Control Vs Raising

Jean Mark Gawron

Linguistics 522 San Diego State University [email protected] http://www.rohan.sdsu.edu/∼gawron

Control Vs Raising – p. 1/19 Subject Control

CP C’ C TP ∅ DPi T John T VP [- PST] V V CP try C C TP

∅ DPi T PRO T VP to V V leave

Control Vs Raising – p. 2/19 Subject Raising

CP C C TP ∅ T T VP [- PST] V V CP D-Structure seem C C TP

∅ DPi T John T VP to V V leave

Control Vs Raising – p. 3/19 Subject Raising

CP C C TP

∅ DPi T John T VP [- PST] V V CP S-Structure seem C C TP

∅ DPi T t T VP to V V leave

Control Vs Raising – p. 3/19 Subject Control Vs. Subject Raising

CP CP C C C TP C TP

∅ DPi T ∅ DPi T John T VP John T VP [- PST] V [- PST] V V CP V CP try C seem C C TP C TP

∅ DPi T ∅ DPi T PRO T VP t T VP to V to V V V leave leave John tries to leave. John seems to leave.

Control Vs Raising – p. 4/19 Object Control

CP C C TP

∅ DPi T John T VP [- PST] V

V DPj CP persuade Mary C C TP

∅ DPj T PRO T VP to V V leave John persuades Mary to leave.

Control Vs Raising – p. 5/19 Object Raising

CP C C TP

∅ DPi T John T VP [- PST] V V CP D-Structure expect C C TP

∅ DPj T Mary T VP to V V leave

Control Vs Raising – p. 6/19 Object Raising

CP C C TP

∅ DPi T John T VP [- PST] V V DPj CP S-Structure expect Mary C C TP

∅ DPj T t T VP to V V leave

Control Vs Raising – p. 6/19 Object Control Vs. Object Raising

CP CP C C C TP C TP

∅ DPi T ∅ DPi T John T VP John T VP [- PST] V [- PST] V

V DPj CP V DPj CP persuade Mary C expect Mary C C TP C TP

∅ DPj T ∅ DPj T PRO T VP t T VP to V to V V V leave leave John persuades Mary to leave. John expects Mary to leave.

Control Vs Raising – p. 7/19 Transitive vs Intransitive Verb

1. Object control vs. Object Raising: The verb is followed by an overt NP. (1) a. John persuaded Mary to leave. b. John expected Mary to leave. 2. Subject control vs. Subject Raising: The verb is directly followed by an infinitive. (2) a. John tried to leave. b. John seemed to leave.

Control Vs Raising – p. 8/19 Potential Controller

Potential Controller: The NP that is understood as the subject of the infinitive

1. (3) a. John persuaded Mary to leave. b. John expected Mary to leave. c. John tried to leave. d. John seemed to leave. 2. This NP looks like a subject in the case of subject control/raising and an object in the case of object control/raising.

Control Vs Raising – p. 9/19 Potential controller moved?

Is the potential controller moved into its surface position?

1. Control: No movement (4) a. Johnpersuaded Mary [CP PRO to leave.] b. John tried [CP PRO to leave.] 2. Raising: Movement

(5) a. Johnexpected Mary [CP t to leave.] b. John seemed [CP t to leave.

Control Vs Raising – p. 10/19 Thematic roles of potential controller

Does the potential controller receive a thematic role in the upstairs clause? θ 1. Control: θ (6) Johnpersuaded Mary [CP PRO to leave.] (7) John tried [CP PRO to leave.] 2. Raising: No role in upstairs clause

(8) Johnexpected Mary [CP t to leave.] (9) John seemed [CP t to leave.]

Control Vs Raising – p. 11/19 Roles and movement

CP

C

1. All roles are assigned at D-structure (the C TP θ -criterion) ∅ DPi T 2. An NP cannot move into a position where John T VP it receives a role. [- PST] V V CP

3. NPs must move to positions that have no seem C

role assigned. [Raising: no role] C TP 4. An NP that does have a role assigned in ∅ DPi T t T VP some position cant move there. [Control: to V no movement] V

leave John seems to leave.

Control Vs Raising – p. 12/19 Funny subjects I

Subjects with no roles. They get no roles. Morevover they canNOT get any roles because they don’t refer to anything.

(10) a. It rained. b. It is surprising that he is such a fool. c. There is a good place to hide. [A good hiding place exists].

Subjects with roles:

(11) a. It left. [Agent] b. It is surprised that he is such a fool. [Experiencer] c. Therei is a good place to hide! [There ([under the bed]i) is a good hiding place.]

Moral: The predicate determines whether the subject gets a role.

Control Vs Raising – p. 13/19 More evidence about roles

(12) a. It is surprising that he is such a fool. b. It is surprising to me that he is such a fool. [Experiencer surfaces in a PP] c. It is surprised that he is such a fool. [Experiencer surfaces as subject] d. John is surprised that he is such a fool. [Any appropriate NP can occur there.]

e. * John is surprising (to me) that he is such a fool. [Adj surprising]: [Experiencer is PP, can’t be subject]

f. It is surprised (* to me) that John is such a fool. [Adj surprised]: [Experiencer is subject, can’t be PP]

Moral: It is an individual lexical property whether the subject gets a role.

Control Vs Raising – p. 14/19 Funny subjects II

Idiomatic Subjects. They receive the interpretation they have only in the context of the entire idiom.

(13) a. The shit hit the fan. b. The cat was (let) out of the bag. c. Advantage was taken of him. d. Close tabs were kept on him during his hotel stay.

Away from the idiom (14) a. ? The cat was revealed! b. ? The secret to good-parenting is close tabs.

(15) a. ? The cat thinks that he is out of the bag. [experiencer role] b. ? Advantage thinks it was taken of him.

Control Vs Raising – p. 15/19 Funny Subjects: Control Vs. Raising

CP CP C C C TP C TP

∅ DPi T ∅ DPi T It T VP It T VP [- PST] V [- PST] V V CP V CP try C seem C C TP C TP

∅ DPi T ∅ DPi T PRO T VP t T VP to V to V V V rain rain * It tries to rain. It seems to rain.

Control Vs Raising – p. 16/19 Funny Subjects: Control Vs. Raising

CP CP C C C TP C TP

∅ DPi T ∅ DPi T There T VP There T VP [- PST] V [- PST] V V CP V CP try C seem C C TP C TP

∅ DPi T ∅ DPi T PRO T VP t T VP to V to V V DP V DP

be D be D D N D N an N an N earthquake earthquake * There tries to be an earthquake. There seems to be an earthquake.

Control Vs Raising – p. 17/19 Try vs. seem

(16) a. Itseemedtoberaining. b. There seemed to be an earthquake. c. It seemed to be surprising that she was such a fool. d. The cat seemed to be out of the bag. e. The shit seemed to have hit the fan. f. Tabs seem to have been kept on him by the FBI.

(17) a. *Ittriedtoberaining. b. * There tried to be an earthquake. c. * It tried to be surprising that she was such a fool. d. * The cat tried to be out of the bag. e. * The shit tried to have hit the fan. f. * Tabs tried to have been kept on him by the FBI.

Control Vs Raising – p. 18/19 Persuade vs. expect

(18) a. John expectedit to be raining. b. John expected there to be an earthquake. c. John expected it to be surprising that she was such a fool. d. John expected the cat to be out of the bag. e. John expected the shit to hit the fan. f. John expected tabs to be kept on him by the FBI.

(19) a. * John persuadedit to be raining. b. * John persuaded there to be an earthquake. c. * John persuaded it to be surprising that she was such a fool. d. * John persuaded the cat to be out of the bag. e. * John persuaded the shit to hit the fan. f. * John persuaded tabs to be kept on him by the FBI.

Control Vs Raising – p. 19/19