cannot be obtained, any camera with the aid of a simple positive diopter lens may be used with success. Let us assume we have a small flower that we would like to move up very close to. This would give us a large image size on our color slide or color negative, producing for us the best detail. Most cameras cannot get closer than one metre. We now call for the aid of a close-up lens. By placing this lens in front of our camera lens we get closer than normal. These lenses come in different powers which in each case will allow us to work within given distances. A chart will come with the close-up lens and should be referred to at all times to get the proper distance required for any given power. The very finest close-up photography should be done on a tripod or some type camera support. This is a must for proper framing and sure focus. If our camera is not a reflex we will need a tape measure to insure 21 'Indian Summer.' 'Betty Sheffield Supreme.'

'Judge Thomas Porter.' 'New Horizons.' the correct distance. If you have the use of a reflex system, the tripod will insure no mOvement which would destroy the most intricate detail of the petals. After moving in close, our composition correct and distance sure for focus, we are presented with two choices in background. The natural surroundings or a simple one of continuous tOnes. If the first is selected we should use a large lens opening that will produce a shallow depth-of-field. The object of this is to diffuse the bilckground so as not to distract from the subject. In all flower close-ups we must remember the flower is the most important part of the scene. If the natural background does not enhance the flower then a simple one should be chosen. This can be done with ease by enlisting the aid of a large card board, one that has no pattern to distract. It can be a 22 colored board because color harmony is a real consideration. The board will serve two purposes, one for· background and one to give some fill in back light. Just place the card behind the subject far enough so as not to include any natural surroundings. Lighting and the exposure of film is most important. Sun-light is best of all. Most color films are made to render best reproductions under sun:light conditions. A cloudy day may give us soft and very lovely pastel colors, but not true ones. Proper exposure of film should be made with a photographic light-meter. I choose to make my meter readings from a neutral density card. This type card can be obtained from most photographic shops. A meter reading from the subject can often be a false one. To insure a. good exposure, we should make three exposures. One as recommended by the meter, one a half stop over and one a half stop under. This may seem wasteful, however the flower we record today will never again be quite as perfect. Try letting sun light shine through the open bloom from the rear. This will produce a translucence that will give new beauty to any flower. If a touch of early morning dew is desired, a light spray of water to forma few droplets will do the trick. Keep in mind these check points-steady support-simple background of nature or .man made-bracket exposure to insure good color saturation~ composition-accurate distance for sharp focus-good lighting. Bon photografie! CONCLUDING THOUGHTS George Du Brul There are some specialty cameras in the field of close-up photography. Mr. Sam Zerkowsky, of Slidell, Louisiana, is a staunch advocate of the use of the Startech Camera. The Startech is what is known as a fixed-focus camera­ wonderful for close-ups. With certain additional lenses, it will take pictures down to just a few inches distance. If this type of camera is of interest to you, I would urge you to read Mr. Zerkowsky's complete article in the March, 1964, issue of The Camellia Journal published by the American Camellia Society. In conclusion: Inasmuch as many, many books have been written on cameras, lens, and allied subjects, it is not possible here to go into great detail but be assured that with some study a good camera can be most rewarding. And by "good camera" I mean one of the reflex type with a lens of at least 2.8 strength and preferably one of 2.0 strength-which are "fast" lenses-lenses that take sharper pictures than those of lesser quality. The heart of a good camera is its lens and the more you pay for a camera, generally speaking, the better lens you receive for your money. A camera should not be purchased without some thought and study and I would urge you not to hunt a discount or cut price in buying because, as time goes on, you will have questions and the dealer who cut his profit to make the sale quite possibly will not be too generous with his time in answering your questions later. When you first buy your new camera, practice with it without film until you are thoroughly familiar with the feel of it. Develop a hand hold that is

~3 most comfortable for you-your fingers automatically fitting over the buttons and levers in much the same way that a stenographer uses her typewriter­ without looking at each key as she types. Do not let some bad pictures bother you-you can learn from the errors in them. Even the professional takes some bad pictures-,-he throws them away-as you should! It might seem trite to say be sure to learn how to load and use your camera correctly. But many people do not. Always adjust your ASA setting for the film that you are using. I could mention a former schoolteacher, who went blithely around the world with her camera. set for old-style film when she was using the new Kodachrome $2 ! You will like the built-in features of modern day cameras-features that prevent double exposures, force you to remember to advance your film after each shot, pre-seuing that counts your exposures for each roll, built-in light meters, etc. Today's color films are modern day marvels-as you will discover. You must, MUST, learn how to hold your camera steady-no shake. This is the most important skill of alL The finest of cameras and film mean little when shake causes fuzzy pictures. Cameras MUST be held rock-steady and the button MUST be pushed gently. Color slides of shots made with a good camera are a means of re-living pleasant experiences-last winter's camellia shows, wonderful trips, visits with friends, and-you name it. What better reason for owning a fine camera?

24 Camellias Cultivated in Taiwan E. G. WATERHOUSE New South Wales Australia

RETURNING to Australia from Japan in May, 1962, my wife, Mr. Paul Jones and I broke our journey for· three days in Taipei where we visited the Shihlin Horticulture Experiment Stat~on and were most hospitably received by Mr. Wen-Po Feng, the Director of the Station. Here we found a well tended and healthy plantation of 23 Camellia japonica and 6 Camellia sasanqua. Unfortunately the flowering season was nnished but Mr. Feng kindly supplied me with a list of the varieties and their description, and· told us that Camellia japonica had been cultivated ~n Taiwan for about 300 years. Most of the varieties were introduced from the Chinese mainland. For example, 'Honmondan,' 'Lichehon,' 'Juntren,' 'Chichu' and 'Wobo' were introduced e~ther from Fukien or from Kwangtung. About 37 years ago 'Binse,' 'Sheboshushi' and 'Fudinchu' were introduced by Mr. Chun-Zoo Yang from Changchow (Fukien Province), Whate (Kwangtung Province) and Shanghai respectively. 'Jurre' was introduced by Mr. Chun-Zoo Yang from Foochow 52 years ago and by the ancestor of Mr. Chun-See Li from Fukien 180 years ago, and that original tree stUI grows in the home of Mr. Chun-See Li, N~nan, Taiwan. Camellia sasanqua has been cultivated in Taiwan for 60 years. Most of its culti.vated varieties were introduced· from Japan and some from Okinawa.

The camellia is more cultivated ~n Taipei and Yangmingshan than in other places, and its quality is also better. The secondary places are Tonran, Chinchum and Ninan. In Tanchon, Changhow and Tainan it has also been cultivated, but it is very rare and cannot grow normally due to un­ favourable weather. I now give the names of the camellias growing at Shihlin Experiment Station as supplied to me by Mr. :Feng, and include a standard transcription of their Chinese characters, and a translation kindly supplied by Professor A.R. Davis, of the Department of Oriental Studies, Sydney Universiry. Camellia japonica : 1. 'Juntren' (Ts'ao-Ch'un) "Early Spring." 2. 'Baboto' (Pai Pao-t'a) "White Pagoda." 3. 'Honmondan' (Hung Mou-Tan) "Red Peony." 4. 'Lichechu'* (Li.-Chin Cha) "Lichee Camellia." *'Lichehon in Mr. Feng's manuscript. 25 5. 'Ganinchu' (Kuan-Yin Cha) "Kuanyin Camellia" (Kuan­ yin-Goddess of Mercy). 6. 'Kwangronfen' (Kuang-Tung Fen) "Cantonese Pink" 7. 'Chanshanchu' (Ch'Ao-Hsien Cha) "Korean Camellia." 8. 'Balugu' (Pai Liu-Chiieh) "White Hexagonal." 9. 'Twanbanchu' (Shuang-Pan Cha) "Double Petal Camellia." 10. 'Fenmondan' (Fen Mou-Tan) "Pink Peony." 11. 'Banmondan' (Pai Mou-Tan) "White Peony." 12, 'Twanbanchuchinchu' (Shuang-Pan Cha) "Double petal Korean Cam­ ellia." ' 13. 'Sanhowha' (San Ho-Hui) "Trin~ty." 14. 'Sonshanyenchi' (Sung-Shang Yeh-Chih) "Pine Rouge." 15. 'Lirechu' (Li-Yii Chu) "Carp's Eye." 16. 'Maquachu' (Mei-Kuei Cha) "Rose Camellia." 17~ 'Chichu' (Ch'I Ch'~ao) "The Lucky Seven." - 18. 'Sheboshushi' (Shih-Pa-Hsiieh-Shih) "Eighteen Scholars." 19. 'Wobo' (Wu Pao) "The Five Precious Things." 20. 'JutIe' (Chiu Ch'U) "Nine Bends" (as of river). 21. 'Binse' (Pin Ssu) "Guest Officer." 22. 'Gashesansen' (Ka~ Sh~h-San Sheng) "Thirteen Provinces Cham­ pion." 23. 'Fudinchu' (Fo-Ting Cha) "Bllddha's Crown." , Ccmtellia sasal1qua: 1. 'Danzi' (Tan Tzu) "Pale Purple." 2. 'Danhon' (Tan Hung) "Pale Red." 3. 'Fenhonshan' (Fen-Hung-Shang) "Pink Robe." 4. 'Basha' (Pa~ Hsiieh) "White Snow." 5. 'Bochenme' (Pa Ch'ung Mei) "Eight-layered Plum." 6. 'Z~honme' (Tzu Hung-Mei) "Purple Red Plum." EDITOR'S NOTE: All Chinese cultivar names used in this article are subject to rechecking for validity. Mr., Feng's descriptions: Ccmtellia japonica-­ 1. ,]untren.' Tree erect growth, leaves green and shiny above, 6.5 x 3 cm.; margins cr·enate; flowers pink, double, 7 cm. across; flowering season beginning early in December. 2. 'Baboto.' Spreading growth, leaves dark green and shining above, v·eins prominent on upper surface,shape elliptical, 8 x 4 cm.; margins orenate; flowers pure white, regular double, 11 cm. across, stamens and ovary completely aborted; flowering seaSOn beginning in the middle of November. 3. 'Honinondan.' Spreading growth, leaves green, 8 x3 cm.; flowers reddish, irregulaJt double, 10 cm. across; begins flowering mid December. 4. 'Lichehon.' Erect growth and strong, leaves green, 75 x 3.5 em.; margins crenate,flowers reddish, 9 cm. across; begins flowering mid January. 5. 'Ganinchu.' Spreading growth, leaves light green, 8 x 3.7 cm.; shape elliptical; flowers deep reddish, 6.5 cm. across, petals arranged in spiral and sometimes hexagon in shape; begins flowering end of January. 26 6. 'Kwangtonfen.' Slight spreading growth, leaves long elliptical in shape; green with numerous yellow spots, 8 x 4 cm. across; flowers 6 cm across, peta~s arranged in spiral, pink, sometimes hexagon in shape; begins flowering end of January. 7. 'Chanshanchu.' Spreading growth, leaves green, elliptical in shipe, 8 x 3.8 cm., petiole 1.7 cm. long; flowers 7 cm. across, not double, petals 5·6, purplish in colour, stamens cohering in bundle, 3 em. long, about 117; flowers early in December. 8. 'Balugu.' Erect growth, leaves 7.3 x 3.1 cm. long, elliptical to oval in shape, green in colour, flowers pure white, 6.7 cm.across, hexagon in shape, sometimes spilfal, double, about 14 layers, petals 84, calyx 6-7 lobes; begins flowering end of January. 9. 'Twanbanchu.' Erect growth, leaves 9.1 x 4.2 cm.; margins crenate, light green colour; flowers 11.3 cm. across, two layers, petals 15, stamens 118, flowers pure white; begins flowering end of January. 10. 'Fenmondan.' Spreading growth, flowers 9 cm. across, stamens yellow, sometimes white spot at apex of petals, the pans pink, petals 44·45, double, calyx 9 lobes, flowers mid-December. 11. 'Banmondan.' Spreading growth, leaves 6.7 x 4.1 cm.; deep green, flowers 9 cm. across, pure white, petals 19-20, four layers, stamens deep yellow, 41-42, calyx 12, flowers plid-December. 12. 'Twahbanchuchinchu.' Spr,eading growth, strong, leaves 8.2 x 4.2 cm.; elliptical, green, some yellow spots, flowers 11 cm. across, two layers, stamens cohering in bundles, petals 15, purplish, calyx 8, flowers mid­ December. 13. 'Sanhowha.' Er'ect growth, ieaves 7.3 x 3.8 cm. long, elliptical; flowers 77 cm. across, white with some pink stripes; petals 40, calyx 8, sometimes flower deep reddish and pink, begins flowering end of January. 14. 'Sonshanyenchi.' Spreading growth, Leaves crenate, green, 7.4 x 3 cm.; flowers 11.15-11.2 em. across, 5 layers, irregular double, petals white and pink, 14-17, flowers end February. 15. 'Lirechu.' Erect and slightly spreading growth, leaves 7 x 3.6 cm., slightly crenate, flowers 7 em. across, reddish, petals 116, begins flowering in January. 16. 'Maquachu.' Spreading growth, lea¥es 8 x 4 em.; green, flowers 8 cm. across, 15 layers,rose pink, flowers 'early January. Introduced 8 years ago from u.s.A. 17. 'Chichu.' Erect glrowth, leaves deep green, 6.2 x 3.4 em., flowers 8 cm. across, 14 layers, petals 102, calyx 14 lobes, flower reddish in colour and with some whi,te stripes, hexagon and spiral in shape, begins flowering in January. 18. 'Sheboshushi.' Erect and" slightly spreading growth, leaves 7 x 3.8 em., flowers 7 em. across, white in colour, and some reddish stlripes; flower shapes different from each other and sometimes reddish or rose or pink. 27 19. 'Wobo.' Spreading growth, leaves deep green, 8.6 x 4 em., flowers 8 cm. across, doubte, flower colour having five kinds, petals 64, begins flowering i.n January. 20. 'Jutre.' Spreading growth, leaves .elliptical, 10.5 x 4.2 cm., light green, margins crenare, flowers 10.5 cm. across, hexagon ·in shape, reddish in colour, 18 byers, petals 108, calyx 17-18; shape and colour of flowers always different from each other, begins flowering in February. 21. 'Binse.' Spreading growth, leaves green, margins crenate, 8 x 3.9 cm., flowers 8.5 cm. across, white with reddish stripes, 10 layers, calyx 9-11, . flower spiral or hexagon in shape, sometimes flower' colour with some reddish or yellow. spots. 22. 'Gashesansen.' Spreading growth, leaf margins crenate, 6.2 x 2.7 ·cm., shape and colour of flower like 'Wobo,' but petals tipped with some yellow, white and reddish colour. Very rare in cultivation. 23. 'Fudinchu.' Spreading growth, leaves 6.5 x 2.8 cm.; green in colour, margins crenate, flowers slightly larger than 'Sheboshushi'; flower colour like 'Jutre,' flower shape like Buddhist cap, petals like 'Lichehon.' Begins flowering in September or October,

CamelJlia sasanquC/l-­ 1. 'Danzi.' Erect growth, leaves long elliptical, margin crenate, deep green, 3-4 x 2-2.5 em., flowers lighr purplish in colour, 8.5 cm. across, sin~le larger, petals 8, stamens yellow, 71-74, calyx 4·5, flowers early in November. 2. 'Danhon.' Flowers light reddiSh in colour, stamens 55, petals single layer, 7 in number, flower 9 em. across, calyx 7-8, others like 'Danzi.' 3. 'Fenhonshan.' Erect growth, leaves light green, margin crenate, 3 x 2 em., flowers pink in colour, double, 8 em. across, stamens 52, petals 24, calyx 7, flowering begins in mid-November, 4. 'Basha.' Erect growth, leaves elliptical, margins crenate, flowers double, petals 30, 4 layers, white in colour, stamens 30-50, flower 7.5-8.5 across. Flowers early in December. 5. 'Bochenme.' Tree small, dwarfish, leaves 4-5 x 2-2.5 em., deep green, ;margins crenate, flowers double, 8 layers, pink in colour, 8 cm. across, petals 22, stamens 32, calyx 6. Begins flowerin~ in mid-December. 6. 'Zihonme.' Spreading growth, leaves dliptical,deep green in colour, 4.5 x 1.9 em., flowers 8 cm. across, double, pu'rplish red in colour, petals 12, stamens 50. Begins flowering in December.

COMMENTS: From a colour slide shown me, and from the foliage of the plant I was able to identify 'Baboto' as 'Alba Plena,' 'Kwangtonfen' looked "ery like 'Otome.' I have a strong suspicion that 'Otome' originated in China and nor in Japan. 'Chanshanchu' seems to be what the Japanese call 'Chosenc tsubaki.' 'Chichu'. is possibly the Chinese camellia which was named 28 'Myrtifolia' .i.n England. 'Maquachu' is the American camellia 'Rosea Superba,' which was the gift of the late Ralph S. Peer. C. sasanqua 'Basha' could well be 'Fujinomine.' After our visit to the Shihlin Horticulture Experiment Station we were taken. on a delightful excursion up Mount Yangmingshan to the Citrus Experiment Station which is conducted by Mr. U. P. Feng and Mr. S.P. Yang. This is situated about 350 metl'es above sea level and its mean temperature is 28 0 C. in summer and 8 0 C. in winter. f:Iere there were large plants of many va'rieties of camellia set out in rows, all in the most flourishing condition. These are the stock plants from which cuttings are taken for propagation. Not far away is the private garden of Mr. Chen who has many camellias in splendid growth. From the foliage we were able to identify 'Arejishi' and 'Alba Plena.' We were impressed by the healthy appeairance of the camellias we saw in Tajpei, and only wish we could have seen them in flower.

Camellias Around Cape Town HERBERT NASH Claremont South Africa

DURING the past few years interest in growing camellias has increased by leaps and bounds, assisted by the availability of literature and camellia shows. In South Africa there is still much to be done to make camellias more popular. Around Cape Town the area most suited to the cultivation of camellias is a comparatively narrow belt lying along the slopes of Table Mountain. This is the natural home of proteas for which South Africa is renowned. The soil is very good, usually a natural deep brown loam but there are areas of gritty clay, adhesive in winter but still very rich for plant growth. Rainfall is plentiful in winter and there are scattered light showers in the summer. Beneath many species of deciduous and evergreen trees, grow large plants of camellias, gardenias, azaleas, rhododendrons, and hydrangeas, all revelling in this rich soil, many of the older plants being about twelve· feet high and several feet across. . The early settlers in the Cape followed the line of the mountain in making their residences, and the extensive gardens were planted with exotic plants brought from all over the world. Many of these large gardens are now municipal parks which have greatly benefited from these early plantings. Others however are being sold for building purposes, and large numbers of old specimens of valuable plants including camellias are being swept away by 29 An old 'Alba Plena' in Cape Town.

Old camellia in University Gardens, Ca·pe Town. 30 bulldozers and lost for all time. Unless some quick sighted citizen is found many more will be destroyed for the new owners often do not recognise the value of these plants. The University of Cape Town has one of the finest collections of camellias in South Africa. They were a gift by the Japanese Government to, the authorities at the time of Cecil John Rhodes who was a great plant lover. It is unfortunate that with the present rapid growth of the University, the garden has deteriorated and many plf\1lts appear to have lost much of their former vigour through neglect. Perhaps the South African members of the International Camellia Society may be able to persuade the University authorities to preserve this valuable collection. Much new development is taking place in areas with poor sandy soil which is quite unsuitable for choice shrubs. Still the owners are keen to plant camellias, azaleas, roses, viburnums and brunfelsias, but unless soil is brought from other areas they. are" usually disappointed. Peat is now available and excellent results have been obtained by the use of iron chelates so that many amateur gardeners may' be successful in their persistant. efforts to grow camellias and rhododendrons. Unfortunately there is still much "impulse buying" of plants unsuitable for poor soils which is bad for both the new garden owner and nurseryman. About forty miles from Cape Town on the slopes of the Simonsberg and Hottenhots Holland Mountains is another camellia growing area. Here lie the towns of Stellenbosch, Somerset West, Paarl, and Franschnoek, all famous for their fresh fruits. .The soil varies from a solid roo day to a stoney brown day, both very rich in plant food and ideally suited for the growth. of deciduous and evergreen shrubs. Camellias, gardenias and magnolias are found in profusion but due to the lack of summer moisture they must be heavily mulched with straw or pine needles.. It is hoped to. encourage the display of camellias at local shows' and so increase their popularity. The public must be made aware of the conditions necessary for good growth and flower so that they appreciate camellias to the full and they. can take their rightful place in the forefront of many South African gardens. The most popular cultivars of Camellia iaponica grown in Cape Province are 'Alba Plena', 'Anemoniflora' CWaratah'), 'c. M. Hovey','Elegans', 'Il Ristori', 'Madame Verschaffelt' and 'William Bull'. There are hosts of others which have lost their labels and it is hoped that one day they may be identified. .

31 ·The Story of Sacramento's Camellia Festival E. A. COMBATALADE

Sacramento U.S.A.

THE camellia story is as romantic as the flower itself. It is permeated with the mystery of the Ancient Orient; the salty vigor of the rugged merchantmen, and the perfumery of a decadent court, to become revitalized in the pioneering strength of a new countty. Camellias first came to Sacramento with the Gold Rush of 1849. A New Englander, James 1. 1. F. Warren, a prosperous nurseryman and florist in Boston, is believed to have brought the first camellias to California when he contracted "gold rush fever." In 1850, instead of joining the hordes headed for the mines, he opened a business under the name of Warren and Company New England Seed Store at 1st and J Streets. The first advertisement of his firm appeared February 7, 1852, in one of our local newspapers, The Sacramento Union. The ad. read in part, "A splendid set of dahlia roots, roses, camellias, grape vines, bulbous roots, etc., will be ready for examination in our hall over .the store on Monday." In .1853 Mr. Warren predicted, "This truly magnificent plant, unsurpassed in loveliness, will ere long become acclimated with us to form our pride as an ornamental tree in our garden." little did he realize that 89 years to the day after his first ad, Sacramento's City Council would, by resolution, adopt the camellia as its official flower; Since Warren's time, Sacramento's aggregate collection of camellia plants has grown to an estimated one million, including the tallest and the largest camellia tree· in the United States as well as seedlings planted last year. California's beautiful Capitol. Park contains more than 2,800 camellias of more than 800 varieties. With more than a century of camellia culture and with thirty years of camellia shows recognized by experts as by far the best camellia show in the United States in .the state capital of the fastest growing state in the nation, we felt the city's camellia riches should be shared with the rest of the nation. The stage was set twelve years ago when civic leaders representing various cross sections of the community were gathered together and the idea of having a camellia festival presented to them: They readily saw the potentials of 32 Camellia Queen and Royal Court.

01 ~'/~ ...~. .. - • .....~~•.•""'".... ~~..;, '; ...~.....'fJ': '" I,'. ""''''-~ . "'... ' .~...... :..iliQ .. Prizewinning Floats. 33 such an activity which would bring joy to countless thousands, as well as giving them an opportunity ,to do something constructive for their community. After much planning the first Camellia Festival was held in 1955 from February 25th through March 7th. It was an immediate success. Now, after ten years, it has grown to he one of the major events of its type in the United States. It is estimated that during the tenth annual Camellia Festival, more than 7,500 persons were involved in some phase of the many events presented and that well over 300,000 viewed the events. The festival is sponsored by the Camellia Festival Association, a non-profit corporation with a board of directors composed of forty of the capitol's business and civic leaders. Each of the principal festival events is developed arid staged by a participating organization. These include the Camellia Society of Sacramento; the Sutter Hospitals' Auxiliary; the Mercy Children's Hospital Guild; the Sacramento Symphony Association; the Sacramento City­ County Chamber of Commerce; the Camellia City Ballet; the Camellia Capital Chirps (a women's amateur radio organization); the Sacramento Councilof Folk Dance Clubs; the International Friendship Committee (with repre­ sentatives of 15 or more ethnic groups); the Children's Parade Committee, representing the City Recreation Department and city, county and parochial schools; and the three local colleges. The theme selected for the Eleventh Annual Camellia Festival is "Pathways to Happiness." This theme, selected by the cooperating organizations, will be carried out in a wide variety of ingenious and colorful ways in all events of the celebration. Official heralds of the annual Camellia Festival are nine Camellia Princesses, chosen early in January from qualified co-eds at American River Junior College, Sacramento City College and Sacramento State College. The Princesses are chosen in competition from applicants with better than average scholastic standing and the college's certification of good citizenship. Judging is based on appearance, personality and poise. Three Princesses are selected from each college. An official "Royal Court Hostess" is selected each year' to advise the Camellia Princesses and arrange for their public appearances. , This group of charming co-eds takes part in many civic activities prior to the Festival as representatives of the forthcoming events. They visit City, county, and state governing bodies, and help publicize the Festival on radio and ,television. On the opening day of the festival, one of the nine Princesses is, selected to be Camellia Queen for the ensuing year. The Queen and the remaining eight Princesses participate in all major festival activities. As an expression of gratitude to the many lovely ladies who have served as Princesses of the Camellia Royal Court, the first annual Royal Court Brunch will be held in 1965. Princesses, their husbands and parents, as well as their escorts, are being invited to this event. "<"PriUr'ro""each'festival an Escorts Committee" selects' nine prominent businessmen and civic leaders of' the community to act as Escorts for the 34 Sweepstakes Winning Float, 1964.

Camellia Show, 1964. 35 Queen and Princesses at the Camellia Ball and other festival events. The names of the new Escorts--chosen on a basis of contribution to the growth and development of Sacramento-are revealed at the annual Escorts Dinner, a formal affair also attended by previous Escorts and their wives, association directors and heads of sponsoring organizations. At the dinner, new Escorts and Princesses are "paired off" by drawing lots. The dinner, with its guest list reading like "Who's Who in Sacramento," is always held prior to the actual (tpening of the Festival. The identity of the new Camellia Queen is revealed at the Presentation Breakfast, sponsored by the Sacramento City-County Chamber of Commerce. This is the official opening of the festival. The affair also features II program paying tribute to the three local colleges. The festival was inspired by,. and built around Sacramento's annual camellia show, oldest of its kind in the nation and rated as the best. On March 6, 1965, the Camellia Society of Sacramento will open its 41st annual exhibition of the ,exquisite blossom that is the official flower of both Sacramento City and Sacramento County. Anyone who grows camellias is invited to enter his prize blooms, and everyone has a chance to win a citation -the coveted "Best Flower in Show" trophy frequently has been won by an entrant. who has less than six camellia plants in his garden. There is no entry fee or admission charge. Last year more than 55,000 people enjoyed the spectacular exhibition of some 10,000 blossoms. The show also features an arrangement section. Demonstrations on grafting and corsage making are held at regular intervals. The visitors included some from 129 California cities outside of Sacramento County, from 37 other states and from 14 foreign countries. Social highlight of the festival is the annual Camellia Ball, which has" become the outstanding social event of the year in Sacramento. The Ball is sponsored by the Sutter Hospitals' Auxiliary. It features the coronation of the Camellia Queen in elaborate pageantry, in which the Queen and eight Princesses and their official Escorts take part. During each Camellia Festival, one day is set aside as Babies' Camellia Day. A camellia plant is presented to each baby born during the 24-hour period-the first one is presented personally by the Camellia Queen. The number of Camellia Babies has varied from 22 to 56, including several sets of twins and one set of triplets. The annual Pink Perfection IJuncheon honors past Camellia Queens, invited to join the current Royal Court at, this gala social affair. The luncheon is sponsored by the Mercy Children's Hospital Guild and features a spectacular Fashion Show as entertainment. For the Eleventh Annual Camellia Festival, the Sacramento Symphony Association will present its annual concert keyed to the romantic theme of the Festival in both program and decorative backgrounds. The concert in the Memorial Auditorium will feature the full SO-piece Sacramento Symphony Orchestra and the Symphony Chorus of 100 voices. On Cheer-up Day,camellia blossoms are presented to patients in .all hospitals and rest homes in Sacramento County. The project is carried out by 36 Children's Camellia Parade.

Folk Dancers at Camellia Festival Pageant. 37 the Camellia Society, the Sutter Hospitals' Auxiliary, the Mercy Children's Hospital Guild, the Camellia Capital Chirps and the Soroptimist Club. A new event in the Eleventh Annual Festival will be the Camellia City Baller perfotmance. A special program of three interpretative ballets will be staged by Sacramento's talented young dance group. These b.allets will pay special tribute to camellias-their names, origins and colors. One of the most colorful and heart-warming events of the festival is the Children's Camellia Parade. The flower-decked floats with their many interpretations of the overall-festival-rheme are entered by individual children, schools, youth organizations, and business firms-and all competitive entries are manned entirely by school children. In addition there are bands, drill teams and frequently international guests in the procession, led by the Camellia Queen and her Court. Last year more than 100 floats and other entries participated in the parade and some 2,000 costumed children were in . a line of march covering the principal downtown Sacramento streets. Each child receives a participant's ribbon. Special workshops are held to assist anyone interested in designing and constructing floats. The many Sacramento ethnic groups which sponsor the colorful International Friendship Luncheon are dedicating their 1965 affair to Italy. The Mediterranean Republic played an important part in welcoming Camellias to the Western World. the Sacramento Council of Folk Dance Clubs will be host to hundreds of visiting dancers in a two-day program in the Memorial Auditorium, an annual gathering of members of the California Folk Dance Federation. All sessions are open to the public without charge. The formal Camellia Pageant will include dances by groups from many California communities. Week-end events will include general folk dancing in the auditorium on both Saturday and Sunday and an institute for folk dance instructors. The Camellia Pageant closes the Festival with a fanfare by the Sacramento Bagpipe Band as the Queen, her Royal Court, and their Escorts are piped out of the auditorium.

The Camellia Capital Chirps~a group of "lady hams"-again will give the Eleventh Camellia Festival international publicity by distributing thousands of specially designed QSL postcards (used to confirm radio contacts) to other ham radio enthusiasts in other parts of the United States and in more than 100 foreign countries. In addition, they will help the Children's Parade Committee by supplying shortwave control equipment during the Parade. We hope that the above brief description of our beautiful events has whetted your appetite to the extent that you will come and join us for the twelfth annual festival, March 4th through 13th, in 1966. During the 1966 Camellia Festival, Sacramento will play host to the annual meeting of the American Camellia Society. We welcome all camellia lovers to the Camellia ' Capital of the World.

38 Camellias in the Sub-Tropics and Tropics of Queensland

R. .I.E. DAVIDSON. Queensland Australia

MUCH has been written about the hardiness of camellias but here in Queensland we have to evaluate them under sub-tropical and tropical conditions. We find that if suitable cultivars are grown, they will give blooms of excellent quality and flower as profusely as anywhere in the world. .Camellias are successfully grown in Queensland between the latitudes of 29 and 16 degrees. In relation to the northern hemisphere Queensland starts at Daytona Beach, Florida, and extends into the tropics to the equivalent of Nicaragua and the Windward Islands such as Barbados. In the African zone we lie between the Canary Islands and Gambia. The capital ciryof our state is Brisbane on the 27th parallel and here camellias nearly one hundred years old are still flourishing. In Toowoomba, 80 miles west of Brisbane, at an elevation of 1,800 ft., there are trees 35 ft. high, flowering freely. Unfortunately many of the early plantings are of the formal double type many of which are not suitable for our conditions. They tend to set too many buds during the hot December/January period and this results in "balling" and few flowers open fully. However amongst the early introductions which grow and flower successfully are camellias that are "top sellers" today. The most popular are small doubles such as 'Virginia Franco' with its sports, 'Virginia Franco Rosea' and 'Virginia: Franco Rubra' and 'Otome,' which was imported to Queensland in the early 1890's and sold under the name of "Badgens Beauty." The original stock of 'Otome' is still thriving under adverse conditions. 'Otome' is our "best seller," flowering from March until September. 'William Bull' is the only successful large flowered formal double chiefly because it blooms in April/May before our winter. There are also seventy~year old specimens of 'Aspasia,' 'Speciosissima'and 'Paeoniiflora Rosea' flowering profusely every year in spite of growing in poor situations. One 'Aspasia' tree I visit never ceases to amaze me with its sports 'Otahuhu Beauty,' 'Strawberry Blonde' and 'Lady Loch,' and inches of spent flowers lying on the ground beneath. This specimen is 15 ft. high and 10 ft. through. I have not found C. sasanqua amongst the ·early plantings. Camellias along the Queensland coastline need partial shade and a well drained soil. The chief problems are nutritional, caused by the leaching of 39 plant nutrients by the heavy rainfall which occurs in the summer months when the hud~ are d~veloping. "Balling" is also a serious trouble. In winter when camellias are flowering we have heavy dews and sharply rising temperatures which give perfect days. As a result the outer petals of the flower are burnt and the loss of moisture in these petals prevents the bloom froIJ;'! opening. We have light frosts with ground temperatures down to 28 ~egrees F. but it is the ever present winter dews which do the damage. Teq1lperatures after a frosty morning often rise by 40 degrees and it is quite common to have frost in the morning and a mid-day temperature of 80 degtees. Camellias flower earlier in Queensland than in the southern states. The main flush of C. japo1Zica is in June/July, with early varieties flowering in Mar~h and prolifically in April. We have to concentrate on early to mid­ season varieties because the buds of late flowering cultivars may be prevented from opening by the plants coming away in spring growth. The first spring gro~th is always well established by the beginning of October, and on some occaFons cuttings, ,especially of 'Elegans,' have been sufficiently hardened for propagation by the end of October. The further into the tropics the mor¢ limited the range of varieties that can be grown. Apparently in very cold :climates similar conditions apply and the suitable range becomes limited to late flowering varieties with buds standing up to snow conditions. It is only in the last few years that Queensland has become recognised as a dmellia growing state, both in its sub-tropical and tropical areas. Unfortunately Brisbane was founded on an area of chiefly very poor soils. In most suburbs the soil type is a shallow greyish-white, sandy loam with heavy clay sub-soil, which results in bad drainage. Provided the drainage probLem is overcome, free flowering varieties make a beautiful show. On river banks and in some suburbs which have good depths of soil, camellias grow to perfection. Suitable varieties divide Queensland into two areas; Southeast Queensland between latitude 26 to 29 degrees and North Queensland between latitudes 16 to 26 degrees. SOUTHEAST QUEENSLAND. - Camellia japonica. Formal double. Apart from the camellias already mentioned which can be grown in the open a wi-derange of varieties are being grown under bush or green houses, or semi-shade conditions. Varieties often seen are 'Alba Plena,' 'Fimbriata,' 'CoqJettii,' 'Margaret Hertrich,' 'c. M. Hovey,' 'Tabbs,' 'Comte Boutourlin,' 'Demetrio Boutourliri,' 'Countess of Derby,' 'Eugenie de Massena,' 'Harriet BeecHer Sheather' and 'Mrs. A. M. Hovey.' Informal doubles. Early flowering varieties bloom profusely in the open, whereas mid-season and late flowering with the pale pink varieties require semi-shade. The early flowering cultivars are much superior. For example, 'Australis' and 'Blood of China' are similar, but although the latter has received much publicity the former is a far better variety under our condi\ions. 'Arejishi,' 'Andromeda; 'Debutante; 'Elegans; 'Emperor of Russia,' 'Imperator,' 'Lady Beresford,' 'Lady Loch,' 'Otahuhu Beauty,' 'Leviathan,' 'Pukekura,' 'c. M. Wilson,' and 'R. 1. Wheeler Variegated' can be recommended. Later flowering varieties that do well, but need more shade and freedom from frost and wind to ensure blooms are 'Burnham Beeches,' 'Chandleri,' 'Chandler's Victory,' 'Hikarugenji,' 'Kelvingtoniana,' 'Thompsonii Rosea,' Merrillees' and 'Pink Ball.' 40 Semi-doubles and singles, The oldest specimehs were planted in th~ late 1930s,~nd. ~t is only today that Queenslanders are waking uP. to tlwir great value in tropical.gardens. The first three to make animpr~ssion were the Australianr.aised varieties, 'The Czar,' 'Dr. King' and 'Jean Lyne.' The early and late flowering varieties do well unde.t;awiderange of condition~ .an~ flower over a shorter period ,than •other types. 'Adolphe Aud4sson;' 'Amagashita,"Celtic Rosea,' 'Constance,' 'DorisTagg,' 'Edith Linton,' :'Ellen Sampson,' 'Gauntlettii,' 'Great Eastern,' 'Hanafuki,' 'Iwane,'·· 'Kamohonami,' 'Lady Clare,"Latifolia Vari'egated,' 'LaurieBtay/ 'Monjusu,"Moshio,' 'Mrs. Swan,' 'Nancy Bird,' 'Peach Blossom,' 'Polar Bear,' 'Red Ensign,' 'Spencer'.:> Pink,' 'Teringa,"Magnoliiflora,' 'Whit,e Lily' and 'White Tulip" are the most popular. , Cametlia sasanqua. There are no v,ery old trees Hke those described in the International Camellia Journal, the largest bdng 50years old. But what a display these few trees are giving today! They are completely suited to our southeast Queensland conditions, and as they become more widely known, especially the new varieties, there is no reason why Brisbane, because of its ideal autumn climate, should not become a show p~ace for the cijltivars of c'sasanqua.· The. smaller foliage takes full sun and the humidity ensures rapid growth. Autumn flowering, before the winter frosts cando any damage always assures perfect blo()ms. Tl;1ere are some very good spe~imens of C. sasanqua~n southeast Queensland,partkularly oJ 'Hiryu,"Benizuru,', 'Mikuniko,' and 'Onigoromo.' Newer varieties such as .'Exquisite,' 'Jean May,' 'Lucinda,' 'Marie Young,' 'Plantation Pink,' 'Setsugekka,'are becoming firm favourites with gardeners, and nurserymen are predicting a very big future for C. sasanquainQueensland. CameUia x williamsii and other hybrids..~ These comparatively recent imroductions are difficult under our summer conditions, they grow vigorously enough, but most varieties are subject to "diehack" in the summer. 'Much of southeast Queenslandhas very acid soil and this I feel js the chiefcause of losses because there. are. some hybrids do~ng exceptionallywell on.neutral . to alkaline soils. We have comrolled diehack with heavy applications of dolomite in the early summer; but it istooea.t;lyyetto,drawfirm conclusions. Varieties. such as 'Bowen Bryant," 'Lady's '. Maid' . and 'Barbara, Clark' have never shown a si,gnof dieback,but heautifulhybdds like 'Crinkles: 'Donation,' 'E. G,' Waterhouse,' 'Ellamine,"Margarer Waterhouse' and 'Shocking Pink' are prone to the complaim. However,'l feel as. we learn more about their culture they will be as prolific as any camellia under our conditions. Camellia reticulata.~There are very few of these grown in Queensland and it is far too early to pass a commem as to .the~r suitability to our climate.. NORTH QUEENSLAND. - At MarYhorough, Bundaberg, Gladstone, Mackay, Ayr, Ingham, Innisfail, and Cairns the formal and informal double varieties on well drained' soils grow vigorously with up to four growths a year. There are trees that have been pruned back repeatedly, Varieties such as 'La Pace Rubra,' 'Paol~na Maggi,' 'A1bertii,' 'Angela Cocch~,' 'CO M. Hovey,' 'Prince Eugene Napoleon,"Mariana,' 'Red Watatah' and 'White Waratah,' but alas for aU their growth they seldom flower. All these varieties are normally quick growing; slow growing varieties never survive under these conditions. 41 .. Camellias in tropical coastal regions only grow in well drained areas of free open soLL' Through these' coastal areas the Australian Sugar Industry is centred with a lot of country being too heavy and boggy in wet weather for camellias. Existing specimens are a relic of the formal double era, when everybody compared .a camellia with a rosebud, and unfortunately until more people learn of the informal double, semi'double and singles, the true value of camellias in the tropics will not be appreciated. The. essentials for camellia growing in tropical conditions are: 1. Free open well drained soil. 2. Semi-shade, but assured air movement around plant. 3. Vigorous growing varieties. . 4. Heavy mulching for cool root systems in sllmmer. 5. As open soils leach out plant nutrients quickly, regular fertilization programmes after heavy rain. 6. Single, semi-double and loose informal doubles varieties that flower in midseason (June/July). Thus in recommending varieties for these conditions the range becomes limited. Early flowering varieties are out because hot weather in May and early June will dry out ··flower buds and late flowering varieties will not flower because mild winters and early spring growth will not allow the buds to open. Suitable varieties are 'Adolphe Audusson,' 'Amagashita,' 'Aspasia, 'Australis,' 'Chandler's Victory,' 'Constance,' 'Dr. King,' 'Emperor of Russia Variegated,' .'Great Eastern,' 'Kamohonami,' 'Lady Beresford,' 'Lady Clare,' 'Lady Loch,"Latifolia Variegated,' 'Laurie Bray,' 'Mrs. Swan,' 'Nagasaki, 'Odoratissima,"Otohuhu Beauty,' 'Polar Bear,' 'St. Ives' and 'White Lily'. Doris Tagg,"Elegans' and 'Moshio' ,require neutral to alkaline soils to succeed. I would recommend these varieties also for the Atherton Tablelands which is a Mountain Plateau 2,000 to 3,000 feet above sea level inland from ·Cairns. Pioneers who in .the past have experimented with camellias in the tropics have shown the way by which the most beautiful. of all winter flowering shrubs can be grown.

42 The International Camellia Society' and. Camellia Nomenclature ALBERTFENDIG Georgia U.S.A.

A,N . important objective of the International. Camellia Society is better worldwide camellia nomenclature. Camellia enthusiasts live in the temperate zones around the ·earth. New seedlings, new mutants, new interspecific hybrids are originated each year in points as far apart as Australia and the eastern coast of the United States; England and Japan, Portugal and New Zealand, Southern Rhodesia and California. Many of these countries have their own camellia societies and some of them undertake the registration of camellias originating in their own areas. But unless there is some worldwide coordinating agency a duplication of names and consequent confusion in camellia nomenclature cannot fail to occur. At the 1962 Horticultural Congress held in. Brussels, the International Camellia Society was appointed the International Registration Authority for Camellia.' In its work as such, IeS will be governed by the International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated plants. A most important first step was an authentic alphabetic listing of existing cultivar names. This gi,ant step has been taken. It was initiated by the 1. H. Bailey Hortorium and the work was carried out by Dr. Ralph N. Philbrick, with the enthusiastic support of interested persons and organizations over the world. After approximately seven years of intensive work all camellia cultivar names (amounting to approximately fifteen thousand) published from 1752 through 1958 have been indexed and annotated and the checklist will become the basic authority for camellia, nomenclature for camellias from 1752-1958. This work will be offered to the public. through ICS. The Nomenclature Commi.ttee of ICS has been busily engaged in contiriuing thi,s checklist from January 1, 1959, and it is planned that a supplemental list bringing the checklist up to January, 1965, will be published and thereafter frequent supplements. The ICSbespeaks for its. nomenclature the. same fine cooperation from national and regional camellia societies and from the camellia people of the world which made the basic li,st possible and so complete. 43 The International Camellia Society wishes it to be clearly understood that there is no thought of supplanting national societies in the field of nomenclature but its sole aim is to encourage, assist and coordinate such work. The tremendous wealth of information in the hands of ICS will be available to such societies upon r~quest. Before registering a ,proposed camellia, each society· is urged to check with the International,· Camellia Society Nomenclature Chairman, whose address is Box 460, Brunswick, Georgia, U.s.A. An immediate reply win be furnished. It is hoped that in this way the duplication of already existing names will be avoided. Nurseries and others publishing lists of camellias are requested and urged to forward their catalogues to the above address.

How' Tea is Grown and Manufactured Boh Plantations Malaysia

BOH Plantations Ltd. own two separate tea gardens in the Cameron Highlands which together comprise the largest tea estate in Malaysia, with 1,900 acres in full bearing; The two gardens are Boh Estate, which is twelve miles from . the Cameron Highlands golf course, and Sungei Palas Division, which is five miles from the same point. The main factory is situated on Boh, which is , the, original and larger of the two gardens. There is also a factory on Sungei Palas, but it is not at present in operation, and therefore leaf from this Division is transported daily to Boh for manufacture. The combined output of the gardens is over one and a half million pounds of made tea a year and nearly 1,500 people are employed. ' Boh Plantations Ltd. were the pioneers of tea planting in Malaysia on a commercial scale and in the early 1930'sthe Estate was cur out of virgin jungle in what was then a very remote and inaccessible part of the country. At the time, the tea indust'ry throughout the world was facing serious .difficulties because of over production and, from a careful study of world markets, it was. evident that. during a slump,. common teas ,became uneconomical whilst the best teas continued to enjoy a strong demand. For this reason the Company chose the Cameron Highlands where it was correctly assumed that 'an excellent tea could be grown and from the outset the estate was developed with the intention of producing a tea of outstanding quality; , The tea isplanted on steep slopes which range in. altitude from 3,500 feet to over 5,500 feet above sea level and the Climate is cool and moist which is ideal for producing tea of good flavour and quality. Manipuri jat tea is grown on Boh Estate and, the Rajghur jat on PalasDivis,ion;both of these

Reprinted 'by permisl>ion oj' Bob Plantartions Ltd., Kuala Lumpur, Mal,aysLa 44 View o( Boh Estate.

Pruning. 45 are excellent Assam vanetles and are held in such high regard that the company has for many years exported' seed to such major producing countries as Ceylon" Pakistan and Africa, and also countries as far apart as the Argentine, Mauritius, Japan and Fiji. The process of manufacture of tea is extrem~ly interesting and on Boh follows the recognised and proved methods practiced in Ceylon. The' factory is of modern design and is equipped with the most up-to-date machinery,it has been recently extended and ,provides facilities' to manufacture crops in excessofthosf; currently harvested as the estate has ,not yet reached the level of production of which it is fully capable. '

TEA The Tea plant, which has the botanical name ofCamellia sinensis, has been grown for perhaps as long as 2,000 years. It has been cultivated for so long that its home as a wild plant is a matter of speculation but it is­ generally accepted that the use of tea asa beverage originated in China. It was grown as a peasant crop and manufactured in a very primitive, fashion. It is still grown as a peasant crop in China but during the last 125 years it has also become one of the world's most important estate crops. Methods of processing have been revolutionised by the use of modern machinery, yields have been greatly increased by the use of improved methods of cultivation and fertilisers, and its growing has spread far from its original home. However, although it has become an intensive, complicated industry, it has not been possible to mechanise the care of the bush or the plucking of the crop with any appreciable success. Tea plants can be divided into two principal groups which are usually referred to as China and Assam (or Indian) varieties and it is from the latter group that most of the best strains have been develop~d and grown on a large scale outside China. Numerous hybrids exist but the two principal groups ate distinctive in appearance in that the China variety is a small leafed shrub whereas the Assam types have large and glossy leaves aadif allowed to grow freely develop into fairly substantial trees of 30 feet or more in height. In the same, way that the varieties of tea are divided into twO main groups so also are there two principal types of tea manufactured, Green tea and Black tea. The essential difference is that in the processing of Black tea the leaf is 'fermented' whereas in the case of Gteen tea it is not. Although the production of Green and Black tea depends only on the, method of manufacture used, the former is usually associated with, China teas because it is the process most commonly practiced in China. Conversely, in other countries, including Malaysia, where plants ar~ mainly of the Indian variety, the tea produced is, most, often fermented and therefore Black. The flavour, aroma and 'strength of liquor of tea depend upon the variety (jat) of the plants, the climate and sod, the standard of plucking and skill of processing in the factory. Good quality tea can only be produced undd certain climatitconditions, in this respect the cool freshness of the Cameron HigWands is ideal. 46 Carrying withered leaf from the Tats. Withering Tats in the loJls.

Feeding fermented leaf into the driers. 47 HOW TEAlS GROWN AND HARVESJ:ED . Tea' is usually grown from seed, The. youngplantsare.reared io n.urseries for a period ofup 1'0 18 months,they.are thenrransplanted to the field· and· cO$.mence yielding about four years filter,. Tea can also be grown from cu~~ingsand it is bythis method that high yielding high quality clones have be¢n devel()ped.· . . . . ; TheeconomicIife of tea is usually regarded as being about 40 years, but under good growing conditions it maybe considerablylonger. There is tea grqwing in Ceylon 80 years oldandstiII yielding well, t~a growingQorhe steep slopes of. the Cameron Highlands requires' very .car~fuI wee~ingand fertilizing to maintain soil fertility. Harmful gras~~s such as lallangand paspalumrequire to be remov~d but soft weeds and (:re~ing cover crops must be. encouraged. Clean ·weeding.results in rapid soiFerosion. Tea is harvested by plucking the new growth ofshoots every seven to ten days,. Good tea Can bnly be made from young le# and the plucker takes only the top two leaves and bud. A plucker plucks an average oiabout 50 ·fbs. of green leaf in a. day, but during periods of rapid growth can sonietimes pluck over 100 lbs. in a day. Approximately 5 Ibs. of green leaf are required to make one pound of made tea. On Bah Estate the tea is pruned once every three years. The object of pruning is to stimulate the plant and to keep its height within the bounds of l;asy and efficient pbcking.

HOW BLACK TEA IS PROCESSED Good tea can onlybe made f~om good leaf, i.e., leafproduced bybushesqf goo<;lv~ri~ty (jat), growing' under satisfaqory climaticand soil ..c()nditions and, plucke~accordingto high .standards which.exclude .any coarse le~. However, good tea depends equally as much on the skill of processing.and the machinery facilities. of the factory. The processes of Black teamariufa.crure. are as follows;­ L . Withering 2. RoIling 3. Roll-hreakinga~dGreenLeaf Sifting 4. Fermeritation: 5. Firing and Grading 6. . Bulkiq.g and Maruring 7. Packing o , • • TheobjectoLwitheril1g is to reduce the moisrurecontentofthegreen leaf i by abOut 50percent. ' The green leaf brought in from the field is spreadontighdy stretched hessian racks in the lofts where is remains for about 18 hours. Dry air is 48 circulated through the lofts which evaporates moisture from the leaf, Withering can also be carried out by a recently invented machine known as a Drum Witherer. Two of these machines have been installed in the Boh Factory and are employed in conjunction with conventional withering.

, . ... \ When the right degree ofwith~r has been obtained the leafis rolled. The object of rolling is to break down the size of theleafand to rupture the leaf cells to liberate the juiCes. The machinehasasimilareff~ctto rubbing the leaf between the palms of the hand which was the original primitive method. After rolling the leaf is passed over a machine which sifts the fine leaf known as "Dhool" from the coarser leaf known as "Big Bulk." This can be regarded asprimarygradingbec~qs~thereafterthe ',ohool" and ,the "Bi~ Bulk" are kept· separate. . The ," rolling and roll breaking processes are repeated several time~." " , ' The process knownas "fetmentation"is really oxidation of the leaf juices and if very important in themannfacture of Black tea. Th~,leaf, now divided into "Dhool",and "Big Bulk,"iS spread on,trays. for a period 6f about 4 hou~s during whiCh time the leaf changes colour to a dark copper colour a,ndthe typical aroma develops.' The change in colour is similar to ,that which occurs whenan apple is cut and exposed to air. After fermentation the leaf is "fired" in a machine ,whiCh drives off excess moisture and crystalisesthe fermented juices to produce the Black tea familiar to everyone. When the housewife subsequently brews a pot of tea these crystals dissolve. It is essential, that boiling water is used because, the crystals will not dissolve properly in water that is not boiling. After firing theleaf is graded by machine. Tea is improved if it is matured for a ~hort period and for this reason it is stored in bins before being packed. The period of storage is arranged sothat the, tea reaches ,the consumer about three months, after manufacture when it is in its yery be~tcondition. It is also bulked. before packing in order to ensure that any slight variations in qtlality from day to day, are eliminated. It shoqldbe noted that tea deteriorates if itiskepttoolong especially in the ' humid climate of this country; , , The greater part ,of the tea produced by Boh Plantations k sold in packets in Malaysiaundenbe well known 'brand names of "Boh Tea," "Cameronian" and "Tiger Tea." The climate of the Cameron Highlands is stlch that there aren() seasonal variations in quality of the tea which makes' it very suitable for the packet trade in its pure and unblended gate without any necessity for blending. The packets ,are made, filled and heat sealed by hand by Hearn of highly skilledpacketers who can do the job better than it can be done by machine and work at a very high speed. 'Tea surplus to, Malaysian, packet requirements is "sold· in" bulk either at auction in London or direct to buyers in the United States of AmeriCa, Canada. and Australia. Samples are drawn daily for tasting to ensure that the highest statldard of manufacture ,is maintained:, In addition, samples are submitted ,regularly to tea tastersinLondop.,C610mbo and Calcutta, and ,the consistently favourable reports fronithesebrokers give a true indication of the high value of the Company's produce by World Standards. 49 Can Chimaeras Occur in Camellias?

C. BLUMENTHAL New South Wales Australia

THIS query was prompted by a cover photograph in The Camellia Journal, July, 1964, of Camellia japonica Helen Bower'. The description reads in part: "Several years ago T. W. Bower,· of Mobile, grafted a "Doctor Knapp" on'Mathotiana Variegated' understock. The resulting bloom resembled neither variety .... Itis assumed that this is a graft chimera sport." The "Docror Knapp" referred to is possibly rhe registered variety 'Dr. J. V. Knapp'. Examining the possibiliry of a graft chimaera the one normal essential is that the shoot which eventually flowers arises from the point where the scion and the understockcallus. This must be, so that the two cell types can grow together in the new shoot. The experimental way to produce graft chimaeras

Fig. 1. Meric1inal Chimaer.a. F'ig. 2. Periclinal Chimaera.

Fig. 3. A shoot formed behind the Mericlinal Sector growing through to forma Chimaera. 50 is, for example, to graft a tomato on the nightshade, and after the graft calluses, to cut the scion back to the callus. The resulting adventitious shoots may then contain one that has arisen from the junction of the two cell types in the callus. Normally, this would be mericlinal, that is, a sector (fig. 1.). This can be transformed to a periclinalform (fig. 2) by a shoot forming behind the mericlinal sector and growing through it to form a chimaera. (fig. 3), i.e. a layer of different cells around the central core of the majority celL The mericlinal type will form irregular leaves or flowers when they originate on the edges obhe sector. The periclinaltype will be symmetrical, and will show,perhaps, a variegation around.theleaf (not always at the tip), a white or pale coloured edge to a flower, or occasionally a pink flower of a red variety, which has a colourless layer of cells overlapping the normal cell, thus lightening the red to pink. There are other types of chimaera, Sectorial and irregular. The latter are further divided into-coarse and fine mosaics. . . Another kind of plant that can arise from a graft,is a graft hybrid.. This is not a chimaera, as it is a true fusion of the cells of the different plants. If the chromosome count of the parent plants differ, the resultant graft hybrid will have a chromosome count of the mean of the two parents. A reported example is the Bizzaria orange, a graft hybrid between Citrus aurantium and Citrus medica. Looking over the flower types in camellias, at first sight it seems that many could be chimaeras. For example the old Australian variety 'Aspasia'-a white with pink or rose markings-which is what you would expect with an irregular chimaera, has a number of sports of which one is a pink edged white called 'Lady Loch' (a periclinal type) and another a self colour rose pink called 'Otahuhu Beauty'. 'Lady Loch' could have the il1ner fonn of 'Otahuhu Beauty' with an overlay of colourless cells. There are some objections to this assumption. The same camellia­ 'Aspasia'-produces awhitesport with a rose pink edge---"'Margaret Davis',­ 'Lady Loch' produces apale pink sport with arose pink edge, called 'Can Can'. It is difficult to explain these in terms of chimaeras, although, the late formation of the edges of the petals, as with leaf tips, may be given as a reason for the rose pink edges. . From observation of camellia blooms over some years, I have come to the conclusion that they are far more· unstable genetically, than they give us reason to believe. One seeming abnormality is that, when a terminal flower bud is seen to bloom as a particu'larsport, thebtanch after growing on, may not again produce that flower. In other words, the mutation concerned was only in the flower and therefore only in the cells from which it grew. This leads in turn to the conclusion that the. flower cells concerned originate from one single mutated celL If this is so, chimaeras cannot occur in camellias, as the bloom of a chimaera must originate in the lower and upper layers of the plant tissue with a rilU1titudeofcells taking part in the bud formation. Another observation which seems to support this, is the sport, 'Shiro Chan', which occurred ona plant of 'CM. Wilson' in our garden.. The branch involved had a forked end, one terminal flowered 'c. M. Wilson', and the 51 other 'Shiro Chan'. The 'c. M. Wilson' section of the branch was cut off, and the 'Shiro Chan' part forked as it grew on and blossomed 'Shiro Chan' on both t<:rminals. The branch behind the cut ofL 'c. M. Wilson' set three other shoots, two of these bloomed 'c. M. Wilson' and one 'Shiro Chari'. These have continued to bloom true to type. My interpretation of this is that the mutation to 'Shiro Chan' occurred in the first few cell divisions when the branch was formed as a bud from the main stem. The cells in each bud or shoot ofthis branch willbe of a single variety, because buds and shoots only arise from single cells. If my interpretation of these observations is correct, chimaeras are not possible in camellias. This does not necessarily rule out graft, hybrids which are attributed to a most unusual form of cell fusion. Regarding the cultivat 'Helen Bower', if chimaeras could occur in camellias, the bloom type would have to be that of one of the parents. From a cutting gtown plant of 'Helen Bower', any of the root cuttings taken should , flower as one of the parents if it is a true chimaera.

Advice to' Beginners on Propagation

GEOFFREY R. WAKEFIELD Sussex United 'Kingdom

THE fact that you are readingtllis page ~n this journal indicates that you have already been infected With, the deadly virus of camellia-ids. Therefore I shall not waste, time or, space extolling the' obvious beauty of the genus. The great pleasure to be derived from propagating these lovely plants may not be quite so wen known. Not only does propagation produce additional plants ,for the garden and to ,exchange for new varieties (let's face it, most of us are inveterate collectors) but also provides us with living gifts for an increasing number of friends. Camellias are easily propagated in a fmmberof ways. Cuttings root most readily. Scions take to understocks more easily than they do with many other plants. Layering and inarching are also possible. These methods will be deakwith separately in this series of articles. Cuttings I start with cuttings because this offers the beginner the' best and easiest method of increasing named varieties without any great outlay. If one is willing to instal expensive equipment, automatic mist sprays, subterranean irrigation, soU heaters, air heaters, one can with luck and skill, root camellias during much of the year. If, however, like myself and the 52 majority of "growers, you are willing to settle for an annual batch of cuttings taken during the optimum period, then an inexpensive· propagating frame can easily be made from an old packing case covered with a sheet of glass. The depth should be a mini.mum of nine inches (23 em.) or, if heater wires are to be put in, twelve inches (30.5 em.). The size will be governed by the number of cuttings required. A case about two feet (61 cm.) by eighteen inches (46cm.) will accommodate from sixty to eighty cuttings according to their size. The timber should be up to an inch (2.5 <;m.) thick and have been treated with a wood preservative well in advance of use. The bottom must be bored with a number of one inch holes, about four to six inches, (10 to 15 cm.) apart, for drainage purposes. The holes are covered with an inch or two of bmken crocks, and over these a layer of dead leaves to prevent the compost from percolating between the crocks, thus ruining their drainage value. The compost should be about four inches deep, leaving three or four inches of air space for the clittings. From this it will be seen that a depth of nine inches is an absolur.e minimum and more preferable. The Compost The. recipe of the compost is a debatable point and for success much depends upon the. indivi.dual. One grower may have very good results using pure silver sand or coarse washed river grit, and be less successful if he incorporates a quantity of peat.. Another. may find the addition of peat advantageous and a mixture of peat and coarse sand is generally recommended. If no peat is used, carefulwatedng is certainly essential to prevent the cuttings .from drying out and to maintain humidity in the case. In Holland many growers use a pure peat compost. The cuttings are thoroughly watered in, covered with polythene and then a sheet of glass which is shaded during bright sunshine. Subsequent waterings are given only as absolurelynecessary, and then lightly, so as i:o just moist~n the compost. Except for periodic inspections they are often left untouched until rooted. Selection of material The material for cuttings. should be. the' curreht year's growth, selected only from healthy vigorous bushes. Do NOT use srubby little growths an inch or two in length, and equally avoid lanky growths from the sheltered side of the 'bush. The best growths are six to nine inches long, nicely stout and well set with evenly spaced leaves. Time to collect The. optimum time for selecting cutting matt<,:rial is between the completion of growth and its full ripening. The wood should be firm yet not brittle, nicely pliable yet not soft and sappy. When gently benrit should not offer too much resistance yet be firm ,enough to return to its original shape on release. The base ·of the growth should be showing very little, . if any, of the chocolate brown bark of maturity, and certainly no flower buds should be setting. In England during a hot, dry early summer the optimum period is between the end of June and the middle of July, but in cool wet. seasons the wood IIiay still be soft in, late July or early August. Therefore the. selection of material is very largely a matter of common sense, temper,ed with experience. . 53 ,;

CAMBIUM Fig. 1.

Fig. 2.

.Making the cuttings The size· of the cuttings will be governed by the amount of material available. If· these is plenty of material, the larger the cutting, the larger will be the plant once it is rooted. A cutting three to five inches (7.5 to 13 cm.) long with two to four leaves is a convenient size. To minimise transpiration the number of leaves is reduced to two. The blade of the remaining leaves may be reduced to nearly half if propagating space is restricted. Cuttings bearing only one leaf may be llsed when propagating material is scarce. Cuttings are usually prepared by making a straight clean cut just below the joint Or they can be internodal. If the bark is scraped for an inch up the stem on one side, this· increases the wound area and more roots are produced (Fig. 1). Another method is to make a long sloping diagonal cut about an inch long, with a smaller back-cut to form a spade end (Fig. 2). Between these cuts there are a .large number of variations according to the desire of the individual propagator, and what he has proved to be most successful. Use only a knife sharpened to an absolute razor edge, so that no· jagged ends are left. The cuttings are inserted immediately into the compost to about half their length, using a dibber. Make quite sure that the base of every cutting reaches the bottom of the hole. Never "hang" a cutting-it will not root. 54 Aftercare If glass alone is used this should be wiped dry of condensation every day, the cuttings very lightly sprayedover with a fine rose or syringe, and the covers replaced. If polytheneas well as glass is used, a weekly inspeqior; will suffice. The thermostat of soil heaters should not be set higher than 60°F. and it will be necessary to check occasionally to see that the compost is not drying out from the bottom. Once rooting is well under way-in usually six to eight weeks-,-a little air may be admitted to the case, increasing the amount and duration gradually each day. Subsequent care will be dealt with in a future article. Rooting hormones? Oh, no! I am not going to be drawn into that argument.

Camellias Outdoors in the North DAVID GURIN Long Island United States

IF you come to my home on Long Island, New York, you will see to the right of the house entrance a Camellia sasanqua fifteen feet high and ten feet across. On the left is a Camellia japonica ten feet high and eight feet across. The former flowers regularly at the end of November and/or early in December, while the latter flowers in March and/or April. Both plants have flourished in their present sites for well over ten years. About fifty other camellias are growing outdoors on my place, and have likewise been there for many years. . After this warm-up, I must warn you that about half of the camellias I planted have not survived and that many of the surviving plants have not bloomed. However, plants which survive the first. winter rarely die subsequently. SincetheAmerican Camellia Society not infrequently reports that camellia shows have been cancelled intheCarolinas,northern Florida and Louisiana because blossoms are frozen I· am grateful that in my collectioriof early mid-season and late blooming varieties, some will open blossoms at an opportune time to escape freezing and, in an otherwise dormant garden, will be as beautiful as a well decorated Christmas tree. A dozen camellia·species are grown by fanciers in this country. Only two are of importance: C. japonica and C. sasanqua, particularly to northern gardeners. No experienced grower today believes the claim made a few

Reprinted by permission from Horticulture VOil. XLH., Number IiI., November, 1964. 55 years ago that C. sasanqua is hardier than C. japonica, nor do I believe that there is any significant difference in the hardiness of varieties in each species. However, some varieties are choicer because of, vigor of growth, beauty of flower or time of flowering. Of the varieties of C. Jasanqua, 'Minenoyuk.i' is unique. Its flower is large white, fully double and resembles a carnation. Amongst the japonicas, the varieties 'Yokeihaku' CSeptemberMorn'), a white, and 'Arejishi,' a red, have fine double flowers which usually appear in the fall. This timing is unusual in the japohicas, and these two varieties stand out visually among the sasanquas, which ar~ usually, single. Other first-rate japonica varieties are 'Lady Clare,' 'Tricolor,' 'Daikagura,' 'Donckelari,' 'Mathotiana,' 'Professor C. S. Sargent' and 'Hikarugenji.' lance planted eighteen camellias of different varieties in one open spot and lost all of them the first winter, while the majority of camellias planted at the same time in the shelter of a hedge survived. The essential require-;' ment for growth of camellias outdoors in the North is that when the ground is frozen,and the plant is, therefore, unable to bring up moisture, the evergreen leaves must not be dried out by \Vind and snn. The camellias must be screened by a wall, hedge, burlap, or other materials.' Of course, this protection for the leaves also protects the flower buds. In order for the camellia to make flower buds in abundance, it should be open to the sky. The plant will survive in shade but will not' make as many, if any, flower buds unless it receives sun for a few hours a day during its growing period, butfull sun is not necessary or desirable. In addition to the need for protection, obviously a healthYl'lanc is more likely to survive, winter. To ensure plant health, sandy, acid topsoil with peatmossand cottonseed meal incorporated into itis ideal. If the camellia is properly planted in three feet of such soil, it needs no further care. Scale, aphids and thrips, which cause trouble when camellias are grown in warm climates, seldom affect plants outdoors in the North. Camellias should be set out only when dormarit, in early spring as soon as the ground thaws or in September when growth is complete and plants are budded. COncerning purchase of ,camellias,a few words of advice will be helpful. Camellias are rather slow,growers. While, even, small, plants bear ,flowers, large plants of most varieties are available', and nqt expensive. , The, largest plants are fieldcgrown. These' are shipped with' their roots in balls of earth wrapped in burlap. Unfortunately in digging, the largest rpots are cut off, so that plant losses are high. Unless plants have, been toot-pruned a, year, before shipment, which is rare, I prefer to buy container-grown camellias. If you, too, follow these simple precautions-and have a suitable, climate and location-you can have beautiful camellias in yonr garden.

56 Camellias in Jersey

VIOLET LORT-PHILLIPS Jersey Channel Islands

FOR those readers who are unfamiliar with the Channel Islands, the best known are Guernsey, Alderney, Sark, Herm, Jethou and Jersey, where I live. The Islands are strung out some 20 miles from the coast of France with the Cherbourg Peninsula to the north and the bay of Mont St. Michaelin the south. Jersey, the most southerly, is the largest of the group---15 x 12 miles. It is divided into 12 parishes which are generally named after local Saints. Conditions vary in the Island, sand dunes and heather with a light soil in St. Ouens in the west, heavier soil in the valleys of St. Lawrence in the centre, dark friable earth in St. Martin. The grass is rich and the famous Jersey cows are tethered and wear mackintosh coats and sacking to keep the flies off in the summer. The chief exports, apart from cows, are early potatoes­ 'Jersey Royals'-tomatoes, broccoli ~nd spring flowers. In April, the fields are like cloths of gold,· daffodils and narcissi brighten the countryside, if not the farmer's heart-the price has slumped and the crop is not worth picking. Growing conditions are good, though like all islands we suffer from wind and fog. There is not the terrific rate of growth of more favourable lands, though these islands are of volcanic origin yet we can boast cabbage stalks 6ft. tall, which are made into walking sticks. In normal years we are 5 to 6 weeks in advance of the mainland. I must except the abnormal winter of 1962/63, the records say the worst since 1823. During the 1962/63 winter the Channel Islands were shrouded in snow and battered by icy gales. Though spring seemed far away it was pleasant to indulge one's fancy. I thought about camellias and talked about camellias until my family and friends protested as they mopped up water from their burst pipes. Below my garden, the Royal Bay of Grouville was edged with frozen spray. 6ft. conger eels were left frozen stiff in the icy rock pools. During a lull in the storm, my husband and I toured the garden mournfully noting casualties. Mimosa-Acacia dealbata and A. baileyana--usually a cascade of February gold, brown and shrivelled, brown too the ceanothus, Pittosporum tenuifolium, looked as if it had been shaved on the windward side. Next to it, dead in its protective shroud of polythene and sacking, stood the pretty pink Albizzia julibrissin rosea. The fine 60ft. high monkey puzzle Araucaria araucana by the front. door had ominous cracks around the base and the heavy top was swaying alarmingly. "It will fall on the house," my husband cried. "It will crush my camellias on the cotils,' I replied. m Fortunately, the wind abated sufficiently for it to be cut down before either contingency arose and so domestic harmony was restored. Our garden is comparatively small, 4 vergees-there are 2t vergees to the acre-.and as the name 'La Colline' implies, it is on a hill. The steep slopes are called cotils and are terraced. We moved 'herein 1958 and found a few old bushes of Camellia japonica, rElegaris',"Maci~me Lebois' and 'Alba Plena', and have added to these, C. reticulata 'Captain Rawes, C. williamsii 'J. C. Williams', a delicious ·small pink pyramid, )0£ blooms, .which all survived the storms. 'Donation' was reluctant to open its flowers, so shocked by the weather, as were other favourite varieties of Camellia japonica; and Camellia sasanqua. .. ,- ..-. . ". Weare preparing a site for a lathe house on the lines of the one I saw in New Zealand, choosing which cotilsto plant.with the snow camellias given me by Professor Bagiya from the Faculryof Agricu,li:ure,. Niigata University, in Japan,and reserving a favoured site for a New Zealand grove in which to plant the scions and seeds sent to me by. Colonel Durrant. ly,rasunawareofthe widesp~ead popUlarity of the genus in Jersey until r looked around the Island. It proved an interesting' quest, for everywhere in t).le ,cOPQtry I found ca,mellias,peeping. over highgr,anit<: walls,. in farmyards aQdin the pack garqens 9f the houses. of St. Helier, our ,capital and only town.. During the 18th ilnd. 19th centuries ..the well-to-do islanders moved fro,m their coutltryhouses to theirtowris for the. winter season--':"which was very· gay. wit).l a r(':giment and the militia quartered in the barracks on the hnl. .' They plante<;l their g~rdens with ma~no!ias and camellias.. :These .town hQJlses !Lte fqr .the,mqstpannow used as guest houses or private hotels, totirls,m l;>einga staple of th(: Island econOIny.:rhere does not. seem to be at present ,an)maginatiye planting of camellias in the public parks. . . . . Camellias flourish in the old Manor House gardens; For centuries ~ach parish has had its Seigneur or Feudal Lord who had certain' rights and duties over andfor"his people. Jersey law 'is Norman-'-Jersaise French is still spoken in the country; it is difficult to understand, approximating to the El1glish; of Cllauc:er,~ncl was found very useful during the German occupation. The title 9f Se,ignew is used, though most of the privileges have disappeared. I wil.! describerhreeof i-he ManorBousegardeps that I know w/ell, which are jndifferentpa,rts of the jslaQd. . . Samares' Mahor, St. Cleinent, is the horne' 6f .Mrs. Obbard, whose first husband,the.·late' Sir James Nott," was'an' ardent horticulturist.. The gardens werelaidoutby Sir James in 1927, who planted almost a complete collection of the camellias then available; there are 80 different varieties growing at Samares today. When the gardensweieredesignooand enlarged, the marsh was drained and shiplaids of rockS from the north ofEngland Were imported to build terraces and 'create hillocks. Mrs. Obbard predicts that the large q~antity6f theSe' rocks will puzzle geologists' in the future, when they are dlscovered arnohg our island granite. The, house is approached by a drive which winds past large beds of flowefing shrubs and . trees, cherries, pittosporum, eucalyptus,etc. ' A bush ofCttmellia jc;ponica 'Lady Vansittart' greets ~ou at the entranse lodge. There 'Yere 15 gardeners before the war, today flve men tend thega:rdens~ . . 58 Turnii1g a co~ner one sees across the sweep of ' lawn an oblong bed containing fine specimens of Camellia japonica, at least 20ft. 'tall; 'Fred Sander', the fimbriated crimson flowers contrasting with the pure white of 'Yoibekidori' (Magnoliiflora Alba'), 'iuid 'Donckelarii,' crimson and white. The cr~am faced Manor House stands looking over a formal garden to the west. FaCing thehousethei:e is a new plantation of camellias, they are set in the grass underthelight shade of beech trees, bordered by a circle ohaU, well grown older varieti~s of camellia. Amongst this grOup I noted the clear glowing pink of 'Barbara Hillie( " To the: right of this new group there stands the Colombier, or pigeon house~ This 'date~ from the '13th century and is constructed of slabs of the island pink granite in the shap'e' ofa round tower. Inside the walls arelined,wjth nesting ledges. In its heydaY' itumst have been a magnificenCsightwheidll'the birds rose up from it 'ina'white cloud. Only five Manors we+epermitt~d a Colombier, by feudal regulations. At Samares Manor,' artifice has been skilfully· employed' to marry hilrmoniously a mixture of styles. From aformal walled garden with statues. lily pond and fountains,' one progresses by the rock gardens to' an' avenue of stone lanterns, leading toa Japanes'ePavilioti.,with a bronze'Buddah. Smooth lawns, with fi1}e speclriieri tte~s;' M~gnolia grcMdiflora'Goliath' and typical M. gra1zdiflora, magnificent weeping willows, the glint of water, make a superb setting foicamellias. ' .

The next garden tharlwillendeavour to describe isdHfere!J.t~at Radier Manor, the home of ,the Earl and Cou'ntess of Jersey',: care has been ,taken to use the natural contours of the land:; one's eye follows· the cutv'eof the' hill pasta miniature lake, along green fields to a view ofSt. HelierHarbour, with Elizabeth Castle standing' sea-girt in St. Aubin's Bay sdme two' miles away One is reminded ofminiaiure landscapes so often depicted in' the paintings of the Italian schooL The drive, 'bordered by Lombardy Poplars alternating with pink mays, anda'bankofRoseof Sharon, Hypericum calycinutn, runs down into the valley. As one turns the corner, the' Manof'comes into view· standing in a cup of land at the head of the valley> OriginallY'a granite farm house built in the middle· of the 18th century, it was enlarged in the early 19th century and is now covered in white stucco;' next door there are still. the granite walls and pantiledroofs'of the old farm buildings. . When Lord and, iaqYJerseycal:n~ to . Radier Manor ,in 1947, there, was virtually no garden, as the ):J.ou,se was occupied by troops during the German occupation. They found some camellia'trees,6()or more yei;lrs old,·'Contessa Lavinia Maggi' in the walled garden and a fine 'Donckelarii' and 'Latifolia' near the house. They have redesigned the gardens, placing tender acacia and albizzia in the walled garden and plantedthesloping'cotils below the house with spring bulbs and a variety of heathers. A wide border of flowering shrubs on either side·of the main lawn runs down to th'e lake,which is bordered by iris and primulas and, has .a collection of ornamental ducks.

This description sets the scene' forme to 'introduce the'star'-an avenue of camellias placed along a gentle: slope facing north, to thesouihofthe house. There is a double row of silver birch 'Betula' penduk,which gives light shade to this' interesting' collection: OfCamelliajaponica and other 59 species. Until a protecting conifer hedge is well established the site is exposed-Lord Jersey showed me wind damage of red and brown scales on some of the foliage. Nevertheless, the majority of his camellias withstand the gales and sea-mist; thus proving, if proof were needed, the robustness of camellias. The first camellia to catch your eye at the bottom of the avenue is a fine 'Lady Clare' sprawling luxuriously, the large semi-double pink flowers touching the grass. Higher up the hill there is a glowing pyramid of deep peach blossom, 'Donation', and nearby the white 'Nobilissima.' 'White Swan', lower down, cleverly flowers inside the bush, using the outer leaves as protective shields for its lovely single flowers with their golden anthers. 'Adolphe Audusson's' scarlet trumpets were not affected by the cold. 'E1egans', 'Gloire de Nantes' and 'Magnoliiflora' usually flower abundantly.

There have been some interesting flowers from the 20 or so seedlings grown by Lord Jersey each year. Two C. japonica seedlings promise well-the .first an attractive red paeony flowered and the second a pale pink, semi-double. They grow in a small terrace garden by the house, where there is a sturdy old tree of 'Donckelarii' which he uses for in-arch grafting. No picture of Jersey gardens can be complete without including beautiful Rosel. Rosel Manor, at the head of the valley, has been the home for many centuries of the Lempriere family, who carryon a long tradition of good gardening. There is a garden of lakes and streams in a setting of enchantment. A woodland path leads from the house down through rough grass planted with spring bulbs to the gardens. Turning the corner you see mirrored in the first lake a double image of pink granite walls down which cascade the roseblossoms of C. reticulata 'Captain Rawes'; nearby and a little back, a tall bush of the formal double dark red 'Margarita Coleoni', in the foreground the large semi-double 'Adolphe Audusson'. The scene is dominated by a magnificent specimen of T axodium distichum, the trunk of which leans just at the right angle to frame the 12 century Chapel that stands at the head of .the garden. Behind this can be seen the old walls and weathered pantile roofs of the present farm building, the site of the old Manor House. On each side of the Chapel there are sturdy trees of old favourites-'Lady de Saumarez' red flowers often intermingled with white sports, it being a mutation 'Tricolor'. 'Lady Vansittart' a hose in hose pink variety and 'Elegans'. The rose coloured flowers of Magnolia sprengeri diva are.a great sight in the small walled garden to the left of the Chapel; also Drimys winteri and Crinodendron lanceolata and next to them flourishes another C. reticulata, Magnolia soulangeana'Rustica Rubra' flowers magnificently. A path curves along the edge of the first small lake, which is bordered by clumps of arums and every coloured primula. Along the banks grow azaleas and rhododendrons, with more of Captain Bolitho's collection of magnolias­ there are 16 different varieties at Rosel. The stream winds down to the second harp-shaped lake past some brown stumps that were N.Z. Tree Ferns, which came as seedlings from Cornwall. On t!J.e opposite ?ank a see~ling Camellia saluenensis, planted five years ago, IS a mass of smgle rose plOk flowers for close on three months. Captain 60 Bolitho, the present occupant, a Cornishman who married a Lempriere, telIs me that about half the plants at Rosel came from such famous Cornish gardens as Caerhays, Trengwainton, Trewidden, Trewithen, and Tresco if' the Scillylsles. There is less humidity in the atmosphere in Jersey, compare~ with that of Cornwall, but the temperature is about the same. It is difficult to paint a true picture of theIsland's flora aod so convey the quaL'ty and variety of plants and treeS, which, together with camellias, make this island such a favoured spot for gardeners to live.

Camellia ,Enemy Number One JACK CLARK Auckland New Zealand

MANY of the maladies of camellias such as yellowish foliage, poor growth, and dieback are attributed to various causes such as alkalinity, acidity, lack of nitrogen and iron, or pot-bound roots. In a few instances the diagnosis may be correct but 90 %' of such failures are caused by the root disease Phytophthora cinnamoni. This disease is found in every country of the world and attacks camellias and many other plants. The chief danger is on waterlogged and badly drained soils such as a retentive clay for such conditions encourage maximum activity.. The incorporation of sawdust into the soil also increases the risk of infection and pot grown camellias should never be plunged into sawdust. The disease is encouraged by planting in adverse soil conditions and young camellias which arrive during bad weather should always be heeled in rather than planted permanently. It sometimes happens that infected plants are distributed through lack of knowledge but so often due to faulty planting the roots of camellias contact phytophthora in the winter and when summer comes the roots 'are unable to perform their natural function and the leaves and eventually whole branches collapse and die. Much research has been undertaken to find a cure and the fungicide Captan has given good results-the roots being thoroughly dipped. Badly affected plants should be burnt and the soil sterilized before replanting. In areas prone to attack it is a good idea to stand potted camellias on polythene so that they are sealed off from the soil. Pot-bound plants are often blamed for poor growth. A plant with healthy roots, planted when the soil is in good condition will soon produce horizontal young roots, The advice given to spread or disturb the roots of pot grown plants is against all nursery practice. The main purpose of growing plants in containers is the secure ease of planting wit!)' the minimum of root disturbance. During my forty years of nursery practice I have personally planted thousands of trees and shrubs without spreading the roots and it is the exception to have plants fail. In fact if roots are disturbed or spread, one can be sure of failure in many cases up to 100%. ' 61 The plant on the left with healthy white roots, healthy foliage. The plant on the right infected with Phytoph.thora cinl/amomi.

The lower section with bro·wn roo'ts has been infected for about two ye~1rS, with the complete root system in that area so restricted, that the short 1'00·(.<; are a solid mass and as hard as .a ro~k. Note the top seotion where the white roots are trying to grow but as they develop the tip becomes brown showing infection. Just behind this tip new secondary roots attempt to grow; these also become infected, the cycle continuing until the plant dies of starvation. 62 . . .. . OIl Not Running the 'Gauntlettii' (A small sad story) DOROTHEA w. NEWTON Sussex United Kingdom

THER.Eis sOmething about being a gardener-:""I mean a. really enthusiastic one. You accumulate subsidiary interests willynilly, as you go.. For instance, it was when I was fetching chunks of sandstone tossed up by a faim tractor in a field, so as to build a rock-pool with the least expense,.that I came across fossils. In the end the fossils almost won. I was sointriguedthatl sent three specimens to the British Museum. I think the Temskya fossil delighted me most-a chunk of tropical fern stem. To learn that over three million years ago mammoths and reptiles prowled amongst gigantic ferns in Sussex marshes was far more exciting than reading about someone'.s latest moon satellite......

Fossils still accumulate and jostle.for ,place among ·111y indoor plants, but the other day -. Welhhe other day Isaw an emerald green grasshopper sitting on Fuchsia 'Citation' in our long sunny bungalow hall. Knowing it lot about flies, spiders, fungi and fossils,,I was stumped about grasshoppers. Did they hibernate? What did they eat? Were they destructive to any indoor plant? J didn't know. Looking through my hand magnifying glass I saw he was washing tentacle-like jaws and that he possessed a do-it-yourself kit of a chirping-box right in the middle ofhisback,it-~-thechirping box (comprising two small camera-shutter-likeflaps) was brown. There it was; so I left him casting acurious glance his way from time to time as I passed. O~eday the temperature dropped sharply by evening and I thought of early frosts and my camellias. Most of these I bring in to flower for our pleasure at and around Christmas and the New Year..The first on IllY list for special attention was my 'Gauntlettii'. About three feet high, lusty; large leafed and fat with buds, she .promised an eady flowering. So I hurried out and carried her·· into the cool pent-house hall with its sunny windows and . weather-boarded outside walls.. Putting 'Gauntletii'down beside the flower-stand filled with filchsiasand impatiens, I wandered off to consider the rest of my tender family outdoors, . When· I switched on the lightslJ,nd drew the curt~ins, .lo,th~te wasth~ grasshopper on the 'Gauntlettii'. He looked weak I thought,so some experiments commenced. Lds see what he can eat. I tried honey, No.·· I tried drops of water,. Yes. Then he drank about a saltspoonful straight off from my hand (two back legs on'Gauntlettii').Fr0111 water to sugared water-"-lovely 63 -all gone. From sugared water to milk-Wow! Every drop gone almost in five minutes. So the grasshopper became part of the household. One sunny afternoon I took him out, sitting on his 'Gauntlettii' leaf to sunbathe with me. I even persuaded him into a forest of grass blades .. ", and walked indoors to make tea. He was back on the 'Gauntlettii' when I returned. So there it was, out he Came for sun and fun on his 'Gauntlettii' each day and in they both returned in the cool of the evening. Inseparable, or so I thought. The trouble is - Well, I have two cats. Of course all the time I had been fattening up my charming visitant for Smoky, our smoke Persian-. Too, too bad and too bid'I was not there when Smoky decided upon a camellia inspection. It's all such a pity. I was just finding out, via various biology folk what he lived upon and why a,nd if he hibernated. I was even searching the garden for the mate he left behind .... I have, I am glad to say, a gorgeously promising 'Gauntlettii'. Did she too, enjoy the inumerable milky feasts I put on her vast leaves? I wonder!

Australian Camellias of the Nineteenth Century TOM SAVIGE Victoria Australia

THE present popularity of camellias together with the vast complex of new varieties and hybrids had a precedent in the last century following the original introduction of the genus into Europe. It was not long before Australia followed countries in the Northern Hemisphere in importing varieties of camellias and raising local seedlings. The first record of, importation is of a shipment ,in the sailing vessel "Sovereign" arriving in Sydney Cove in 1831 and listing the old favourites 'Anemoniilora,' 'Incarnata,' 'Alba Plena,' 'Myrtifolia' and 'Welbankiana' as well as C. japonica 'Rubra.' These were imported by William Macarthur and were amongst the early' varieties used in developing cultivars of local origin. In the following years these were many in number and variety, many becoming lost and, later, renamed or misnamed so that here, as in other countries, there developed considerable confusion in camellia varietal names. As interest in camellias revived from the year 1940 onwards, considerable investigation has continued into the nomenclature of camellias in Australia and, in particular, into those of local origin so that the following article is 64 mostly a recapitulation of the results of' work done by such camellia enthusiasts as Professor E. G. Waterhouse, A. W. Jessep, Walter Hazlewood and the late Dr. R. Merrillees. . . The records show that the first camellia seedlings in Australia were raised; by William Macarthur at Camden Park, New South Wales; the first of these flowering about 1845. Camden Park also acted as the first camellia nursery selling plants to other nurserymen in the various Australian Colonies so that; by the seventies, there were a number of nurseries listing camellias of Australian origin and some raising seedlings. Many of these were listed without description or without adequate information so that they are now unidentified and therefore lost to cultivation under their original names. Many of them probably would not stand up to modern requirements but the names given cannot be used again under the present International Code of Nomenclature. A list of Australian named varieties originating prior to the year 1900 follows. This cut off date was selected as it was the end of the first period of camellia interest in Australia and the names of camellias subsequent to this date are reasonably well established. Of the 167 Australian varieties found to be named in the 50 years from 1849 to 1899 only 25 remain in raday's catalogues and of these only about 10 can be classed as first rate camellias. From the dates of introduction can be traced the early rise and decline of popularity of the camellia. Beginning with 68 new varieties from Camden Park in the 1850's, of which only about 25 were actually distributed, there were 37 new varieties in the sixties and 38 in the seventies. After this new varieties start to fall off with 20 in the eighties and only 4 in the nineties. There then followed a gap of 40' years with only 4 new Australian varieties in 'Mrs. H. Boyce,' 'The Czar,' 'Spencer'~ Pink' and 'Como' before interest again revived in the genus. Two of the main sources of information on the early Australian Camellia seedlings, Macarthur's Notebook and Alexander Hunter's Notebook, are both in the Mitchell Library, Sydney. 'Agnes.' M. Guilfoyle catalogue, 1866. No description. 'Agnes Guilfoyle.' PlatUs in the Botanic Gardens, Melbourne, 1883. 'Alba BaptistE.' Baptist catalogue, 1861 and 1862, but listed as 'Alba Baptisti' in 1871. Creamy white, small neat flower. 'ALba Brianta.'Baptist catalogue, 1861 and 1862. Listed as 'Alba Brianti' in 1864 and as 'Alba Brientii' in 1871. No description. ""Alexander Black.' Taylor and Sangster catalogue, 1889. No description. Newman catalogue. 1894/5. "Dark crimson, a grand flower." This Camellia is charactarized by very erect growth and small foliage. The medium sized, double, crimson flowers are freely produced and resemble a small 'co M. Hovey.' Newman's old stock plant still survives in South Australia. ""Alma.' Horticultural Magazine cmd Gardeners cmd Amateurs Calendar, 1869, p.171. Baptist catalogue, 1871. "Purplish Crimson." Hazlewood catalogue, 1945. "Dark' red waratah type, midseason." 65 Above: 'Prince Frederick William'

Right: 'Tabbs'

'Althea.' First Annual Report of the Australian Botanical and Horticultural Society, 1850. Macarthur's notebook, 30/50. "Crimson scarlet, like 'Hermione' in form, more scarlet ... pretty good." Catalogue of Plmztf Cultivated at Camden Park, 1850. Camellia Quest, 1947. *'Anna M. Page.' Hazlewood catalogue, 1945. An old Camden Park seedling named after Miss Page, a companion to Mrs. John Macarthur. The first lisring is found in Hazlewoods, probably 100 years after ir was first named. It is a large crimson anemone form with two rows of large ourer petals and an informal centre. 'Annette.' Macarthur's notebook, 38/51. "Pale crimson, very double, irregular flowers, handsome general form; good." Camellia Quest, 1947. 'Antagonist.' Baptist catalogue, 1861. No description. 'Armida.' First Annual Report of the Australian Botanical and Horticultural Society, 1850. Macarthur's notebook, 31/50. "Coral coloured, very double, petals very thick substance generally diminishing to the centre, very full round flower, very handsome." Camellia Quest, 1947. Catalogue of Pla:rlts Cultivated at Cctmdro Park, 1850. ·'Aspasia.' Macarthur's notebook, 1/50. "Light flesh coloured with a few splashes of crimson and pink, rhree rows of ourer petals, large, thick and well formed, inner petals more crowded and twisted. Moderate size, very handsome." Catalogue of Plants Cultivated at Camden Park, 1850. Also listed in the first Annual Report of the Australian Botanical & Horticultural Societ'j', 1850. Scott catalogue, 1868. "White and pink, large." This variety was renamed 'Aspasia Macarthur' to disringuish i.t from an Italian variety listed in 1853 as 'Aspasia' but, in conformity wirh the present International Code of Nomenclature priority belongs to the Macarthur seedling. It has produced the family of sports; 'Lady Loch,' 'Otahuhu Beauty,' 'Camden Park,' 'Strawberry Blonde,' 'Glamour Girl,' 'Can Can' and Margaret Davis.' Its American synonym is 'Paeoniiflora.' 'Astarte.' Fuller's Sydney HtVndbook, 1877. Shepherd and Co. catalogue, 1890. "Pure white, fine." Probably one of Sheather's seedlings. 66 *'Azurea.' Shepherd and Co. Select List, 1862. "This new and splendid variery raised from seed _by ourselves, is recommended as a fine grower and an abundant bloomer. The flower is of the largest size, paeony shaped, the colour is a dark or metallic purple and ~s, perhaps, the nearest approach to a blue that has yet appeared in the tribe." 'Beatr~ce.' Macarthur's notebook, 37/51. "Delicate deep pink, good size, petals tolerably large and well shaped, quite double but not perfectly regular to the centre, very pretty flower." Camellia Quest, 1947. 'Beauty of Chatsworth.' Newman catalogue, 1894. No description. Possibly a synonym for 'Chats.' 'Beauty of Greenoaks.' Alexander Hunter's notebook, 1872. No description. Greenoaks was the residence of T. S. Mort, Esq., at Darling Point. 'Beauty of Grove Hill.' Giles' catalogue, 1881. No description, but stifted to be one of their seedlings. Called 'Grove Hill Beauty' in the same list. :Beccan.' M. Guilfoyle catalogue, 1866. In the A1znual Report of the Melbourne Botanic Gardens, 1875, the name is spelt 'Beecan.' 'Bellona.' Macarthur's not'ebook, 10/50. "Scarlet crimson petals, outer two rows large and flat, inner smaller and crowded with a few amongst them of good size. Handsome round flower." Catalogue of Plants Cultivated at Camden Park. 1850. Camellia Quest, 1947. 'Bertha.' Horticultural Magazine and Gardeners and Amateurs Calendar, 1868, p.234, exhibited by J. and W. Gelding. No description. 'Bommerio.' Horticultural Magazine and Gardeners and Amateurs Calendar, 1869, p.147. Exhibited by Magill, nurseryman. No description. 'Bouquet.' R. U. Nichols catalogue, 1888/9. "Small white, red stripe." 'Brenda.' Alexander Hunter's notebook, 1872. Shepherd and Co. catalogue, 1875. "Rose, free bloomer." 'Calliope.' Macarthur's notebook, 33/51. "French white with a few crimson splashes and stripes, moderate size, quite double something in the manner of Tmbricata Alba' but fuller." Camellia Quest, 1947. 'Calphurnia.' Macarthur's notebook, 36/51. "Bright crimson, large size, three rows of outer petals very large and wel~ shaped, very thick substance, inner small and confused. Fine large round 'flower. Good." Camellia Quest, 1947. 'Camdeni.' Horticultural Magazine and Gardeners and Amateurs Calendar, 1869, p.171. 'Capt. A. Selby.' Pl,mts i1z Botanical Gardens, Melbourne} 1883. No description. *'Cassandra.' Macarthur's notebook, 9/50. "Scarlet crimson, four rows of outerpetals, inner petals small and crowded, with a few white amongst kernel. Pretty flower with few anthers." 1851. "Very large size." Catalogue of Plants Cultivated at Camden Park, 1850. Camellia Quest, 1947. Synonym, 'Chandleri Magniflora.' 67 'Celia.' Macarthur's notebook, 53/52. "Bright crimson, much the colour of 'Marina'; smallish size, petals good substance, outer two rows large, inner smaller and crowded, arranged in the form of a heart of a cabbage. Tolerably good." Camellia Quest, 1947. 'Charlotte.' M. Guilfoyle catalogue, 1866. No description. *'Charlotte Guilfoyle.' Plants in the Botanic Gardens, Melbourne, 1883. A labelled plant exists in the Melbourne Botanic Gardens. A semi-double to informal double white with large pink flecks and a red sport. *'Chats.' Shepherd and Co. catalogue, 1880. "Large and beautiful flower of perfect shape and finely imbricated, of a brilliamrich rose colour." Camellia Quest, 1947. The name of Shepherd's nursery was "Chatsworth.' 'Circe.' Macarthur's notebook, 8/50. "Bright scarlet crimson, per.f.ectly regular petals, good form and substance, perfectly i.mbricated to the very centre, small size." Catalogue of Plants Cultivated at Camden Park, 1850. Camellia Quest, 1947. The name has also been used for a pure white variety raised by the Rev. Herbert and listed by Van Houtte in 1851.

'Clara.' Macarthur's notebook, 23/50. "Said to be like 'Coccinea" and ~ood." Catalogue of Plants Cultivated at Camden Park, 1850. Camellia Quest, 1947. *'Cleopatra.' Macarthur's notebook, 19/50. "Crimson, three rows of outer petals large and well shaped, good substance,'" inner smaller and more crowded. Very handsome." Catalogue of Plants Cultivated at Camden Park, 1850. Camel#a Quest, 1947. However there js a prior listing of this name by Hogg, 1833, in the Magazine of Horticulture which gives it as a Michael Floy (USA) seedling. Hertrich in The Camellia, 1947, lists 'Cleopatra' (Anthony) "White and pink, Large peony form." This name would thus appear to have been applied to three varieties. 'Clio.' Macarthur's notebook, 29/50. "Deep rose colour, size like 'Paeoniflora' but darker. Middling. Very abundant bloomer." Catalogue of Plants Cultivated at Camden Park, 1850. Camellia Quest, 1947. There is a prior listing of this name by Berlese, Annales de la Societe Certtrale d'Horticulture de France, 1849, 'Clio' (Italy) for another variety. 'Clymene.' Macarthur's notebook, 15/50. "Scarlet crimson, outer petals lar~e and good, inner small and .crowded, good." Catalogue of Plant.r Cultivated at Camden Park, 1850. Camellia Quest, 1947. 'Corah.' Macarthur's notebook, 61/52. "Rich bright crimson, very double, petals of thick substance, outer large, inner smaller, erect, very crowded and irregular, form semj globular; Good." Catalogue of Plants Cultivated at Camdel~ Park, 1850. Camellia Quest, 1947. 'Coronation.' Alexander Hunter's notebook, 1872; Shepherd and Co. catalogue, 1880. "Deep rose marbled with white, perfect torm." Camellia Culture and Nomenclature, 1954. "White, very large and semidouble." This latter variety is a modern seedling of "Sodegakushi' and not the old Australian variety. 68 ""Countess of Belmore.' Purchase catalogue, 1871. J. Ferguson catalogue, 1883; "crimson coloured." This variety was named after the wife of the Earl of Belmore, a New South Wales Governor, 1868-72. The name has since been wrongly applied to both 'ThompsonU Rosea' and to 'Countess of Orkney Rosea.' . 'Dante.' Macarthur's notebook, 68/52. "Bright crimson, irregular outer petals, large, thick substance, inner crowded, irregular and rather ragged. Tolerably good." C~ellia Quest, 1947. 'Desdemona.' Macarthur's notebook, 62/52. "Rich bright crimson, outer petals very thick and well formed, inner smaller,erect irregular, flower quite double, very round and well formed. Good." Camellia Quest, 1947. "''Dido.' Macarthur's .notebook, 6/50. "Pure white, moderate size, petals well shaped, not sufficiently numerous, of moderate substance, well formed." Catalogue of Plants Cultivated at Camden Park, 1850. Camellia Quest, 1947. This variety was fe-identified in the old Camden Park collection from a labelled plant located Ln the old Giles nursery, South Australia. 'Eburnea.' Catalogue of Plttnts Cultivated at Camden Park, 1850. Camellia Quest, 1947. 'Edith.' Alexander Hunter's notebook, 1872. A. M. Guilfoyle seedling according to Taylor and Sangster,"' 1877. "White tipped with rose." Shepherd and Co; Select List, 1878. "Pure white large double, faintly· tinged with rose." Most later ILsts give it as "rosy pink, large and double," and this is probably the sport. 'Ede.' Shepherd and Co. Novelty List, 1882. "Deep rose, centre petals white. Striped." 'Elfleda.' Shepherd and Co. catalogue, 1880. "Red, very large." Newman listed this variety as 'Elffeda' in his 1886/7 catalogue and Hackett catalogued it in 1893 as 'Elfreda.' 'Endymion.' James, 1892. "Pale rose flaked with white, superb shape." 'Euphrasia.' Macarthur's notebook, 18/50: "Large handsome double red, with a few anthers, three rows of outer petals, very large, very thick and streaked like 'Corallina,' inner small and crowded, good." Catalogue of Plants Cultivated at Camden Park, 1850. Camellia Quest, 1947. 'Euterpe.' Macarthur's notebook, 25/50.. "Like 'Spoffortia carnea'." Catalogue of Plants Cultivated at Camden Park, 1850. Baptist catalogue, 1861. "Purplish crimson." Camellia Quest, 1947. Another variety under the same name was listed by Van Houtte, 1851. "Imbrication parfaite, rose abandelette blanche unique, facon, mbine." 'Excelsior.' Horticultwral Magazine and Gardeners and Amateurs Calendar, 1868, p.234. Exhibited by J. and W. Gelding. No description. 'Felicia.' Melbourne Botanic' Gardens Annual Report, 1875. Plants in Bdtanic Gardens, Melbourne, 1883. No description. 69 'Fenella.' Macarthur's notebook, 63/52. "Small' regularly imbricated shaped flower, pale crimson, petals well formed, thick substance, plant unhealthy, flowers promising." Catalogue of plants Cultivated at Camden Park, 1850. Cam.ellia Quest, 1947. 'Florence.' Shepherd and Co. catalogue, 1880. "Rose pink." Treseder catalogue, 1883. "Rosy salmon shaded with purple, nicely imbricated, of good growth and fine foliage." 'Francisca.' Macarthur's notebook, 51/52. "Pale crimson, middling size, quite double, outer petals large and undulated, inner small, erect and rather crowded. Pretty good." Camellia Quest, 1947. 'Fridoline.' Melbourne Botanic Gardens Annual Report, 1875. Plants in Botanic Gardens, Melbourne, 1883. No description. 'Fussi.' Baptist catalogue, 1861/62. No description. ;;'Great Eastern.' Joseph Harris catalogue, 1873. "Large red." A distinctive large semidouble with three rows of long outer petals set apart in a hose-in-hose fashion. Colour Rhodonite red H.c.c. 0022. 'Guilfoylei.' M. Guilfoyle catalogue, 1866. No description. Plants in Botanic Gardens, Melbourne, 1883. The labelled plant in the Melbourne Botanic Gardens is a white single and thought to be a stock survival. 'Gui1foyle's White.' R. U. Nichol catalogue, 1887. No description. 'Gulnare.' Macarthur's notebook, 26/50. "Bright red said to resemble 'Spectabilis'." Catalogue of Plants Cultivated at Camden Park, 1850. Cammellia Quest, 1947. 'Harriet.' Baptist catalogue, 1864. No description. *'Harriet Beecher Sheather.' Alexander Hunter's notebook, 1872. Shepherd and Co. catalogue, 1885. "Rosy salmon, perfect shape." A formal double large size, flowering on a plant of vigorous, erect growth. Raised by the nurseryman, Silas Sheather, and named after his daughter. The name has been incorrectly Hsted as "H. B. Sheather," "Harriet Beecher" and "Mrs. H. B. Sheather." 'Helena.' Macarthur's notebook, 28/50. "Pale crimson, smallish size, very regular, quite double, petals and flower quite perfect. Good and beautiflil variety;" Camellia Quest, 1947. ;;'Helenor.' M. Guilfoyle catalogue, 1866. No description. Taylor and Sangster catalogue, 1877, incorrectly spelling the name as 'Hellenor,' say it is a Guilfoyle seedling and describe it as "carnation striped." This variety has been confused with 'Roma Rissorta'in Australia and that now generally listed as 'Helenor' i.s a many petal1ed, with a pink flushed background, striped red variety wfth a confused centre. Camellia Quest, 1947. 'Heloise.' Macarthur's notebook, 56/52. "Deep rose colour, nearly regular to the cenae, good flower, large size, very double." Camellia Quest, 1917. 70 'Hermia.' Macarthur's notebook, 48/52. "Bright crimson, very double petals quite irregular, of thick substance. Handsome." Camellia Quest, 1947. 'Hermione.' Macarthur's notebook, 14/50. "Scarlet crimson with a few splashes of white upon inner petals, outer petals large and well shaped, inner small and crowded, large size, a good flower, a few anthers." Catalogue of Plants Cultivated at Camden Park, 1850. Camellia Quest, 1947. 'Hippolyta.' Macarthur's notebook, 54/52. "Pale crimson or deep pink, large flowers, outer rows of petals large and undulated, inner excessively numerous,erect, confused, forming an irregular very convex half sphere. Handsome." Camellia Quest, 1947. . 'Han. Mrs. Hope.' Botanical Papers, 1875. Plants in Botanic Gardens, Melbourne, 1883. Shepherd and Co. catalogue, 1878, " 'Mrs. Hope.' White striped carnation." All later listings give the name as 'Mrs. Hope' and after 1904 the colour is usually listed as blush. 'Hero.' Macarthur's notebook, 42/5 L "Pale crimson, very double petals, thick substance, v,ery small and quite confused. When full blown quite convex and almost semiglobular. Very pretty flowers." Camellia Quest, 1947. 'Ianthe.' Annual Report of the AustralitTtn Botanical and Horticultural Society, 1850. Macarthur's notebook, 3/50. "Apparently a very handsome shaped flower, of very bright crimson colour and good substance. Did not open properly being gathered too soon." Catalogue of Plants Cultivated at Camden Park, 1850. Baptist catalogue, 1861. Camellia Quest, 1947. *'Imogen.' Macarthur's notebook, 2/50. "White, quite double, petals moderate substance, incurved Uke ;Myrtifolia.' Good size, very handsome but not equal to the old double white." A plant of this name. was presented to the Sydney Botanic Gardens in 1852. It was also listed in the first Annual Report of the Australian Botanical mzd Horticultural Society, 1850. Giles catalogue, 1881, has it as 'Imogene' and R. U. Nichols catalogue, 1888, has" 'Imogene,' pure white." Scott catalogue, 1868, lists 'Imogen' as pale scarlet and the error was repeated by many following nurserymen. *'Iras: Macarthur's notebook, 5/50. "Crimson with a few lighter splashes, very regular in form, good shape and substance." This name was also published in the first Annual Report of the Australian Botanical and Horticultural Society, 1850. Baptist catalogue, 1861/62. "White slightly striped with rose, fine form," but Lang, 1873, describes it as "rose, striped with white." Most later listings have 'Iris' "white marked with rose" and the connection between the names remains to be clarified. Camellia Quest, 1947. *'Isabella.' Catalogue of Plants Cultivated at Camden Park, 1850. No description. Macarthur's notebook, 32/51, gives "'Isabel.' Pure white, smallish size, perfectly double and regular to centre, petals well shaped, moderate substance, incurved." 'Isabel' was also listed in the Camden Park catalogue, 1857; Baptist catalogue, 1861/62, and Plants in Botanic 71 'Great Eastern' 'Dido'

'William Bull' 'Leviathnn'

-f

'Speciosissima' 'Chats' 72 Gadem, Melbourne, 1883 listed it as 'Isobel' although the existing plant in the Gardens is labelled 'Isa:bel.' However Scott, 1868, listed it oS 'Isabella' and "white" and most later Australian references follow this spelling. In Europe, Costa Chevallier Frederic in his Catalogue de la Collection de Camellias Presentee asa Maieste L'Imperatrice de toutes les Russies et Reine de Pologne, 1846, includes a European variety named 'Isabella' which should have priority over the Australian. The Verschaffelt listing of 'Isabelle' in 1853 could be the same variety as Costa's. 'Joshua Ambrosoli.' Alexander Hunter's notebook, 1872. Shepherd and Co. catalogue, 1878/79. "Deep rose, hardy and free flowerng." Named after Father Ambrosoli of Subiaco, N.S.W., a keen camellia grower of his time. ""'Jouvan.' Guilfoyle catalogue, 1866. No description. Newman catalogue, 1873/74. "Rose shading to crimson." Hazlewood catalogue, 1945. . "Formal type, outer petals bright rose, inner ones lighter. All petals veined ?eeper . ,Midseason." Misspelt listings include 'Joe Van,' 'Jouvain' and Jouvans. 'Julia.' Macarthur's notebook, 44/51. "Bright crimson, small flower, quite double petals, moderate substance and form, gradually diminishing nearly to centre. Pretty flower." Ccl!mellia Quest, 1947. . 'Juliet.' Macarthur's notebook, 65/52. "Large light, rather dull crimson, outer petals very large, inner erect, very crowded. Irregular large semi­ globular flower, rather coarse." Ccl!mellia Quest, 1947. 'Lady Duntze.' Exhibited by Magill at the Horticultural Society, September, 1869. There was a Lady Duntze in 1860 who was the wife of Sir John Lewis Duntze. Francis Ferguson, 1883, listed it under "rose coloured." 'Juno.' Macarthur's. notebook, 41/51. "Bright crimson, excessively double, petals very numerous, arranged round several distinct centres like several double flowers attached together. Very good, quite new." Ccl!mellia Quest, 1947. l 'Kezia.' Listed in Botanical Papers, 1875, as a new introduction to the Melbourne Gardens. Guilfoyle catalogue, 1883. No description. *'Lady Bowen.' Baptist catalogue, 1864. "Creamy white with pink stripes, good form." Taylor and Sangster in 1877 'pad this as a seedling of M, Guilfoyle. Newman catalogue, 1886/87. "Creamy white pink stripe." Modern flowers of this variety have more of a pinkish background. Sir George Bowen was Governor of Queensland, then New Zealand and later Victoria, 1872-79. ""'lady Loch.' Taylor and Sangster catalogue, 1889. No description. Cremorne Nursery, 1898. "Rose edged white, Very Handsome. Habit of .'Aspasia.''' This is a sport of 'Aspasia' named after the wife of Sir Henry Loch, the Governor of Victoria, 1884"89. Synonyms include 'Duchess of York,' 'Edward Billings,' 'Pink Lady' and 'Elizabeth Johnston.' 73 ·'Lady Parker.' Guilfoyle catalogue, 1866. No description. Shepherd and Co. catalogue, 1880. "Fine rose, cupped." Hazlewood catalogue, 1945. "Formal type, deep rose, midseason." This variety would seem to be a Camden Park seedling as Lady Parker was a daughter of Capt. John Macarthur. Her husband, Sir Henry Parker, was a secretary to the Governor of New South Wales. ·'Lady St. Clare.' Alexander Hunter's notebook, 1872. Shepherd and Co. catalogue, 1879/80. "Rosy pink, perfect shape, splendid." Raised by Samuel Purchase, nurseryman of Parramatta. American synonym, 'Pink Shell.' 'Lady Young.' Baptist catalogue, 1871. "Blush spotted with carmine, good form." Taylor and Sangster catalogue, 1877, gives it as a M. Guilfoyle seedling. "Blush spotted carmine." Sir John Young was Governor of New South Wales, 1861-67. 'Lavinia.' Macarthur's notebook, 57/52. "Deep rose colour, with irregular stripes and blotches of faint white. Quite double and regular. Should be a perfect little flower but petals are too thin in substance." Camellia Quest, 1947. ·'Leila.' Macarthur's notebook, 45/52. "Beautiful large white flower, two rows of outer petals, -entire, undulated and inclined to be fimbriated, inner very numerous, crowded, erect, of yellow tint. Beautiful and new." 'Leila' was also recorded in New Zealand in the Garde11er's Chronicle for New Zealand, compiled by Felix Wakefield, 1870 (where the description was repeated verbatum from a pamphlet published by Ludlam, 1865, in which 'Leila' is shown as white in colour. An invalid variety was listed under the same name by McIlhenny, 1941. 'Leila' 0. G. Seedling). Imbricated, very rich shell pink, sometimes flecked white." ·'Leviathan.' Shepherd and Co, Select Li,st, 1862. "A seedling variety raised by ourselves. A free grower and bloomer. Its flower is, perhaps, the largest known, measuring from 6 to 8 inches in diameter with the centre so raised as to make the whole flower in shape two thirds of a true hemisphere. Colour rosy' scarlet, belongs to the peony flowering class, flowers late." In America the name 'Leviathan' has been used as a synonym for 'Kenny.' 'Lily Grandiflora.' Baptist catalogue. No description, 1864. 'Lucy Escott.' M. Guilfoyle catalogue, 1866. No description. 'Madam Mason.' R. U. Nichols catalogue, 1880/81, "pure white." Treseder catalogue, 1883. "Pure white, fine shape, extra." Giles, 1881, lists 'Madam Masson,' Nairn (N.z.) 1899. 'Madame Masson' and Purchase, 1893, 'Mrs. Mason.' . 'Madame Paling.' Alexander Hunter's notebook, 1872, has 'Mrs. Paling' with no description. Shepherd and Co. catalogue, 1878/80. "Brilliant crimson, cupped." 'Marcia.' Macarthur's notebook, 43/51. "Crimson, excessively double forming a half sphere with petals somewhat of a waratah character. Good." Camelua Quest, 1947. 74 ;;'Mariana.' In Macarthur's notebook, 58/52 the variety is described under the misspelt name 'Marianna.' "Bright lake crimson, very double, outer petals large and flat, inner excessively crowded, erect and inclined to be blotched or striped, very like 'Vesta.' Very waved, good flower." This varietY has been listed under the names 'Red Waratah' and 'Waratah.' Camellia Quest, 1947. ;;'Marina.' Macarthur's notebook, 12/50. "Scarlet crimson petals, outer has rows large and flat, inner smaller, erect, confused, tolerably good." Catalogue of Plants Cultivated at Camden Park, 1850. Camellia Quest, 1947. 'Medea.' Macarthur's notebook, 16/50. "Light crimson, beautifully shaped compact little flower, regularly imbricated nearly to the centre, concave or bell shaped petals, good form and substance, rather irregular in very centre. Good." Catalogue of Plants Cultivated at Camden Park, 1850. Camellia Quest, 1947. 'Medora.' Macarthur's notebook, 27/50. "Double red, said to be good." Catalogue of Plants Cultivated at Camden Park, 1850. Camellia Quest, 1947. 'Melito.' M. Guilfoyle catalogue, 1866. No description. ;;'Metallica.' Taylor and Sangster catalogue, 1877, lists this variety as a Guilfoyle seedling, but James, 1892, reports it as Henderson's 'Metallic purple." Newman catalogue, 1886. "Dark metallic purple, fine form." 'Metella.' Macarthur's notebook, 59/52. "Deep coral coloured, very double after the manner of 'Vesta' but of a much deeper colour. Good." Camellia Quest, 1947. 'Minnie Warren.' Fuller's Sydney Handbook, 1877, p.123. No description. Probably one of Sheather's seedlings. Newman catalogue, 1894/95, "rich rose, good shape." Camellia Quest, 1947. 'Miranda.' Macarthur's notebook, 4/50. "White with pink and crimson stripes and blotches, quite double, petals well formed and regular nearly to the centre. Good." Catalogue of Plants Cultivated at Camden Park, 1950. Camellia Quest, 1947. ;;'Miss Gladstone.' Botanical Papers, 1875. Guilfoyle's 1883 list. No description. Newman catalogue, 1894/95. "Rosy pink, fine shape, large." 'Miss Emily Manning.' Botanical Papers, 1875. Plants in Botanic Gardens, Melbourne, 1883. No description. Nairn catalogue, 1892. "'Miss E. Manning,' rich rose fine." 'Miss Grinley Manning.' Botanical Papers, 1875. No description. 'Miss Knox.' Guilfoyle catalogue, 1866. Shepherd and Co. catalogue, 1885, "white striped carmine." *'Miss Mort.' Guilfoyle. catalogue, 1866. No description. Hazlewood catalogue, 1945. "Formal type, outer petals rosy red, centre soft pink, medium sized, midseason." 75 'Miss Moore.' Botanical Papers, 1875. Plants in Botanic Gardem, Melbourne, 1883. Edwin Smith catalogue, 1893, "light pink." 'Miss Murray.' Taylor and Sangster catalogue, 1877, lists this as a Guilfoyle seedling, "fine shape~hardy." Horton catalogue (N.Z.), 1902, "lovely pink. !I'Mrs. Bell.' Shepherd and Co. catalogue, 1878. "New. Beautiful pure white, medium size. Perfect shape." Raised by G. A. Bell, St. Leonards, N.S.W. 'Mrs. Day.' Botanical Papers, 1875. Shepherd and Co. Novelty List, 1882. "Rich rose striped white, perfect form." 'Mrs. Dellissa.' Fuller's Sydney Handbook, 1877, p.123. Published in a list of the Camellias of Silas Sheather but without description. Camellia Quest, 1947.

'Mrs. Fairfax.' Bota1~ical Papers, 1875. Taylor and Sangster catalogue, 1877, lists it as a Guilfoyle seedling, "fine white striped rose." 'Mrs. Mort.' Taylor and Sangster catalogue, 1877, gives this variety as a Guilfoyle seedling, "beautiful well formed flower." Shepherd and Co., 1880, "flesh, splendidly imbricated.". . ·'Mrs. Skottowe.' Alexander Hunter's notebook, 1872. Shepherd and Co. catalogue, 1885, "white striped rose." Newman catalogue, 1886/87, "white striped and dappled rose." This variety has been established as a sport of Low's 'Jubilee' and named by M. Guilfoyle after his housekeeper. ·'Mrs. Wright.' Fuller's Sydney Handbook, 1879. There is a plant of this name in the Sydney Botanic Gardens. Hazlewood catalogue, 1945. "Formal type, deep crimson with some petals marked white, meclium siz·e, mid­ season." 'Modesta.' Catalogue of Plants Cultivated at Camden Park, 1850. CameUia Quest, 1947. There is some doubt that this is an Australian seedling as Loddiges catalogued a Camellia of this name in 1849. 'Monan.' M. Guilfoyle catalogue, 1866. Botanical Pa!Jers, 1875. . No description. . 'Myra.' Macarthur's notebook, 24/50. "Scarlet crimson, three rows of outcr petals good, inner ones small and crowded but regular. Pretty flower." Catalogue of Plants Cultivated at Camden Park, 1850. Camellia Quest, 1947. 'Nicetus.' M. Guilfoyle cataloguc, 1866, lists Nicetus' without description. Shepherd and Co. catalogue, 1878 "Crimson shading to rich rose." A White variety from New Zealand was incorrectly distributed under this name in Australia:. 'Nilus.' M. Guilfoyle catalogue, 1866. Botanical Papers, 1875. No description. 'Noli Me Tangere.' This variety was raised by Father Ambrosoli, Subiaco, N.S.W. Shepherd and Co. Novelty List, 1882. "Dark rose shaded with carmine." 76 *'Odoratissima.' M. Guilfoyle catalogue, 1866. No description. Hay catalogne (N.Z.), 1891, "scarlet, slightly perfumed, large showy flowers." This variety was known as 'La Graciola' in New Zealand for some time. 'Octavia.' Macarthur's notebook, 66/52. "Large irregular ragged flower, numerous irregular petals, but though very· crowded, loose in character. Middling." Camellia Quest, 1947. . 'Olivia.' Macarthur's notebook, 47/52. "Pale crimson, very large flower, two outer rows of petals large, inner smaller, confused and nearly erect. Middling good." Camellia Quest, 1947. 'Pallas.' Macarthur's notebook, 49/50. "Dark bright crimson, very double, with several centres like 'Juno.' Quite irregular. Good." Camellia Quest, 1947. 'Paulina.' Macarthur's notebook, 52/52. "Deep coral coloured with darker veins, very double but irregular petals, quite irregular in size, of good . substance. Tolerably good." Camellia QlJest, 1947. *'Perdita.' Macarthur's notebook, 7/50, where the name is incorrectly spelt 'Perditta.' "Red, very double, incurved like 'Myrtifolia.' Has not opened properly." CataloglJe of Plants ClJltivated at Camden Park, 1850. This variety was unidentified until Professor Waterhouse located an old labelled plant in Gile's nursery, South Australia. It has been listed by Hazlewoods since 1957. 'Plato.' M. Guilfoyle list, 1866. Botanical Papers, 1875. No description. 'Portia.' Macarthur's notebook, 35/51. "Crimson, two roWs of outer petals large, of thick substance, inner numerous and smaller like 'Paeoniiflora' but much darker and more regular." Camellia QlJest, 1947. 'Phrynia.' Macarthur's notebook, 46/52. "Deep rose or pink, double after the manner of 'Paeoniiflora.' Good size. Pretty good." Camellia QlJest, 1947. *'Prince Frederick William.' Shepherd and Co. catalogue, 1875. "Formal double, light pink, upright growth, late." Reponed to be a seedling of Sheather's. Listed in his collection in FlJller's Sydney Handbook, 1877. 'Princess of Wales.' Shepherd and Co. catalogue, 1880, "rose sometimes striped with white, new." 'Proserpine.' Macarthur's notebook, 13/50. "Dark rich crimson, two outer rows of petals large and well shaped, the centre quite filled up with small petals twisted in the manner of the 'Waratah' Camellia, handsome, not very large." CataloglJe of PlantJ ClJltivated at Camden Park, 1850. Camellia QlJest, 1947. . 'Pyrrha.' Macarthur's notebook, 11/50. "Crimson, outer petals large and well shaped, inner small and crowded. Good flower of its kind." Catalogue of pltmtJ Cultivated at Camden Park, 1850. Camellia Quest, 1947. 'Regia.' Plants in Botariic Fardens, Melbourne, 1883. No description. 77 'Rosalind.' Macarthur's notebook, 69/52. "Pale bright crimson, almost lake, good shape, not very double, several outer rows of petals large, inner small. Tolerably good, colour very bright." Camellia Quest, 1947. 'Rosaline.' Macarthur's notebook, 60/52. "Deep pink, very large, not very doubled, petals large and of thick substance, but not numerous enough, inclined to be striped. Showy but too loose." Cameilia Quest, 1947. 'Rowena.' Macarthur's notebook, 21/50. "Pink, large flowers, three rows outer petals large, good substance and form, a thick tuft of inner petals standing erect. Good flower." Cameilia Quest, 1947. 'Sebbii.' M. Guilfoyle catalogue, 1866. No description. 'Seline.' M. Guilfoyle catalogue, 1866. No description. Newman catalogue, 1886. *'Selina.' Beautiful rosy pink, fine shape." *'Sheatheri.' Fuller's Sydney Handbook, 1877. No description. Hazlewood catalogue, 1945. "Formal type, rosy pink with white radial bars. Midseason." 'Shepherdii.' Alexander Hunter's notebook, 1872. Shepherd and Co. . catalogue, 1880, p.9. "Rich rose, large and double." *'Speciosissima.' Shepherd and Co. Select List, 1862. "A very large and well shaped free flowering variety raised by ourselves. Flowers brilliant scarlet, paeony shaped and unusually elevated in the centre." Synonym: 'Shepherd's Red' (NZ.). *'St. George.' This variety is thought to be a Sheather's seedling as it was first' listed by him in 1879 without description. Newman catalogue, 1886/87, "rich rose, good shape." Hazlewood catalogue, 1945, "formal type, bright ~ed, midseason." *'Sulphureous.' Originally listed under the spelling 'Sulphureus' in Fuller'.' Sydney Handbook, 1877. Shepherd and Co. correctly li.st it as 'Sulpbureous' in 1880, "salmony rose, shaded fine form." Hazlewood catalogue, 1947. "Rosy salmon, with occasional white bars, formal, midseason." Misspellings of the name include "Sulpheurous" and "Sulphurius." 'Sylvia.' Macarthur's notebook, 50/52. "Bright lake crimson, small round flower quite double, but not quite regular to very centre. Good." Camellia Quest, 1947. *'Tabbs.' M. Guilfoyle catalogue, 1866. According to Mortimer the variety was a sport of 'Helenor' in Guilfoyle's nursery and named after his cat. Taylor and Sangster in 1877 listed it as 'Tabba.' Shepherd and Co. catalogue, 1880. "Crimson mottled and blotched white." It was also listed incorrectly by John Smith, 1891, as 'Tabes.' 'Tamora.' Macarthur's notebook, 40/51. "Bluish pink or crimson, quite regular, large sized petals, good shape and substance, gradually diminishing to the centre. Good flower." Camellia Quest, 1947. 'Timandra.' Macarthur's notebook, 64/52. "Dark crimson, thick petals tolerably numerous, large and small intermixed. Tolerably good." Camellia Quest, 1947. 'r. S. Mort.' Alexander Hunter's notebook, 1872. Treseder catalogue, 1883. "Pink." 711 'Ulpian.' M. Guilfoyle catalogue, 1866. No description. 'Valeria.' Macarthur's notebook, 55/52. "Bright crimson, very double but irregular, one row of outer petals flat and of thick substance, inner very crowded and generally erect. Middl~ng to less good. Camellia Quest, ~947. 'Variatissima.' Botanical Papers, 1875. Plants in Botanic Gardens, Melbourne, 1883. No description. 'Vesta.' Macarthur's notebook, 17/50. "Scarlet crimson, very like 'Medea,' but more scarlet." Catalogue of Plants Cultivated at Camdne Park, 1850. Camellia Quest, 1947. 'Viola.' Macarthur's notebook, 67/52. "Bluish pink, very double, quite irregular, petals very crowded, large and small intermixed. Great handsome . flower, but rather ragged." Catalogue of Plants Cultivated in Camden Park, 1850. Camellia Quest, 1947. 'Virgilia.' Macarthur's notebook, 39/51. "Double pink, tolerably regular, very double, petals of thick substance, but rather pointed. Very good." Camellia Quest, 1947. 'Volumnia.' Macarthur's notebook, 34/51. "~right crimson, two rows of outer petals, very broad and large and of thick substance, inner very small and placed like old 'Waratah,' but a handsomer flower. Good." Camellia Quest, 1947. 'White Guilfoylei.' Abbott catalogue (NZ.), 1892/93. "White, free bloomer." ""William Bull.' Shepherd and Co. catalogue, 1878. "Bright crimson, very large and full, an exceeding beautiful variety." Camellia News, Dec., 1963, No. 12, p.14. ""Wrightii.' M. Guilfoyle catalogue, 1866. No description. .Taylor and Sangster catalogue, 1877, "crimson, large." Then in 1887, "bright crimson, frequently marbled white." Camellia News, 1963, No. 12, p.13. ""W. R. Guilfoyle.' Plants in Bdtanic Gardens, Melbourne, 1883. Taylor and Sangster catalogue, 1887, "bright crimson, very fine." There is a plant with this name in the garden of the Director's residence in the Melbourne Botanic Gardens. W. R. Guilfoyle was a Director of these Gardens. 'Xanthus.' M. Guilfoyle catalogue, 1866. No description. Taylor and Sangster catalogue, 1877; "pure white, splendid," and "superior seedlings raised by Michael Guilfoyle. Shepherd and Co. catalogue, 1879; "pure white almost identical with 'Alba Plena.' ""Zambo.' Alexand~r Hunter's notebook, 1872. Shepherd and Co. catalogue, 1874; "fine copper colour." . Varieties in the above list that have been identified with reasonable certainty have been marked with an asterisk. The large number unmarked is an indication of the fate of most varieties of insufficient merit and is a warning to seedling growers to be very sure of the desirability of a seedling before going to the trouble to give it a varietal name. . 79 Growing Camellias as a Hobby

TOM and ALICE CLOWER Mississippi United States

IN the year 1908 I was thrilled by the sight of my first exotic bloom of Camellia japonica. It was called 'Pink Perfection.' For twenty years this lone variety of Camellia japonica was propagated, grown and enjoyed by other members of the family and myself. At the end of that time I acquired a wife who was equally enthusiastic about camellias and who became the other "horse" in our "two-horse" team. Our garden or camellia plantation is situated on the immediate shore line of the Mississippi coast. The terrain is of gentle ridges covered with live oaks, some of them very large and ancient, and due to the gentle slope they often grow right down to the water's edge. We have in addition to the oaks, a windbreak of palms, pittosporum and other ornamental plants, to protect the camellias from stiff breezes and salt spray. The soil is mostly sand mixed with the rich humus of decayed oak leaves. The sandy soil and low ridges afford almost perfect drainage and aeration for camellias. Our experiments in raising new camellias began in the early 30's with the purchase of a dozen or more well-known varieties of the best quality. At , that time, what might be called a camellia renaissance occured in this region, and with rapid communication becoming easier, many camellia enthusiasts from other areas called by to give' advice and increase the then scanty knowledge of growing camellias. Our nurseryman was very helpful (as nurserymen usually are) and told us we could obtain even finer camellias, by "interpollinating our blossom pollen, flower to flower." This advice was accepted and literally carried through mainly by Mrs. Clower who rather persistently scattered the pollen of one variety over the flowers of others. The resulting seed was gathered and promptly planted in rows 18 inches apart and three inches deep in the drill. There was no pre-treatment, such as moistening in peat moss, chipping the hull, nor was any special mix used, the seed being sown in a semi-shaded' position in natural top soil. ,The seed germinated in the coming spring and grew rapidly. In the second year of growth the seedlings were transplanted to a permanent location. We took all the attached soil and as much tap root as possible, with the planes. We had approximately four hundred plants and the first flower came in four years from the date of sowing, and within seven years the majority had bloomed. The seedlings sometimes showed distinct 80 characters of their parents, but were usually more vigorous with larger flowers and often of a different shade. Whilst most of our seedlings produced good attractive blooms, many were similar to existing named varieties and we did not think they rated a new name. At that early time there were already too many varietal names.' . Our subsequent experience with chance seedlings' indicates that there is a much greater possibility of obtaining good flowers by selective pollination of good well established varieties. The opportunity of registering new worth-while camellias gives all camellia enthusiasts a means of extending their interest. The pleasure of meeting and sharing experiences with fellow camellia enthusiasts rivals the interest in growing and showing them.

Colour Plates and Nomenclature of some Japanese Camellias

E. G. WATERHOUSE Sydney Australia

THE Garden Life separate'volume of The Japanese Flowers which appeared in Tokyo in October, 1964, is fascinating and attractive as only a Japanese flower magazine can be. A superb cover of a shrine and cherry trees in full blossom, a full-page cover, plate of an old, old wistaria of enormous extent, with its branches carried on woodeJ;l supports twelve feet or more in height. The tree is a veritable cascade of blossom over two feet long and on ,the ground, seated on flat cushions eight Japanese maidens in a circle. This is the "curtain raiser" to two full-page colour plates of 25 camellia blooms, each numbered on one petal in black figures, enclosed in a circle, and in the margin the names are given in Japanese characters. An excessive use of rose pink in the plate detracts from some of the blooms like 'Hanafuki' (hardly recognisable), 'Hishikaraito' and 'Ezo-nishiki,' and the whites 'Shiragiku' and 'Tokinohagasane' are not very satisfactory, nevertheless there is much deserving of close study. Here is the list of the camellias in Romaji:­ 1. 'Suzukanoseki' 10. 'Higurashi' 19. 'Tennin-matsushima' 2. 'Nukifude' 11. 'Okinonami' 20. 'Monjusu' 3. 'Kyokosode' 12. 'Setsugekka' 21. 'Hanafuki' 4. 'Bokuhan' 13. 'Ezo-nishiki' 22. 'Hishikaraito' 5. 'Kyokomachi' 14. 'Tokinohagasane' 23. 'Benikarako' 6. 'Soshiarai' 15. 'Arejishi' 24. 'Hanaguruma' 7. 'Kuro-tsubaki' 16. 'Shiragiku' 25. 'Kakitsu' 8. 'Iwane-shibori'17. 'Shirokarako' 9. 'Hikarugenji' 18. 'Kyokarako' 81 The first camellia in the above list, 'Suzukanoseki,' is a clear, convincing looking plate of a large, semi-double red camellia with a considerable mottling of white. Satomi, in his Camellia Varieties in Japan, 1956, p.13, gives it as "red mottled white. Large double M." Camellia Nomenclature, 1958, 1960, 1962 and 1964, gives it as "pink, marbled white, medium, semi-double." The bloom in the illustration is between semi-double and double, and is red rather thank pink. The red in it is identical to that in No.8, 'Iwane-shibori,' the semi-double bloom near it. No.2, 'Nukifude,' is a single with pink ground colour heavily rayed with red. 'Fude' in Japanese is a paint brush and 'nuki' means 'worn.' The name thus suggests to the Japanese that the colour has been scratched on to the petals with a worn-out brush. Satomi describes it as "pink, splashed red." Adachi, in his Camellia, 1960, also shows a colour plate of it. This camellia was imported from Japan in 1930 by Mr. Uyematsu, of the Star Nursery, Montebello, California: Next we have 'Kyokosode' (No.3), with two double blooms, one formal and the other with a· few small petals and stamens . showing in the centre, colour red marbled white. This is the only formal double among the twenty-five. The Japanese esteem singles and semi-doubles far more highly· than formal doubles. The only reference I have for the name 'Kyokosode' is in Dr. Watanabe's Variety List of Camellias, in the Journal of the KyotoGarden Club, No. 45, 1960. No.4 is easily recognised as 'Bokuhan.' This name was published in Japan as early as 1719 in Koeki Chikin Sho and therefore takes priority over its must later synonym 'Tinsie.' 'Bokuhan' is very well known and highly regarded in Japan. 'Kyokomachi' (No.5) is a variegated cup-shaped double. I have been unable to locate any listing of this. No.6, 'Soshiarai,' is a large semi-double to double pink, profusely striped crimson. It was imported in 1930 by the Star Nursery, California. This is a very attractive striped camellia. I remember seeing a fine plant of it at Beppu. Satomi describes it as "light pink, blotched and spotted reddish pink." No.7; 'Kuro-tsubaki,' is that interesting very dark red semi-double camellia that some regard as belonging to the species C. iodina, but Sealy does not even mention C. iodina in his Revision of the Genus Camellia. Tokio Nurseries, 1896, listed 'Kuro-tsubaki' "black camellia, deep crimson, almost black." Wada exported it from Japan under the synonym 'Purpurea,' which became current, particularly in New Zealand. No.8, 'Iwane-shibori,' is the typical Japanese camellia of that name. No.9, 'Hikarugenji,' is well known everywhere. The bloom shown has a margin of white not crossed by any visible stripe and appears to me to be the mutation which was named 'The Mikado' when it reached Europe. It is listed in The Garden, Vol. 36, 1889, p.246. No. 10, 'Higurashi,' a large, open, double white, moderately variegated with short strokes and splashes of carmine, the central stamens are disrupted and show a few small petaloids. The Star Nursery, California, imported this in 1930. 82 No. 11, "Okinonami; a very popular semi-double in Japan. It appeared as a design on a postage stamp in 1961. This camellia produces an excellent red sport 'Moshio.' No. 12. 'Setsugekka.' Camellia japonic,t, single pink, peppered with crimson. There is a good black and white illustration of this in The Jupan Camellia Society, No.2, Jan., 1962. The name 'Setsugekka' also, belongs to C. sasanqua, and I must say that it is apt to be confusing when the same name is applied to plants of two species within the same genus and even to special forms within the same species, as in the case of 'Minenoyuki' applied to a well known C. sasanqua and also to a quite different higo camellia. This is contrary to the International Code of Nomenclature which I feel must be followed if we are to avoid future confusion. In the case of C. japonica 'Setsugekka' I understand that there exists the variant spelling 'Setsugetsuka.' No; 13, 'Ezo-nishiki.' The form is well given in the illustration, only the ground colour should be white. As stated in the International Camelli.t Jo.urnal, Vol. 1, p.18, I feel sure that this is the camellia which Siebold introduced into Europe in 1832 where it was named 'Tricolor.' A good plate of it was published seven years later in 1839 in. the Floricultural Magazine, Vol. 4, p.229. This is distinct from 'Wakanoura' (a somewhat similar but inferior variety) with which it has been confused. It is interesting to note that a number of American nurserymen listed 'Tricolor' and 'Wakanoura' as separate varieties and rhat the merging of the two is of recent date. Nos. 14, 15 and 16. 'Tokinohagasane,' 'Arejishi,' 'Shiragiku' are well known and require no comment. No. 17. 'Shirokarako' and 'Benikarako' are related as parent and sport.. You can get them borh on the same plant. 'Benikarako' is very similar to 'Anemoniflora' bur is much smaller and has one more petal. It also flowers much later. It was lisred by Yokohama Nursery Co. in 1895 under single camellias, '.'deep carmine, 3 inches across." 'Akakarako' is a synonym. Satomi, 1956, has 'Benikarako' ('Akakarako') "deep rose pink, medium, single anemone form. Vigorous, compact growth." Somehow or other in America, early in the 1940's, 'Benikarako' became confused with 'Kumasaka' and it has taken some time to sort the two out. The plates of "Benikarako" and "Benikarako Variegated" on pages 60 and 61 in Hertrich, Camellias in the Huntington Gardens, Vol. 1, should be labelled 'Kumasaka' and 'Hanatachibana' respectively, the latter being the variegated form of 'Kumasaka.' In England the name 'Hanatachibana' was for a time corrupted to "Ha-Na-Tachi-Bawa" (RH.s. Year Book, 1957, p.99 and 1959 p.127), but from 1%0 on the name has been given correctly as 'Hanatachibana.' No. 18. 'Kyokarako.' The plate shows a double white streaked carmine and with a central cushion of petaloids. Wada listed it in 1940 "very large flowers, white with red streaks, beautiful petaloids in the centre, very good flower for corsages." There is another camellia, 'Kyokanoko,' with which this has been confused. 'Kyokanoko' is a large, semi-double to semi peony form, red blotched white. Hertrich, Vol. 1, 1954, has "Kyokanoko Variegated," pp.194/195, but I suggest thar his camellia is really 'Kyokarako.' The two names are so alike that it is not surprising that they may have been confused. 83 The same confusion occurs in Camellia Nomenclature 1964, p.72. The plant that Star Nursery imported from Japan in 1930 was 'Kyokarako' and not 'Kyokanoko.' No. 19. 'Tennin-Matsushima' is a single to semi-double rosy pink with crimson streaks, but I think the ground colour should really be white. Camellia Nomenclature, 1964, describes' it as "white, streaked dull pink. Large, single" and gives the reference Satomi, 1956. However, Satomi, 1956, gives no colour but only "vigorous, spreading growth. Good for pot culture." The illustrations of 'Monjusu' and 'Hanafuki' are the least successfully rendered,but fortunately these two varieties are very well known. No. 22. 'Hishikaraito' is also not well rendered. The colour is too deep and the attractive anthers on the long stamens are poorly conveyed. Although not in colour a far better rendition of the bloom is seen on page 138 of Hume's Camellias, Kinds and Culture. No. 24. 'Hanaguruma' may be an alternative name to 'Hanamigumma,' meaning "flower viewing carriage," that is carriage for the cherry viewing p~rty. The plate shows a white semi-double bloom, brightly streaked cnmson. No. 25. 'Kakitsu' is a large, irregular double rose pink spotted white. This is none other than the variegated form of 'Kumasaka: It is also known in Japan as 'Hanatachibana,' which name I think has priority. Whether in the Japanese text there is any discussion of the camellias in the plate I do not know, but if so, I will report fully after I have it translated. All I can say at the moment is that on pages 224-229 there is an article by Eikichi Satomi on "Camellias and sasanquas extending world wide." This is illustrated by small black and white photographs. On page 228 there is a column by Tsukasa Kiyono on his impressions of camellias in Australia and New Zealand. Then on page 232 Professor K. Hagiya of Niigata University has a column on 'Yuki-tsubaki'or Snow Camellia. The magazine also contains a very wide range of other articles and illustrations, cherries, chryscinthemums, lilies, azaleas, bonsai and ,much else that makes a very desirable volume. It was published in Tokyo in October, 1964, and mns to 274 pages, profusely illustrated. It costs 850 yen, plus 100 yen postage.

84 Camellias in the Natal Midlands TREVOR SCHOFIELD Pietermaritzburg Natal

THE province of Natal of the. Republic of South Africa can be geographically described as being situatedab<)ut30° south latitude and 30° longitude. From the narrow, tropical coastal plainrheland rises in a series of escarpments to the peaks of the Drakensberg Mountains at a height exceeding 10,000 ft. The area known as the Na:talMidlands is situated at an altitude of from 2,000 ft. to 4,500ft. and is genetally considered to experience mild climatic conditions Summer day temperatures average just over 70° F.although on the occasional very hot

Chase Valley, about five miles out of Pietermaritzburg. An avenue of camellias was planted along the driveway which I am informed by old residents in the valley were removed by a later owner who planted citrus nees in their place. A few bushes still exist in the vicinity of the house, among which I was able to identify 'Alba Plena', 'Duchesse de Cazes', 'Mathotiana Alba' and 'Rubescens Major'. Another collection planted about the same period was that of Samuel Todd of "Redbourne" in the Town Bush Valley also about five miles from Pietermaritzburg. This collection still exists and contains fifty three bushes. Many blooms taken from this collection and sent to Charles Puddle for identification were unknown to him and he is of the opinion that they are probably of European (Belgian and Italian) origin. Among the bushes I was able to identify were 'Alba Plena: 'Centifolia: 'Cup of Beauty: 'Duchesse de Cazes', 'Fimbriata', 'Mathotiana Alba', 'Myrtifolia', 'Nagasaki' and 'Tricolor'. Many of these bushes are of height exceeding twenty feet and of equal breadth. The Botanic Gardens in Pietermaritzburg contain a number of camellia bushes dating back to the 1880's. Among those I was able to identify were two bushes of 'Elegans', both about twenty feet high. Also seen were 'Anemoniflora', 'Mathotiana Alba' and 'II Ristori'. I am informed that these plants were obtained from the nursery of a Me. Wilkinson in the Town Bush Valley. On visiting the property where this nursery, long since closed, was situated, I noted a good number of large camellia bushes. Noteworthy among this collection, many of which I was unable to identify, were 'Alba Plena', 'c. M Hovey' and the large formal double cherry red 'Aspasia'. 86 Another old nursery site in the Town Bush Valley is a property known as "The Cedars" where for many years a nursery business was carried on by Mr. Daniel English until his death, quite recently; the property then being sub­ divided and sold. Among the thirty seven old bushes, growing on the property, which I understand to be about sixty five years of age, are a number still bearing metal name labels. My records show the following varieties, 'Alba Plena', 'Aspasia', 'Centifolia', 'Chandleri', 'Cup of Beauty', 'Donckelarii', 'Elegans', 'Festiva', 'Fimbriata', 'Mathotiana', 'Mathotiana Alba:, 'Maiden's Blush', 'Mrs. Abby Wilder', 'Nobilissima', 'II Ristori,' 'Teutonia', 'Tricolor' and 'William Bull'. The adjoining. property known as "Silverdale" where I am resident, contains a number of bushes of early origin; Notably 'Alba Plena', 'Anemoniflora,' 'Elegans,"Fimbriata,' _'Mathotiana,' 'Madame Verschaffelt,' 'Praeclara', '11 Ristori', 'Tricolor' and 'Trionfo di Lodi'. . About thirty five miles from Pietermaritzburg up in the Karkloof Mountains, at an altitude of about 4,800 ft. set in the surroundings of indigenous Podocarpus forests is the estate of Mr. and Mrs. Kinsey Geekie. "Benvie," as it is known, contains a wealth of interesting plant material such as rhododendrons, hybrids of Azalea indica and A.Mallis and camellias. The camellia collection at "Benvie" which numbers fifty seven bushes was planted in 1894 by the grandfather of the present owner. With an annual rainfall exceeding 60 inches and more temperate climatic conditions, many of the bushes have grown to considerable heights. The tallest bush recorded is an 'Anemoniflora' which has attained a height of 30 ft. and a width of 18 ft. 'Centifolia' is recorded at a height of about 21 ft. by 21 ft. wide, while a bush of 'Festiva' of width 30ft. was noted. A bush of 'Elegans' is 15 ft. high and has a width of 20 ft. Among other varieties noted were 'Aspasia', 'Cup of Beauty', 'Madame Verschaffelt', 'Mathotiana Alba', 'Praeclare', '11 Ristori'; 'Teutonia' and 'Tricolor'. In the hills overlooking Pietermaritzburg at an altitude of 3,700 ft. is the village of Hilton, where, at the turn of this century, Sir Henry Bale, then Chief Justice of Natal, planted a collection of camellias along the driveway of his property called "Craigellachie'.'. It is regrettable to note that the rootstock on many of the bushes has been allowed to grow and take over the bush. Among the more notable specimens is a bush of 'Centifolia' of height 18 ft. and width 24 ft. while 'Mathotiana' measures 15 ft. in height by 21 ft. 'c. M. Bovey' measures 18 ft., and 'Principessa Clotilde' 15 ft. by 15 ft. Other bushes noted were 'Alba Plena~, 'Anemoniflora', 'Aspasia', 'Commendatore Betti', 'Cup of Beauty' and '11 Ristori'. To one interested in camellia culture the Natal Midlands offer the opportunity of discovering, in old gardens, many old camellia cultivars, which are now no longer met with in collections. Many of the bushes have so far defied indentification but it is hoped that will be possible in the future. Investigations so far point to Belgium and Italy as being the countries of origin of many of the varieties. In conclusion I would like to express my thanks to Charles Puddle for his help and advice given on the identification of the many specimen blooms sent to him for his· comment. 87 First Show H. G. AYLING Middlesex United Kingdom

IT all started when the first number of the Journal arrived. I passed it to my wife for her to read Mr. Lattin's remarks on cutting camellias for exhibition because these so aptly expressed the trepidation I feel when cutting blooms. "Why don't you go in for a show?" she said. "After ali you are always fiddling about with your precious plants and no-one ever sees them." I explained that in the London area there was really only one event, the Royal Horticultural Society's Camellia Competition and that this was entered for by people from all over the country who really grew camellias; people with gardeners who knew all about it, with greenhouses without bends in the roof, leaks or draughts, who didn't mess about with a. paraffin heater and consequently didn't spend most of the winter smelling like an engine room. Ail this was to no avail. "Unless you do something with them," she said, ''I'm not going to be interested."

This was really an ultimatum, because I have to rely on her to open and close doors and ventilators in my absence and on occasions fat watering as well. So there and then I went down to the.greenhouse and because I believe in telling my friends everything on the same principle as "telling the bees" I put the whole position before them. "Look," I concluded, "I lavish affection and paraffin on you, protect you from the elements, pour water and Maxicrop over you and now it is up to you to do something in return." After that I could only hope for the best. In March I sent for an entry form and schedule of rules and then I did a tour of inspection and criticism, ticked up the 'possibles' and reduced these to probables. I filled these in on the entry form and sent it off. The weather at this time was dull and' cold and had been for some days and I had banked on this opening the blooms I wanted, but the day after the entry form was posted it turned to bright sunshine with a strong wind and the difficulty was to keep things cool without getting the flowers burnt and. bruised by draught. The evening before the Show the: weather turned colder with rain and pandemonium began, because it was necessary that everything should be ready to go into the car in the morning so' that we could be at the Hall at opening time to place our flowers before I started work. First we had to wash the leaves of the pot plant to be entered and then as we had no cases or shredded paper as described by Mr. Lattin, we packed some shallow 88 baking tins tightly with moist peat and stretched wr.iting paper over these with rubber bands, afterwards making holes through the paper so that the flower stems could be pushed into the peat. We finished cutting by the light of an electric torch and left everything on the floor of a closed room until morning. It was just dawn and drizzling with rain when we put the trays on the back seat of the car and pushed the front seat forward to make room for the pot plant. My daughter, the perfect secretary, took the wheel and we were off. She took the car along as gently as possible making detours to miss rough patches of road, but the slightest bump seemed to shake me to the marrow. "Careful" was my constant cry to which the answer was something like "Look here, I can't go more slowly" or, as the raw edges of our nerves began to show, "What do you want me to do? Get out and push the thing?" When we arrived we got in through a side door and after going round a corner or two, we found ourselves in the main Hall, and there in the dim -early morning light we found that the Show was prepared. Plants of many species including camellias ranging from large bushes to small plants, all in flower and massed together to catch the eye in this great lofty place imbued one as a mere human almost with a sense of awe. One had the impression of waiting presences, something like the feeling of entering a great cathedral at a time when there is no service and only a very few people moving about; perhaps a glow of candles, all so quiet one can hear the singing of the birds outside. We carried in the trays and the pot plant and found all the blooms had travelled well; there were no brown stains even on 'Mathotiana Alba'. There was an upturned box at the foot of the steps at the top of which are the stages on which for many years famous plants from all parts of the world have awaited judgment, either to be granted the coveted First Class Certificate, Award of Merit or to be selected for trial at Wisley. We found we were not quite alone. There was a very busy gentleman by the competition exhibit,s staged the night before who was surrounded by boxes of camellia blooms which he was selecting and arranging into their respective classes. He turned out to be from one of the greatest gardens in England. He stopped his work to shew us where our exhibit cards were and told us he had started away long before dawn and when we explained we were only dabblers, his concluding remark was "Never mind; have a go. We could do with a lot more like you." I think the last sentence could be taken as a motto so far as camellia growing everywhere is concerned. .

At this s~age my daughter departed to park the car, and I got on with the staging and labelling. It did shake my confidence a bit when on one of my periodical journeys back to the trays for fresh material, I found a young man armed with a broom and a trolly about to lay hands on them. He said "Oh! I'm sorry, but I was just clearing up and I thought they were just some left over." My daughter got back and we finished the job, made a final check to see that things were in their right class and properly ticketed, then we left. On the way to the office I felt that whether we won any prizes or not the thing had been worth while. We had done something. We were a part of 89 the Show. Only one thing bothered me. It is said that plants can communi­ ca:e with each other and I think it is very likely. I wondered if my lot were keeping their end up or if perhaps, for example 'Grand Sultan' with memories of the altercations that ensued when he managed to get a tap root about' a foot long through the bottom 'of his pot and was found to be anchored firmly was saying to his neighbour "You wouldn't believe anyone could lose a watering can, would you? Well, this one does, and then he waters' us with the kettle!"

The Lyndhurst Conference

WALTER WILDE Hereford United Kingdom

WHAT a pleasure it was to meet other Camellia lovers at Lyndhurst before the English summer set in with its usual severity! The Conference was attended by ninety Camellians and was held from April 17th to 19th, 1964, at Lyndhurst in Hampshire. Immediately after registration at the Grand Hotel and en route to one's bedroom it was good to hear 'that "The delegates are in the Ballroom amongst some fine flowers". And after dinner it was refreshing to relax and view some fine coloured close-ups of American camellias shown by Mr. Pinckney, In particular one found 'Kramer's Supreme' and 'Tomorrow's Dawn' amazingly lovely. Our digestion was a little disturbed by the thought of giberellic acid producing such huge blooms but a balance was restored when Mr. N. G. Treseder described for us the many Cornish hybrids which are so suitable for outdoor planting in the British Isles. To complete the day Major Peter Barber commented very entertainingly on a colour film which Mr. Edmund de Rothschild had taken in his lovely garden at Exbury. And so to bed. Saturday morning was spent in the spring sunshine at Jermyns, the delightful home and one of the many nurseries of Mr. H. G. Hillier. This eminent Nurseryman grows about 300 different varieties of camellias, both under glass and in the woodland clearings which adjoin Jermyns. As we filed (often in crocodile fashion) through the open woodland, Mr. Hillier was able to dispense many useful hints on camellia culture. We learnt, for instance, that silver birches are amongst the worst trees for underplanting and that deep rooting oaks or the wild pear are to be preferred. The variety of the plants which Mr. Hillier grows is well known and we were saddened to hear of the loss of large numbers of young camellias in the hard winter of 1962/63. In particular C. saluenensis had suffered severely, but, among the representative specimens planted out over the past decade, C. reticulata (Wild Form) survived practically unscathed. 90 It was very gracious of Mrs. Billier to give us refreshment and afterwards we were conducted through the camellia houses to view thousands of young potted plants. One particular house had an attraction not unlike the Garden of the Hesperides-for it contained some of the rarer camellias in place of the legendary Golden Apples. These rarer camellias included many varieties of C. reticulata, C. taliensis, C. granthamiana and C, hongkongensis-and at least one member of the party could not resist the temptation to buy plants even though a flight to the Channel Islands lay ahead! One coincidence remains fresh in the memory-for to be looking at a group of Viburnum carlesii 'Diana' as Mr. Slinger walked up to say 'Did you know I raised those plants?' was a remarkable pleasure. And the kindly wisdom of Mr. Reginald Try and the charm of Mrs. Try may have persuaded a relative novice to enter for the Camellia Competition in 1965. On a subsequent occasion, Mr. Try was able to give a fascinating and expert extempore account of his visit with Mrs. Try to the United States. To these new friends who have widened our horizons we are most appreciative. On Saturday afternoon we visited Exbury. We were met with serried ranks of young potted camellias. If 'Saul' has potted his thousands and 'David' his ten thousands who on this occasion was 'Saul' and 'David' one wondered? It was pure pleasure to see, in company with Mr. Edmund de Rothschild, his wonderful orchids and container grown camellias. As one writes a p:rfect flower of 'Hanafuki' can be pictured. The garden at Exbury was Arcadian for here one could not help but breathe contentment. Beyond the lake one group of 'Lady Clare' was much photographed and the magnolias were especially beautiful. A highlight Qf our walk was to see the plant of Rhododendron yakusimanum which was presented. to the late Mr. Lionel de Rothschild by K. Wada of Yokohama nearly 40 years ago. It was a joy to talk about this rare plant over the tea which Mr. and Mrs. Edmund de Rothschild so kindly provided. For the Conference Dinner we were joined by Mr. and Mrs. G. R. Wakefield and after this meal Mr. Wakefield performed a Sherlock Holmes op:ration with a batch of .letters referring to the cold hardiness of various camellias. Subsequently Mrs. Lort-Phillips commented charmingly on her visit to Japan and, on behalf of the Assembly, presented Mr. and Mrs. Charles Puddle with a white and red camellia. On Sunday morning Mrs. Bainbridge of Sale, Manchester, gave a short talk and showed slides of camellias grown under glass in her garden, demonstrating to us all that beautiful blooms can be grown where there is the vexed problem of air pollution. A break for coffee was followed by an enjoyable hour at Furzey. This is a small garden delightfully laid out and full of rare plants even if camellias are not very plentiful. Towards noon rain began to fall and at Lyndhurst it looked like a dismal afternoon. However all was well for on arrival at Pylewell Park we were greeted, by bright sunshine. We were met by Mr. and Miss Whittaker who conducted us on an extremely interesting tour of their beautiful garden. Here we walked among many fine specimens of camellias, each well flowered and 91 obviously well cultivated, and I lost count of the number of varieties we saw. The garden is also noted for its rhododendrons and rare shrubs charmingly displayed in a woodland and parkland' setting. Later our host and hostess graciously entertained us to tea in their delightful home. This then was the end of the Society's first Conference. It was unanimously proclaimed a success and we all went our separate ways with the hope that we should meet again in a year's time. Finally some sincere wordS of praise, to Mr. J. T. Gallagher for his proficiency as Conference Secretary, to Mrs. Puddle for her charming presence and to Mr. Charles Puddle for his tremendous zeal. Also our sincere thanks to the garden owners who so kindly showed us their gardens and provided such welcome hospitality. .

Book Revie'ws

Higo Camellia by Taizo Hiratsuka, 152 pages, 44 coloured plates (Seibul1do-Shinkosha Co. Ltd., Nisiki-cho, Kanda, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan), $20.00. This is the first book to deal extensively with the attractive higo camellias which are so little known outside Japan. It is bound to increase interest in this fascinating group which have a charm all of their own. Much of the text is in Japanese but the fourteen pages in English summarise the history and general characteristics and full descriptions of seventy-one varieties are given. The Japanese text is obviously very thorough dealing extensively with their culture, propagation and the cult of bomai which is so closely associated with higo camellias. The coloured plates are of excellent quality and clearly show the radial arrangement of the stamens. There are also numerous black and white illustrations. This is a major work and Mr. Taizo Hiratsuku, President of the Higo Cam.ellia Society, is to be congratulated on a very fine contribution to camellia literature. It will be valued by everyone who has more than a casual interest in camellias. CHARLES PUDDLE.

Tbe Rhododendron and' Camellia Year Book, 1965, 203 pages, 5 coloured plates, 41 illustrations (The Royal Horticultural Society, Vincent Square, London, S.W.1), 15/- ($2.50). Camellia enthusiasts will be disappointed by the very poor coverage given to camellias in the 1965 edition. Only thirty-odd pages (out of 203) deal with. camellias and there are only three illustrations out of 45 !! Besides the usual descriptions of the Camellia Competition and three camellias which have received Awards, there are four main articles. Professor Waterhouse 92 describes some old· and new Australian camellias, Mr. G. H. Pinckney gives his impressions of the newer American camellias, Mr. Frederic Heutte chooses the best of American camellias (and one from New Zealand), and Mr. George Du Brul describes the organization of an American camellia show. There are brief notes from Sir' Giles Loder on camellias ~t the Guichard Soeurs Nursery and by Mr. Leslie Riggall in his account of a visit to Japan. These articles make one wish for more but it appears to be editorial policy to make camellias the "Cinderellas" of the Year Book. CHARLES PUDDLE.

The Camellia Treasury for Gardeners, Flower Arrltllgers and Exhibitors by Mrs. Paul Kincaid, 224 pages, 104 illustrations, 16 colour plates (Hearthside Press Inc., 118, East 28th Street, New York, 16), $9.95. Mrs. Paul Kinca\d's The Camellia Treasury is written by a trained teacher out of the abundance of her heart. It first informs, then stimulates and inspires. In the earlier chapters as an experienced gardener and devotee of the camellia she deals with great clarity and competence with all the practical aspects of camellia culture. But then for her the camellia is essentially a plant which through its form, style and texture adds dignity and personality to a landscape garden. Her love and understanding of nature underlie her practice of gardening as a creative art. Trees, shrubs, plants, greensward, water and stones each have their individual beauty and character, but their significance is immeasurably enhanced when they are selected and woven into a unified and harmonious design by the landscape artist. Think of the magic of the landscape gardens of Japan! And Mrs. Kincaid has found inspiration in Japan in another art which can be practised in the intimacy of the home-the art of flower arrangement. She discusses the ABC of design and with great versatility conducts us through a course in the art and technique of flower arrangement and its various phases and styles, illustrating her discussion in a generous series of magnificent colour plates of arrangements created by herself and analysed for our clearer understanding of their effect and intention. In all of these the camellia is a central feature. Her chapter on Japanese flower arrangement is of special importance. Herself an exponent of Ikebana, she shows us in a charming plate a consummate example of a beautifully fastidious classical Japanese arrangement of her own creation. But she is also at home in other styles and is aware of newer trends. Thus there is no rigidity in her style. She holds herself free. She b:.mows from the past, is inspired and stimulated by it and uses it as a foundation on which to build and as a guide to her own self-expression. Mrs. Kincaid writes in a most companionable and engaging way. She is never dogmatic. I find her Camellia Treasury a book of enchantment. It is to be warmly commended as bringing enlargement of our aesthetic experience of the camellia. E.G. WATERHOUSE.

Evergreen Shrubs, Norfolk Botanical Garden Publication, Vol. 2, No.1, Summer, 1965. Norfolk Botanic Garden, Airport Road, Norfolk 18, Virginia, U.S.A. This' interesting booklet describes and. illustrates the most suitable evergreens for the tidewater areas of the south eastern United States. It is 93 a non-technical guide prepared in their usual competent manner by Mr. Frederic Heutte and his staff. Among the camellias recommended are 'Arejishi,' 'Daikagura,' 'lady Clare,' 'Cleopatra,' 'Minenoyuki,' 'Shishigashira,' 'Ville de Nantes' and 'leucantha.' Selection has been confined to cultivars which are easily obtained and of proved reliability. i CHARLES PUbDlE. I Camellias. Edited by Beryl leslie Urquhart. 31 pages, 20 coloured I plates (The leslie Urquhart Press, Old Plaw Hatch, Sharpthorne, Sussex), 21/-. Twenty of the excellent paintings by Paul Jones which appeared in Volumes 1 and 2 of The Camellia are reproduced in this book at a reduced size (9! x 7in.). The short introduction shows signs of hurried preparation and gives a brief history of camellias but unfortunately no details of the cultivars illustrated. The date of the introduction of C. japonica is given as 1793 instead of 1739 and there is no evidence that C. reticulata 'Robert Fortune' was introduced by John Damper Parks in either 1824 (page 7) or 1842 (page 11). Still, one buys this book for the plates and to admire the exquisite work of Paul Jones. It will be widely welcomed as a "gift" book which is its obvious purpose. CHARLES PUDDLE.

Camellias for Every Garden by Geoffrey R. Wakefield, 27 illustrations (W. H. & 1. Collingridge ltd., london), 32/6.

There has been a s~rious lack of authoritative books on growing camellias in the English climate. CamelliaJ for Every Garden goes a long way towards remedying this situation. Mr. Wakefield knows his subject well and with his experience at Exbury and the large collection of new varieties which he has built up at Stonehurst he is in a position to tell us what will or will not do in our own gardens.

All asp~cts of camellia culture are included, right down to exhibiting and floral arrangement. The book is written in an easy style and illustrated with some excellent photographs and one colour plate. The illustration of Camellia reticulata 'Buddha' on the dust jacket is so good that it seems a pity it was not possible to include this as a colour plate in the book. In the chapter on breeding, Mr. Wakefield gives a simplified account of chromosomes and their role in the breeding of new plants. Unfortunately, in spite of intensive research into camellia breeding, particularly in the United States of America, very few accurate chromosome numbers have been published for the benefit of the serious amateur breeder. So far as the . technique of pollinating flowers is concerned I have found it quite unnecessary, to wait for the stigma to become receptive and usually emasculate the flower and pollinate at the same time with some degree of success.

I would have liked to s~e more encouragement given to the beginner to try an odd plant or two of the Yunnan cultivars of C. reticulata in their greenhouses. In spite of these plants being rather straggly when pot grown they have always flowered very regularly for me and are so beautiful in late February and early March. 94 -~I i

The last chapter of the book is. devoted to a descriptive list of camellias which will be of assistance to the beginner and probably tempt the old hands to fall deeper in debt. Unfortunately it contains many errors in nomenclature, and it is hoped that these and other spelling errors in the text will be corrected in future editions. J. T. GALLAGHER.

The American Camellia Yearbook, 1965. American Camellia Society, Tifton, Georgia. This excellent publication maintains a very high standard and the 1965 edition is no exception. There are articles to interest everyone, whether amateur or expert. The enthusiast will be particularly interested in the authoritative contributions on Hybridity Detection, Micro-climates and how they affect plant hardiness, Chromatography in plant identification, and Camellia breeding-all worthy of very close study. Of a more general character are articles on mist propagation, camellias under glass and some very fine experimental advice to amateurs by Mr. Harold 1. Paige. There are numerous descriptive articles of camellia gardens and tributes to the work of Mr. Frederic Heutte and Mr. K. Sawada. Altogether a Yearbook which not only provides pleasurable reading but one which will be used for reference in the future. CHARLES PUDDLE.

Camellian, compiled and edited by Frank Griffin, 245 pages, 28 coloured plates (Frank Griffin Sr., P.O. Drawer 1850, Columbia, S.c., U.S.A.), $15.00. The magazine Cameltian ceased publication in March, 1963. For fourteen years it contained a wealth of authoritative articles on .all aspects of camellia culture. The editor, Mr. Frank Griffin, has now compiled a book of the same name consisting of thirty-six articles by well known experts. It is a work which commands careful reading and will be used often for reference. One of the most interesting contributions is the reproduction of the corrected manuscript of the Garden Camellias of Yunnan written in 1947 by Dr. T. T. Yu. Mr. C. W. Lattin has carefully documented the references and descriptions of 171 camellia species but several are not given specific rank by Mr. Sealy in his book A revision of the genus Camellia. These are but twO of the important articles that Mr. Griffin has collected for his new book, which is rounded off by some of the forthright comments for which he is noted. This is a limited edition put if he can maintain the high standard I hope Mr. Griffin will be encouraged to produce yet another 'Camellian' in the future. CHARLES PUDDLE.

Monograph of the Genus Camellia by Samuel Curtis. Five coloured plates by Clara Maria Pope. New edition published by Charles W. Trayen, Castle House, 49-50 Quarry Street, Guildford, England. £4 10. 0 ($12.60). In 1819 Samuel Curtis prepared the first monograph of camellias and this is an extremely rare work available only in a limited number of libraries. A 95

i '( ,-,I faithful reproduction is now available through the enterprise of Mr. Charles Trayen The large pages (18 x 22ins.) consist of a facsimile of the original title page, two pages of text and five coloured plates illustrating eleven camellias. The plates are excellently reproduced and show the fine technique and composition of Clara Maria Pope. This publication will be valued by everyone who loves books and camellias and I hope that Mr. Trayen may be encouraged to provide reproductions of other rare camellia works. CHARLES PUDDLE

Subscriptions

For the convenience of members, subscriptions may be paid to the following representatives:­ Africa: Andrew C. Soffe, Murambi House, 1/3 Stortford Avenue, Umtali, Southern Rhodesia. Australia: H. C. K. Dettmann, 87 Ada Avenue, Wahroonga, New South Wales. New Zealand: C. C. Emslie, Box 183, Pataruru, New Zealand. U.S.A. : East Coast: Albert Fendig, First National Bank of Brunswick Building, Brunswick, Georgia. Gulf Coast: Will P. Fulton, 3604 Greenbriar Drive, Dallas 25, Texas. West Coast: Vern McCaskill, 25 South Michillinda Avenue, Pasadena, California.

Or subscriptions may be sent direct to:­ Charles Puddle, Bodnant Gardens, Tal-y-Cafn, Colwyn Bay, Denbighshire, United Kingdom. Subscription: One Pound. Sterling ($3.00) or equivalent in other currencies. Life Members: £20 ($60.00).

96 Societies

American Camellia Society, President: Charles R. Butler. Executive Secretary-Editor: Joseph H. Pyron, P.O. Box 31794, Tifton, Georgia. Subscription: $6.00. Publications: Five issues of The Camellia JOltrnal plus The ,American Camellia Yearbook published each December. Australian Camellia Research Society, President: E. G. Waterhouse. General Secretary: T. J. Savige, 141, Prospect Hill Road, Canterbury 7, Victoria. Subscription: 21/-. Publications: Three issues of Camellia News plus enlarged Camellia News and Annual each December, edited by A. E. Campbell. Japan Camellia Society, President: Kiyoshi Ishikawa. Secretary: Mrs. Yasue Ishii, 290, Omiyamae-5-chome, Suginami-ku, Tokyo. Subscription: 500 Yen. Publication: Booklet issued three times a year. New Zealand Camellia Society, President: H. M. Hammond. General Secretary: Miss P. M. Bates, 14, Anglesea Street, Hamilton. Subscription: £1 Publication: Three issues of the New Zealtmd Camelia Bulletin edited by T. Durrant. Northern California Camellia Society, President: Hugh Paterson. Secretary: Lovell Preston, 1567, Mountain Blvd., Oakland. Subscriptions: $5.00 ($3.00 outside Northern California). Publication: Four issues .of The Camellia Bulletin edited by David 1. Feathers. Oregon Camellia Society, President: Ab Goins. Secretary: Mrs. W. Klingler, 8323 S.E. Franklin St., Portland. Subscription: $2.00. Publication : Twelve issues of mimeographed bulletin edited by Mrs. Douglas W. Polivka. The Royal Horticultural Society, President: Lord Aberconwav. Secretary: J. Hamer, The Royal Horticultural Society, Vincent Square, Westminster, London S.W.I. Subscription: 42/-. Publications: Twelve issues of the Journal of the Royal Horti. cultural Society (deals with all branches of horticulture) and The Rhododendron and Camellia Year Book. (Price 15/-) edited by Patrick M. Synge. South Carolina Camellia Society, President: Russell R. Mellette. Secretary-Treasurer: Paul D. Rush, Box 177, Lexington S.c. Subscription: $3.00. Publication: Three issues of Carolina Camellias, edited by John H. Marshall. Southern California Camellia Society, President: R. F. Dickson Jr. Secretary-Treasurer and Editor: Harold E. Dryden, 820, Winston Avenue, Sa!l Marino. Subscription: $6.00. Publications: Six issues of The Camellia Review and a 1:: ennial revision of Camellia Nomenclature edited by William E. Woodroof.

IX Camellias of Distinction from NEW ZEALAND

We have pleasure in offering descriptive catalogues upon request. We have experience in packing and air-freighting Camellias.

THE UNDERMENTIONED ARE A SMALL PORTION OF OUR EXTENSIVE COLLECTION

'Aaron's Ruby' 'Elizabeth Le Bey' 'Mercury' 'Alexander Hunter' 'Flame' 'Mollie Moore Davis' 'Angel' 'Flowerwood' 'Mrs. H. Boyce' 'Aristocrat' 'Governor Earl Warren' 'Odoratissima' 'Arrabella' 'Great Eastern' (N.Z.) 'Peachblossom' 'Australis' 'Hanafuki' 'Phyl Doak' 'Barbara Clark' 'Hikarugenji' 'Pink Spiral' 'Berenice Boddy' 'Jessie Katz' 'Prince of Orange' 'Billie McCaskill' 'Joseph Pfingstl' 'Seventh Heaven' 'Blood of China' 'Lady Loch' 'Shiro-botan' 'Brian' 'Lady St. Clair' 'Sun-up' 'Carter's Sunburst' 'Laura' Walker' 'The Czar' 'Cho-cho-san' 'Madame Hahn' 'Vosper's Rose' 'Diddy Mealing' 'Magnoliiflora' 'WaiwhetuBeauty' 'Drama Girl' 'Marjorie Magnificent' 'White Spiral'

Also a large selection of the Kunming Reticulatas (including 'Buddha') and Camellia sasanqua varieties MASON'S NURSERIES TE AWAMUTU NEW ZEALAND

x The'TITCHER' wild bird feeder halds ·llb. shelled peanuts ta give a lasting supply of foad for the garden's favourite little birds. Hang on a nearby tree or post where they may be easily observed. Made of thick zinc 6" high it will last for years. PRICE: 8/9d. each plus Camellias for every Garden 1/3d. post and packing from GEOFFREY R. WAKEFIELD "A work of practical information and goad gardening sense . . . I recom­ PAUL DAVY mend this boak heartily and withaut PENDREA HOUSE GULVAL reserve. II Edward Hyams, PENZANCE CORNWALL The Illustrated London News. Telephane Penzance 3519 27 illustrations 32s. 6d. W. H. 6' L. COLLINGRIDGE LTD. TRADE ENQUIRIES INVITED 2-10 Tavistack Street, W.C.2.

Knight's Nurseries Old Court Nurseries LTD. LTD. (Ballard's) • • FOR CAMELLIAS AND We may have the plant you are looking for OTHER SHRUBS, ROSES, We grow a wide variety, FRUIT TREES, ETC., including SHRUBS, PERENN IALS and SEND FOR OUR ROCK PLANTS CATALOGUE and are the Raisers of many new MICHA:LMAS DAISIES • 3d. Stamp for List HAILSHAM SUSSEX • ENGLAND Colwall, Near Malvern, Worcestershire, England

Xl Stewart's Florist & Nursery 2403 Bonaventure Road SAVANNAH ~ GEORGIA ~ U.S.A. • We specialise not in quantity production but in producing container grown Camellia plants of better varieties, to satisfy discriminating fanciers. Consider this your invitation to send us a list of your require­ ments. We already have European satisfied customers. Originators of 'Stewart's White Supreme,' as well as the new Hybrid 'CHARLEAN.' Our latest seedling 'SNOWMAN' is scheduled for release this Fall. Winner of three highly commended certificates this year.

Our Best Wishes to all members of the International CAMELLIAS AND OTHER CHO'ICE Camellia Society HARDY TREES SHRUBS AND McCASKILL ROSES GARDENS LAXTON 25, South Michillinda Ave., AND Pasadena, California, USA BUNYARD WORLD FAMOUS NURSERYMEN, BRAMPTON NURSERY, SorrYI we do not export HUNTINGDON ENGLAND

xu THE I NTERN AT ION AL CAMELLIA SOCI ETY

PRESIDENT:* E. G. WATERHOUSE, 17 Mcintosh Street, Gordon, New South Woles, Australia.

VICE-PRESIDENT: ALBERT FENDIG, St. Simons Island, Georgia, U.S.A.

DIRE C TOR S : J. HOWARD ASPER, Green Valley Nurseries, Escondido, California, U.S.A. R. E. DEAN, Central Government Offices, West Wing, Hong Kong. T. DURRANT, Mayhills Farm, Tirau, New Zealand. H. G. HI LLI ER, Hillier & Sons, Winchester, Hants., United Kingdom. KIYOSHI ISHIKAWA, 100 Fusuma-cho, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan. Le Vicomte de NOAILLES, Villa Noailles, Grasse, France.. RALPH N. PH ILBRICK, Santa Barbara Botanic Gardens, Santa Barbara, California, U.S.A. CHARLES PUDDLE, Bodnant Gardens, Tal-y-Cafn, Colwyn Bay, Denbighshire, United Kingdom. T. J. SAVIGE, ] 41 Prospect Hill Road, Canterbury, E.7, Victoria, Australia. ANDREW C. SOFFE, Murambi House, 1/3 Stortford Avenue, Umtali, Southern Rhodesia. * The International Camellia Society has been inaugurated with the following motives:­ • To foster the love of camellias throughout the world and to maintain and increase their popularity. • To undertake historical, scientific and horticultural research in connection with camellias. • To co-operate with all national and regional camellia societies and with other horticultural societies.

• To disseminate information concerning camellias by means af bulletins and other publ ications.

• To encourage a friendly exchange between camellia enthusiasts of all nationalities.

XU1 THE INTERNATIONAL CAMELLIA SOCIETY INVITES YOU TO BECOME A MEMBER

ANNUAL SUBSCRIPTION: One Pound Sterling ($3.00) or equivalent in other currencies

LIFE MEMBERSHIP: Twenty Pounds ($60.00) or equivalent in other currencies

I, . NAME (I N BLOCK LETTERS)

Address .

Country . desire to become a member of International Camellia Society and enclose my * Annual Subscription of One Pound Sterling or equivalent ", Life Membership of Twenty Pounds Sterling or equivalent * Delete as necessary.

Cheques, Postal Orders, or International Money Orders, should be made payable to "The International Camellia Society".

Subscriptions may be sent to Membership Representatives, or to CHARLES PUDDLE, Bodnant Gardens, Tal-y-Cafn, Colwyn Bay, Denbighshire, United Kingdom.

JOIN THE INTERNATIONAL CAMELLIA SOCIETY

XIV Camellias Among our stock are many seedlings developed by us.

Write for a list of our newer seedlings and their prices.

Buddha sitting in his temple in Jungle Gardens

Interested persons wishing to see our collection of CAMELLIAS & BAMBOO will find a trip through JUNGLE GARDENS a revelation as it contains many exotic plants 'from allover the world. Also specialists in more than 64 varieties of BAMBOO

ESTATE OF E. A. MciLHENNY AVERY ISLAND LOUISIANA U.S.A.

xv COMPLETE CONSTANT MIST PROPAGATION SYSTEM MISTIC BUBBLE ROOTS SOFTWOOD CUTTINGS from shrubs, trees, houseplonts - roses, lilocs, CAMELLIAS, chrysonthemums, hollies, mognolias, abelias, rhododendrons, forsythias, tropica's many others. Plastic enclosure admits optimum light. Long lasting, STAINLESS STEEL, low-capacity fog nozzle-q· galls, per hr.-cheap to operate. No drainage problem. Connect to garden hose. Diameter 4ft. - holds up to 1,000 cuttings at a time-several crops a season. Requires olmost no attention or previous experience. IDEAL FOR EXPERIMENTATION WITH LIGHT, HEAT, MIST AND HORMONES. MISTIC BUBBLE comes complete, except bricks and sand. Directions inc!. $32'50 ppd. in U.S. Shipping weight to foreign countries 10 Ibs. A Camellia Cutting taken June 1S, treated with Hormodin No.2, is seen on left as it appea,cd August 1. Some produced buds while stiIJ under mist. MIST METHODS CO., I.C.J. WINCHESTER, TENN. (JEWEL W. TEMPLETON)

OLD BOOKS WANTED

We are interested in obtaining old Camellia books, particularly the following:­ Camellia Quest E. G. Waterhouse Camellia Trail E. G. Waterhouse Old Camellia Varieties A. I. Ellis Rhododendrons, Azaleas, Magnolias, Camellias and Ornamental Cherries A. T. Johnson Rhododendron and Camellia Year Book (1954-1960, inclusive) Royal Horticultural Society G. E. NEWTON N EWTON GARDENS LTD., 529 PEARL STREET, FAYETTEVILLE, NORTH CAROLINA, U.S.A.

XVI Stonehurst Estate Nursery Camellias from the SPecialist Growers Over three hun,dred varieties

I FINEST OLD FAVOURITES AND LATEST AMERICAN VARIETIES ELLIAS Camellia japonica Canzellia X williamsii lated plants Camellia reticulata Camellia sasanqua Evergreen • AVttilable Under Propagation Camellia reticulata ~ieris . Reathers (Bookings accepted) 'Aaron's Ruby' 'Carl Tourje' 'Buddha' 'Betty Sheffield Supreme' 'Clark Hubbs' 'Chang's Temple' 'Charlean' 'Charlean Variegated' 'Crimson Robe' 'Drama Girl' 'Commander Mulroy' 'Captain Rawes' 'Emmett Barnes' 'Don-Mac' 'Moumancha' N: 'Geisha Girl' 'Dr. Burnside' 'Noble Pearl' 'High Wide'n Handsome' 'Ed Anderson' 'Pagoda' ('Robert Fortune') :S, EUROPE 'King's Ransom' 'Eleanor Grant' 'Purple Gown' 'Lady Macon' 'Erin Farmer' 'William Hertrich' 'Mrs. D. W. Davis' 'Gus Menard' and 'Wild Form' 'Silver Anniversary' 'Howard Asper' 'Tomorrow's Dawn' 'Julia Hamiter' 'Virginia Robinson' 'Kay Truesdale' ILABLE 'Wild Fire' 'Marie Bracy' And many more. 'Mary Wheeler'

R 1 1965 'Miss Charleston Variegated' 'Mona Monique' 'Snowman' 'Tiffany' • We have adequate facilities for exporting to any country. I • & SONS FREE BROCHURE: e, Longham Nursery e, Dorset Stonehurst Estate ARDINGLY SUSSEX - UNITED KINGDOM Telephone : Arclingly 436 8, >NlOlnllncnl 10 II.. M>J .y Tbt QuenQ I'unory..." JON "'ATEJ\iI\ SON ... CRISP. LTD C M 5 from

Vol. 1 No.3

of Mo BAGSHOT, SURREY, ENGLAND 1965

We have a very large stack of healthy., pot-grown plants for supply this season­ embracing a wide range of varieties, including many of the newer introductions .of both British and American raisers. Specially recommended for supply this year:­ 'ADOLPHE AUDUSSON' AM. 1934, Semi-double red flowers, vi.goraus and compact habit. From 25/- to 37/6.

'ELEGANS' F.C.C. 1958, Anemone-formed vivid• pink flowers, occasionally splashed white. From 25/-.

'C. M. WILSON' AM. 1956, large anemone-farmed flowers of soft pink. From 42/-.

'CONTESSA LAVINIA MAGGII', Formal double flowers, white striped red, From 25/-.

PEACH BLOSSOM ('FLEUR DE PECHE'). delicate pink semi-double medium sized flowers. From 25/-.

'LEONARD MESSEL' (C. reticulata x C.X williamsii 'MARY CHRISTIAN'). A.M. J 958, large, semi-double flowers of glistening deep rose pink, From 30/- to 84/-.

C. .T. williamsii 'DONATION' F.C.C. 1952. AG.M. ]958. Large semi­ double soft pink flowers. Free flowering. From 30/- to 35/-. Descriptive cata/oRue '//Jill be ready ill Septembe1' and '//Jill gladly be sent port free Or! request to our Head Office. An Official Publica JOHN WATERER, SONS & CRISP, LTD. THE FLORAL MILE TWYFORD BERKSHIRE Internation

Printed by R. E. Janes & Bras. Ltd., Conway, North Wales-33741