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The Elevation and Isolation of the Constitutional Status of New Caledonia: a Case Study of French Interim Constitutional Reform
THE ELEVATION AND ISOLATION OF THE CONSTITUTIONAL STATUS OF NEW CALEDONIA: A CASE STUDY OF FRENCH INTERIM CONSTITUTIONAL REFORM GUILLAUME P. BLANC* INTRODUCTION Constitutional reform is very often needed in order to adapt constitutional rules which govern the distribution or decentralization of powers between different federal and federate entities in federal countries. However, the relationship between constitutional reform and decentralization is not only relevant to federal countries. It can also be relevant to unified or centralized countries which do not have a constitutional federal status, such as France, where sovereign executive as well as legislative powers can be shared between the French central state and the French overseas dependencies. Among these French overseas collectivities, New Caledonia benefits from a special constitutional status and is vested with the most extensive sovereign executive and legislative powers ever transferred from the French state to a French decentralized territory. Following the Noumea Accord of 5 May 1998, the constitutional and institutional status of New Caledonia was entirely modified in order to resolve political conflicts between the Kanak independence movement and New Caledonian political forces opposed to any secession of New Caledonia. This reform resulted in the transfer of sovereign powers traditionally exercised by the French state to the New Caledonian political and administrative authorities, in particular the government, the Parliament (“Congress”), and the Provinces of New Caledonia. The present paper will demonstrate why the transfer of sovereign powers from the French state to the decentralized New Caledonian authorities needed this constitutional reform, and how this reform operates as a progressive constitutional devolution process (1). -
Critical Care Medicine in the French Territories in the Americas
01 Pan American Journal Opinion and analysis of Public Health 02 03 04 05 06 Critical care medicine in the French Territories in 07 08 the Americas: Current situation and prospects 09 10 11 1 2 1 1 1 Hatem Kallel , Dabor Resiere , Stéphanie Houcke , Didier Hommel , Jean Marc Pujo , 12 Frederic Martino3, Michel Carles3, and Hossein Mehdaoui2; Antilles-Guyane Association of 13 14 Critical Care Medicine 15 16 17 18 Suggested citation Kallel H, Resiere D, Houcke S, Hommel D, Pujo JM, Martino F, et al. Critical care medicine in the French Territories in the 19 Americas: current situation and prospects. Rev Panam Salud Publica. 2021;45:e46. https://doi.org/10.26633/RPSP.2021.46 20 21 22 23 ABSTRACT Hospitals in the French Territories in the Americas (FTA) work according to international and French stan- 24 dards. This paper aims to describe different aspects of critical care in the FTA. For this, we reviewed official 25 information about population size and intensive care unit (ICU) bed capacity in the FTA and literature on FTA ICU specificities. Persons living in or visiting the FTA are exposed to specific risks, mainly severe road traffic 26 injuries, envenoming, stab or ballistic wounds, and emergent tropical infectious diseases. These diseases may 27 require specific knowledge and critical care management. However, there are not enough ICU beds in the FTA. 28 Indeed, there are 7.2 ICU beds/100 000 population in Guadeloupe, 7.2 in Martinique, and 4.5 in French Gui- 29 ana. In addition, seriously ill patients in remote areas regularly have to be transferred, most often by helicopter, 30 resulting in a delay in admission to intensive care. -
2. Geophysics and the Structure of the Lesser Antilles Forearc1
2. GEOPHYSICS AND THE STRUCTURE OF THE LESSER ANTILLES FOREARC1 G. K. Westbrook, Department of Geological Sciences, University of Durham and A. Mascle and B. Biju-Duval, Institut Français du Pétrole2 ABSTRACT The Barbados Ridge complex lies east of the Lesser Antilles volcanic arc along the eastern margin of the Caribbean Plate. The complex dates in part from the Eocene, and elements of the arc system have been dated as Late Cretaceous and Late Jurassic, although most of the volcanic rocks date from the Tertiary, particularly the latter part. It is probable that the arc system was moved a considerable distance eastward with respect to North and South America during the Tertiary. The accretionary complex can be divided into zones running parallel to the arc, starting with a zone of initial accre- tion at the front of the complex where sediment is stripped from the ocean floor and the rate of deformation is greatest. This zone passes into one of stabilization where the deformation rate is generally lower, although there are localized zones of more active tectonics where the generally mildly deformed overlying blanket of sediment is significant dis- turbed. Supracomplex sedimentary basins that are locally very thick are developed in the southern part of the complex. The Barbados Ridge Uplift containing the island of Barbados lies at the western edge of the complex; between it and the volcanic arc lies a large forearc basin comprising the Tobago Trough and Lesser Antilles Trough. There are major longitudinal variations in the complex that are broadly related to the northward decrease in sedi- ment thickness away from terrigenous sources in South America and that are locally controlled by ridges in the oceanic igneous crust passing beneath the complex. -
Paleogeography of the Caribbean Region: Implications for Cenozoic Biogeography
PALEOGEOGRAPHY OF THE CARIBBEAN REGION: IMPLICATIONS FOR CENOZOIC BIOGEOGRAPHY MANUEL A. ITURRALDE-VINENT Research Associate, Department of Mammalogy American Museum of Natural History Curator, Geology and Paleontology Group Museo Nacional de Historia Natural Obispo #61, Plaza de Armas, CH-10100, Cuba R.D.E. MA~PHEE Chairman and Curator, Department of Mammalogy American Museum of Natural History BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY Number 238, 95 pages, 22 figures, 2 appendices Issued April 28, 1999 Price: $10.60 a copy Copyright O American Museum of Natural History 1999 ISSN 0003-0090 CONTENTS Abstract ....................................................................... 3 Resumen ....................................................................... 4 Resumo ........................................................................ 5 Introduction .................................................................... 6 Acknowledgments ............................................................ 8 Abbreviations ................................................................ 9 Statement of Problem and Methods ............................................... 9 Paleogeography of the Caribbean Region: Evidence and Analysis .................. 18 Early Middle Jurassic to Late Eocene Paleogeography .......................... 18 Latest Eocene to Middle Miocene Paleogeography .............................. 27 Eocene-Oligocene Transition (35±33 Ma) .................................... 27 Late Oligocene (27±25 Ma) ............................................... -
The Outermost Regions European Lands in the World
THE OUTERMOST REGIONS EUROPEAN LANDS IN THE WORLD Açores Madeira Saint-Martin Canarias Guadeloupe Martinique Guyane Mayotte La Réunion Regional and Urban Policy Europe Direct is a service to help you find answers to your questions about the European Union. Freephone number (*): 00 800 6 7 8 9 10 11 (*) Certain mobile telephone operators do not allow access to 00 800 numbers or these calls may be billed. European Commission, Directorate-General for Regional and Urban Policy Communication Agnès Monfret Avenue de Beaulieu 1 – 1160 Bruxelles Email: [email protected] Internet: http://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/index_en.htm This publication is printed in English, French, Spanish and Portuguese and is available at: http://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/activity/outermost/index_en.cfm © Copyrights: Cover: iStockphoto – Shutterstock; page 6: iStockphoto; page 8: EC; page 9: EC; page 11: iStockphoto; EC; page 13: EC; page 14: EC; page 15: EC; page 17: iStockphoto; page 18: EC; page 19: EC; page 21: iStockphoto; page 22: EC; page 23: EC; page 27: iStockphoto; page 28: EC; page 29: EC; page 30: EC; page 32: iStockphoto; page 33: iStockphoto; page 34: iStockphoto; page 35: EC; page 37: iStockphoto; page 38: EC; page 39: EC; page 41: iStockphoto; page 42: EC; page 43: EC; page 45: iStockphoto; page 46: EC; page 47: EC. Source of statistics: Eurostat 2014 The contents of this publication do not necessarily reflect the position or opinion of the European Commission. More information on the European Union is available on the internet (http://europa.eu). Cataloguing data can be found at the end of this publication. -
Thematic Report for the Insular Caribbean Sub-Region
CLME-TT/3 Prov Barbados, February 2007 Original: English THEMATIC REPORT FOR THE INSULAR CARIBBEAN SUB-REGION A discussion paper for the CLME Synthesis Workshop by Sherry Heileman, Ph.D. CLME Project Implementation Unit Centre for Resource Management and Environmental Studies (CERMES) University of the West Indies Cave Hill Campus, Barbados February 2007 Insular Caribbean - CLME Thematic report CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................ 1 2. THE INSULAR CARIBBEAN .......................................................................................................... 1 Geography and oceanography ................................................................................................................... 1 Ecological features..................................................................................................................................... 3 Socio-economic background...................................................................................................................... 5 2.4 Environmental and socio-economic vulnerability of SIDS ................................................................. 6 3. PRIORITY TRANSBOUNDARY PROBLEMS.............................................................................. 7 3.1 Unsustainable exploitation of living marine resources ........................................................................ 8 3.1.1 Description of the problem and justification -
France Background
The World Factbook Europe :: France Introduction :: France Background: France today is one of the most modern countries in the world and is a leader among European nations. It plays an influential global role as a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council, NATO, the G-8, the G-20, the EU and other multilateral organizations. France rejoined NATO's integrated military command structure in 2009, reversing de Gaulle's 1966 decision to take French forces out of NATO. Since 1958, it has constructed a hybrid presidential-parliamentary governing system resistant to the instabilities experienced in earlier, more purely parliamentary administrations. In recent decades, its reconciliation and cooperation with Germany have proved central to the economic integration of Europe, including the introduction of a common currency, the euro, in January 1999. In the early 21st century, five French overseas entities - French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Mayotte, and Reunion - became French regions and were made part of France proper. Geography :: France Location: metropolitan France: Western Europe, bordering the Bay of Biscay and English Channel, between Belgium and Spain, southeast of the UK; bordering the Mediterranean Sea, between Italy and Spain French Guiana: Northern South America, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean, between Brazil and Suriname Guadeloupe: Caribbean, islands between the Caribbean Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean, southeast of Puerto Rico Martinique: Caribbean, island between the Caribbean Sea and North Atlantic Ocean, -
The Application of GIS to the Reconstruction of the Slave-Plantation Economy of St
The Application of GIS to the Reconstruction of the Slave-Plantation Economy of St. Croix, Danish West Indies Daniel Hopkins, Philip Morgan, and Justin Roberts he project of developing a historical-geographical understanding of slavery and the economic and social systems that supported it requires the exploration of primary data sources that have otherwise notT received significant attention. This paper focuses on a remarkable se- ries of maps, cadastral records, and censuses of the island of St. Croix, in the Danish West Indies (now the United States Virgin Islands) which provide uniquely rich materials for the analysis of the workings of an eighteenth-century slave-plantation society. These Danish records are so susceptible to demographic, economic, and cultural analysis, and the information they convey can be so precisely placed within the mapped physical realities of the landscapes of St. Croix, that they may represent a be nchmark for studies of the geography of New World plantation society in general. Atlantic slavery dominated huge agricultural areas, and its profits permeated the European, African, and American economies, to say noth- ing of its cultural implications,1 and research on this tremendously impor- tant subject has proliferated enormously. Most of this work has been published by historians,2 but the dividing line between history—and es- pecially economic history—and geography can of course not be very sharply drawn in the case of the slave-plantation system. Some very solid historical geography of plantation slavery in the Caribbean has been writ- ten, but the field remains quite open.3 The source material is widely scat- tered and by no means uniform or easy to handle, and a great deal of the fundamental record of the geography of slavery doubtless remains to be re- constructed and interpreted. -
Caribbean Tsunami Hazard
ESTIMATING THE THREAT OF TSUNAMIGENIC EARTHQUAKES AND EARTHQUAKE INDUCED-LANDSLIDE TSUNAMI IN THE CARIBBEAN WILLIAM R. MCCANN Earth Scientific Consultants Westminster, CO 80021, USA Deformation along the margin of the Caribbean Plate is the principal cause of the tsunami threat in the Caribbean. That margin parallels the northern coast of South America, the Lesser Antilles, and extends along the Greater Antilles from Puerto Rico through Jamaica. The eastern boundary of the Caribbean plate near the Lesser Antilles is the locus of subduction of Atlantic seafloor. At least three distinct, shallow tectonic regimes parallel the margin. They are: an outer tectonic belt where the North America Plate bends to enter the subduction zone, the main interface or zone of contact between the plates, and an inner zone of intraplate activity in the overriding Caribbean Plate. The level of seismic activity and tsunami potential in each of these zones is influenced by the presence of aseismic ridges on the downgoing plate. Ridges may increase the probability of tsunami or slow earthquakes, by reactivating thrust faults in the accretionary prism. The northeastern corner of the Caribbean Plate margin has a smooth transition from the relatively simple subduction zone in the Northern Lesser Antilles into a region of oblique convergence. It is a complex margin dominated by microplate tectonics from near Puerto Rico through Hispaniola. Here too the same three tectonic zones can be defined, but the third zone, “intraplate activity in the Caribbean Plate”, is more clearly delineated as microplate deformation in a wide plate boundary zone. Strike-slip tectonics dominates the region from Haiti westward to the northern coast of Honduras. -
Economic and Social Council Distr.: General
United Nations Economic and Social Council Distr.: General E/1990/6/Add.27 25 October 2000 Original: French IMPLEMENTATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL COVENANT ON ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND CULTURAL RIGHTS Second periodic reports submitted by States parties under articles 16 and 17 of the Covenant Addendum FRANCE *, ** [30 June 2000] * The initial reports concerning rights covered by articles 6 to 9 (E/1984/6/Add.11), 10 to 12 (E/1986/3/Add.10) and 13 to 15 (E/1982/3/Add.30) submitted by the Government of France were considered by the Expert Working Group of the Economic and Social Council and by the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights in 1985 (see E/1985/WG.1/SR.5 and 7; E/1982/3/Add.30 and Corr.1), in 1986 (see E/1986/WG.1/SR.18,19 and 21; E/1984/6Add.11) and in 1989 (see E/C.12/1989/SR.12 and 13; E/1986/3/Add.10). ** The information submitted in accordance with the consolidated guidelines concerning the initial part of reports of States parties is contained in the core document HRI/CORE/1/Add.17/Rev.1. GE.00-45320 E/1990/6/Add.27 CONTENTS Paragraph Introduction 1-3 Article 1 4-16 I. Guarantee of the right of peoples in the departments and 11-27 territories freely to leave the territory of the Republic A. Cession of territory by treaty between the French Republic 11-13 and another state. B. Sole instance of territorial integration under the Constitution 14 of 4 October 1958: the islands of Wallis, Futuna and Alofi. -
The Caribbean Epidemiological Network: the Complexities of Developing a Regional Perspective
The Caribbean epidemiological network: the complexities of developing a regional perspective K.-G. DOUGLAS Project Director, Drug Abuse Project, Caribbean Epidemiology Centre, Trinidad and Tobago J. HILLEBRAND Epidemiology Adviser, United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, Vienna ABSTRACT The present article describes the geographical, political and cultural difficulties involved in developing a regional drug abuse epidemiological network in the Caribbean. Earlier initiatives such as the Caribbean Community Epidemiology Task Force failed owing to a lack of resources. It was not until 1996 that a major success was achieved, when the Plan of Action for Drug Control Coordination and Cooperation in the Caribbean laid the groundwork for the establishment of a comprehensive and sus- tainable effort to control substance abuse in the region through drug demand reduc- tion. In 1997, the Santo Domingo Declaration against Drugs reinforced the recom- mendation of the Barbados Plan of Action and called for the timely implementation of an epidemiological system for substance abuse. Subsequently, member States of the Caribbean Community allocated resources to the Drug Abuse Epidemiological and Surveillance System Project, which is being implemented by the Caribbean Epidemiology Centre. Within the framework of the project, the Caribbean Drug Information Network was launched in 2001; this concentrates on institution-building, training and the development of practical expertise in survey research. In order for the Network to continue its work, it will need further political support, adequate funding and the ability to link its activities to other aspects of demand reduction. Keywords: Caribbean; drug abuse; demand reduction; epidemiology network; regional initiative. Introduction Features of the sector The Caribbean region has a total land area of 700,000 sq km and comprises a number of islands, including those in the Caribbean Sea, along with the Guianas (Guyana, French Guiana and Suriname). -
Bird List E = Endemic EC = Endemic to Caribbean ELA= Endemic to Lesser Antilles ES = Endemic Subspecies NE = Near Endemic NES = Near Endemic Subspecies
Lesser Antilles Prospective Bird List E = Endemic EC = Endemic to Caribbean ELA= Endemic to Lesser Antilles ES = Endemic Subspecies NE = Near Endemic NES = Near Endemic Subspecies West Indian Whistling Duck Dendrocygna arborea EC Black-bellied Whistling Duck Dendrocygna autumnalis Masked Duck Nomonyx dominicus Ring-necked Duck Aythya collaris Greater Scaup Aythya marila Lesser Scaup Aythya affinis Northern Shoveler Spatula clypeata Blue-winged Teal Spatula discors Green-winged Teal Spatula crecca American Wigeon Mareca americana White-cheeked Pintail Spatula bahamensis Northern Pintail Spatula acuta Pied-billed Grebe Podilymbus podiceps Least Grebe Tachybaptus dominicus Feral Rock Pigeon Columba livia Eurasian Collared Dove Streptopelia decaocto Scaly-naped Pigeon Patagioenas squamosa EC White-crowned Pigeon Patagioenas leucocephala Grenada Dove Leptotila wellsi E Bridled Quail-Dove Geotrygon mystacea EC Ruddy Quail-Dove Geotrygon montana Zenaida Dove Zenaida aurita EC Eared Dove Zenaida auriculata Common Ground Dove Columbina passerina Red-billed Tropicbird Phaethon aethereus mesonauta White-tailed Tropicbird Phaethon lepturus White-tailed Nightjar Hydropsalis cayennensis manati St.Lucia Nightjar Antrostomus (rufus) otiosus E Antillean Nighthawk Chordeiles gundlachii ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ WINGS ● 1643 N. Alvernon Way Ste. 109 ● Tucson ● AZ ● 85712 ● www.wingsbirds.com (866) 547 9868 Toll free US + Canada ● Tel (520) 320-9868 ● Fax (520) 320 9373 Lesser