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World Bank Document DOCUMENT OF INTERNATIONAL BANK FOR RECONSTRUCTION AND DEVELOPME,NT INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ASSOCIATION Not For Public Us_ PS-13 Public Disclosure Authorized VOL. 8 Report No. PS-13 BANGLADESH LAND AND WATER RESOURCES SECTOR STUDY Public Disclosure Authorized (in nine volumes) VOLTTME VI! WTATER Technical Report No. 20 - Overall Water Resources Poteta Technical Report No. 21 - The Groundwater Potential Teclht,.icall Report N.NooInLT- - terr,ational Water Aspects Technical Report No. 23 - Rainfall Analyses Public Disclosure Authorized TDLe embeLID 1r, 19a 72 Asia Projects Department Public Disclosure Authorized This report was prepared for official use only by the Bank Group. It may not be published, quoted or cited without Bank Group authorization. The Bank GrouP does not accept responsibility for the .acPur:cyor comnpleteness of the report. Note "The Land and Water Resources Sector Study - Bangladesh" dated December 1, 1972 was prepared between May 1971 and the summer of 1972 under the general supervision of the Bank, by staff members of the Bank, and FAO, with substantial help from consultants. The UNDP and the Bank shared the cost of the consulting sernices. The study is made available on the understand- ing that it does not necessarily represent the official position of the Government of Bangladesh or of the Bank. The study is based mostly on data collected prior to March 1971. Although some of the information contained in the study is out of date, the essence of it is vralid and it should be useful to the Government of Bangladesh and to other countries, agencies, and institutions interested in the development of Baneladesh. LAND AND WATrER RESOURCES SECTOR STUD-Y VOLUME VII WATER FOREWORD i. Of the four separate Technical Reports that comprise this volume, the first (No. 20) presents the problem in Bangladesh as one of uneven water distribution in time and space - too much water over a major part of the country during the monsoon, and a limited amount available for irrigation in the dry season found mainly in the large rivers. Groundwater, which was given little emphasis in earlier studies, is presented as a vast untapped dry season water source for most of the country. ii. The second report (No. 21) documents in more detail the magnitude of this important water source. Analysis of rainfall, runoff, and surface conditions, drawing together all available data, leads to the conclusion that - with the exception of limited areas near the western border and in the extreme south - recharge potential would be sufficient to sustain intensive irrigated agriculture from groundwater withdrawals over most of the country. ii. T,he great ri-vers, wmhich forIm1_ed the delta which comprises Bangladesh and which influence its destiny and development so profoundly, stem from far beyond the country's borders. ThLe activites upstreamL whch may affect ILand and water development efforts are analyzed in the third Technical Report in bL L V U±WIT10k PU . 4 J. iv. Rainfall and cropping patterns are intimately related. A detailed probability analysis of seasonal rainfall patterns is given in Technical Report No. 23. This analysis throws iight on the risk factors which underlie much of the agricultural activity of the region. Combined with the wealth of soils data described in Vol. II (Technical Report No. 2), and agronomic data currently being generated at IRRI, this analysis will provide a solid basis for regional irrigation development policy decisions. v. Technical Report No. 20 was prepared by Mr. E. Hunting using analysis provided by ACRES International (Overseas) Limited, General Consultants to EPWAPDA, except for the analysis of surface water potential done entirely by Mr. Hunting. Technical Report No. 21 was prepared by Mr. M. Maasland of ACRES International (Overseas) Ltd. The Report on Inter- national Water was written by Mr. W. R. Rangeley, Consultant. Statistical analysis of rainfall data presented in Technical Report No. 23 was prepared by Mr. Bernard Oury using probability analysis of weekly totals done by the National Climatic Center, U.S. Department of Commerce, and duration frequency analysis done by ACRES International (Overseas) Ltd. RESTRICTED T'rP1'.TATTnT.TAT. PA TK Vr'P PTPrn ThRTP TATTON A.M DflWT-.flPMV'T TWTVNATTCTTAT. D.TECW .rrl, AS ITArPTAnN BANIGLADESH LAND AND WATER RESOURCES SECTOR STUDY ITMT TTMt' ITTT VliJu.l V.L.L .TjA MLTT'f M1 'rlTThKTT,AT pTr'nnm iT/ ' LECUfU'ICAL~jt UREPORT NOL. 20 nlTflf T T Tj A Mrr nlrr ,.,,nM -- --- A December 1, 1972 Asia Projects Department BANGLADESH - SECTOR STUDY VOLUME VII - WATER TECHNICAL REPORT NO. 20 OVERALL WATER RESOURCES POTENTIAL!! TABLE OF CONTENTS SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS Page No. I. INTRODUCTION A. General Background ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... B. Earlier Reports on Water Resources ... ... .. .2 C. Objectives and Scope of this Study ... ... ... ... ... 3 D. Regional Aspects .. .. ... ... ... ... ... ... 4 II. PRESENT lWATER REGIME AND CONSTRAINTS ON FUTURE DEVELOPMENT 6 A. Present Water Regime ........... ... 0.... .. ... ... 6 B. Upland River Discharges .... .. ... ... ... 6 Ganges River ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 6 Brahmaputra River ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 7 Meghna River ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 7 Annual Hydrographs ... .. ... ... ... .. 7 Regime of Major Rivers .. ... .... .. ... ... 10 C. Surface Water Increments Within Bangladesh ... .. 11 Northwest Region ... ... ... ... ... .... .. ... 12 Mymensingh and Sylhet Districts . ... ..... ... 12 Dacca District ... ... *.. ... *.. ... ... ... 12 Other Districts ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 13 Example for Mymensingh and Sylhet Districts .. 13 D. Dry-Season Rainfall and its Variation *.. ... ... ... 13 E. Groundwater Resources ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 1 3 F. The Tides ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 14 G. Salt Water Intrusion Into Coastal Estuaries ... .. 16 Introduction ..... .* * * *** *** .. * .* .* 16 Available Information and Current Knowledge ... ... 16 Salinity Problem Areas ... .ee* .. * v v v .v ... 0. 1 7 Danger from Further Saline Water Intrusion ... 18 H. Prospects of Flow Reductions Due to Developments Outside Bangladesh .o. ... ... .. .. ... .. ... 0 Introduction ... ... 0.. ...a .. ... ... ... 20 Potential Use of Drv-Season Flows of the Ganges ..* Potential Use of Dry-Season Flows of the Brahmaputra .. Total Possible Flow Reductions ... ... ... ... ... I. Present Use of Dry-Season Water Resources ... ...... *.. 1/ This report was prepared by Mr. E. Hunting using analysis provided by Acres International (Overseas) Limited, (formerly General Consultants to EPWAPDA) except for the analysis of surface water potential done entirely by Mr. Hunting. -2- Page No. III. FUTURE WATER REQUIREMENTS 23 A. Introduction ... *.. ... *.. ... ... ... ... ... 23 1AT_ -- 4 .._ , TY _ LCAY7 NMaVgator, and VO-ther Rura l US"O'esS U1 ofSua WaterT. 213 Fisheries ... ... ...* .. .. .. ... ..* .. 24 Munwicipal and Industrial Su-pplies ... ... ... ... 24~ B. Water Requirements for Irrigation ... ... ... ... ... 24 Evapoti-.nspiiation of Crops ... .. ... ... ... 4 Effective Precipitation 9.0 ... .*. ... ... ... 26 Ohner Factors Detenu.inThg Irrigation Requir-ents ... 27 Irrigation Water Requirements for Five Districts .... 29 'Water Losses Associated with Irrigation ... ... ... 31 Area Served by a Single Two-Cusec Unit ... ... ... 32 IV. POTENTIAL FOR LOCAL SURFACE WATER USE 34 A. Introduction and Summary ... ... ... ... ... ... 34 B. Surface Wiater Available ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 36 Data Sources ... ... ... *.. ... ... ... ... 36 'water Utilization Criteria ... ... ... ... ... 37 Water Available for Irrigation ... ... ... ... ... 37 C. Irrigation Potential ... ... .*. ... ... ... ... 40 Data Sources ... ... ... ..* ... ... ... ... 40 Criteria for Estimating the Irrigation Potential ... 141 Estimates of Full Potential for Surface Water Irrigation 42 Estimate of Present irrigation ... t.w ... *.. ... 34 Estimate of Potential for Expansion of Irrigation ... 44 D. Net Water Withdrawal from Rivers ... ... ... ... .D* 46 Dispersed Low-Lift Puap ... ... ... ... ... ... 47 Closed Folders ... D.. ... ... ... ..* owe ... 49 Conclusions t.w *.. .*. *.. 999 ..* ... ... 50 V. GROUNDWATER POTENTIAL 51 A. Introduction ... ... we. ... .*0 ... ... ... 51 B. Hydrogeology and Groundwater Quality s ... ..* ... 51 C. Availability of Groundwater for Irrigation ....oe o.. 53 Present Groundwater Regime **e 0e0 ... ... ..0 53 Potential Rainfall Recharge ... ... ..* ... ... 53 Acreages Irrigable by Groundwater ... ... *.. ... 55 Detailed Water Balance Calculations for a Sample Area (Rangpur)... ... ... ... ... ... .0. ... 56 Application of the Methodology of Detailed Water Balance Calculations to an Area with Possible Recharge Shortage (Rajshahi) ... *.. ... ... 61 D. Possible Effects of Groundwater Pumping on Surface Water Availability ... ... ... oe *0 *.O 62 -3- Page No. VI. AREAS WITH SALINE GROUNDWATER AND/OR AFFECTED BY TIDES 65 A. Introduction ... ... ... ... ...-. ... ... ... 65 B. Present Coastal Embanklaent Program ... ... ... ... 65 C. Expected Changes ... .., ... .., ... ,., ... ... 65 D. Effects of Estuary Closures ... ... ... ... ... ... 66 E. Monsoon Diversions from the rTanges River ... ... ... 67 F. Gravity Diversions of Dry-Season Flows from the Ganges 67 rS. EbbH. and Flnood Volnraes . - 68~~~~----68 H. Benefits fron Estuary Closures ... ,.. ... ... 69 T * Studi es Rui-ii rad ==9 J. Water Transfer and Diversion in the East Region ... ... 69 K. Transfer of Brahmaputra Water+o Ganges
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