GENERAL INFORMATION COMPARATIVE MARKING CHARTS Carborundum Blueprint Conversion Chart Carborundum Sharpening Stones Conversion Chart I Carborundum I Norton I

DS 1100 ME 21560 3/2% x 1% x H Rim 'h Back % ME 21561 3'h/2lh x 1% x H Rim 'h Back ME 24327 3%12?4 x 11%x H Rim 'A Back % ME 192374/3x11%xH Rim'hBa'ck'h ME 201 15 4%13% x 2 x H Rim 'h Back % ME 21563 5/3C x 1% x H Rim 'h Back % ME 19241 6/4% x 2 x H Rim % Back % ME 19242 715 x 2 x H Rim 3h Back 'h ME 192243x1hxH Type 12 ME 192264~lhx HType 12 ME192296x%xHType12 ME192306x%xHType12 ME107597xUxHType 12 ME 19231 8 x % x H Type 12 -- ME 491 ME 6680 ME 12608 ME11172 ME 731

ME 48967 A 48167 (Plate Print) ME 38555 ME 21 865 ME 21512

ME 92620 A 50831 (Plate Print) ME 23107 A 194516 (Plate Print) A 52814~(~latePrint) ' MD 110672 ME 37271

ME 46790 ME 30116 A 83831 (Plate Print) MF .?nonti ME 28214 A 47466 (Plate Print)

A 47218 (Plate Prlnt) A 94072 (Plate Pr~nt) A 59358 (Plate Prlnt) MD 31130 ME 62845 MC 27036 MC 2641 3 --ME 18265 MB 40553 A 83831 (Plate Prlnt) ME 24180 A 50937 (Plate Prlnt) MC 40553 MB 24657 ME 45589 ME 39273 ME 76472 ME 71852 ME 22100 ME 71438 ME 102535 ME 68502

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REDUCING BUSHINGS METRIC CONVERSIONS

(Refer to ANSI 87.1, Section 6.5) For wheels less than 10" diameter, the hole diameter normally should not be reduced more than 'A". Wheels 10" diameter and larger can be reduced safely %". If the hole reduction exceeds theseguidelines, it becomes very important to measure the flange size to insure that the flange bearing area is well away from the hole area. Under nocircumstances should the bushing be so large as to contact the flange. The bushing length must be a minimum of one-half the wheel thickness, i.e. a%" length bushing is sufficientforagrinding wheel %" in thickness. Nesting two (2) or more plastic bushings to achieve the specified size is acceptable and safe practice, as long as the flange size guidelines are followed. (Machine speeds should also be checked against those shown on the wheel.) The following plastic bushings are now available and will be supplied as existing stocks of fibre bushings are exhausted. For the less common hole size diameters, plastic bushings are not available and fibre bushings &ill continue to be supplied. High Impact Plastic Bushings Fibre Bushing Availability

Length/ Hole Length/ Hole O.D. Thickness (I.D.) %" 3/4" 'A'' %" 3/s", 5/8" '/2" 3/4" 'A" %" 3/s", 5/8" 5/B" 1'/a" 2" YE''

1'/a" 2" 1" 1" 3/8", 70'' 1'A" 2'h" 1'/&" 1" ye, %" , %" 3/4" 1%" 2%" 1" 1" 78'' '/s " 1'/2" 2%" 1'A'' 11/4" '/a" 1" 13/4" 2'/2" 1"

13~" 21/2" 1i/4" 13~" 2%" 11/7r' 2" 2'/2" 1'A" 2" 2%" 1%" 2" 2%" 13/4" METRIC CONVERSIONS

DECIMAL EQUlVALENTS

Fraction Decimal I Fraction Decimal I Fraction Decimal

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DEFINlTlONS OF GRINDING TERMS

Abrasive. A substance used for abrading - grinding, polishing, lap- Cam Wheel. An expression used to designate wheels for grinding ping - such as the natural materials, corundum, emery, diamond, cam shafts. etc., and the manufactured or electric furnace materials, aluminum Centerhole Lapping. The cleaning or lapping of centerholes with a oxide (A1203), silicon carbide (Sic), boron (B~c),diamond and CBN, cubic boron nitride. bonded wheel cemented onto a steel . Centerless Grinding. Grinding the outside or inside diameter of a Accuracy. Conformity in dimension to an exact standard. round piece not mounted on centers. ADALOX. Registered trade-mark of the Norton Divi- sion for aluminum oxide products used primarily in . Centers. Conical steel pins of a grinding machine upon which the work is centered and rotated during grinding. Alumina. Unfused aluminum oxide. Ceramics. Science and art of clay working and various related indus- Aluminum Oxide. An abrasive made by fusing the mineral Bauxite tries. The use of vitrified bonds brings abrasive wheel manufacturer (A'203). under this classification. ALUNDUM. Norton Company's registered trade-mark for aluminum Chatter Marks. Surface imperfections on the work being ground, oxide type abrasive. usually caused by vibrations between the wheel and the work. Arbor. The of the grinding machine on which the wheel is Chuck. A device for holding grinding wheels of special shape or the mounted. workpiece being ground. Arbor Hole. The hole in the grinding wheel sized to fit the machine Coated . Paper, cloth or fibre having abrasive grains arbor. bonded into the surface. Arc of Contact. That portion of the circumference of a grinding Collets. See Flanges. wheel touching the work being ground. Cone Wheel. A small wheel shaped like a bullet nose which is used Area of Contact. The total area of the grinding surface of a grinding for portable grinding. wheel in contact with the work being ground. Controlling Structure. The Norton process of manufacturing grind- Arkansas Stones. (Novaculite) A natural stone quarried in the Ozark ing wheels whereby the relationship between the abrasive and bond Mountains which produces the finest cutting edges. is definitely controlled. Balance (dynamic). A piece in static balance is in dynamic balance, Coolant. The liquid or solution used to cool the work and to prevent if upon rotating, there is no vibration nor "whip" action due to un- it from rusting. equal distribution of its weight throughout its length. Coping. Sawing stone with a grinding wheel. Balance (static). A grinding wheel is in static balance when, cen- Corner Wear. The tendency of a grinding wheel to wear on a corner tered on a frictionless horizontal arbor, it remains at rest in any so that it does not grind sharp corners without fillets. position. Corundum. A natural abrasive of the aluminum oxide type, of higher Balancing. Testing for balance.. .adding or subtracting weight to put purity than emery. a piece into either static or dynamic balance. Crank Wheel. An expression used to designate wheels for grinding Bauxite. A mineral ore high in aluminum oxide content from which crankshafts. ALUNDUM abrasive is manufactured. Critical Speed. Every spindle or mandrel with a wheel or point Bearing. Point of support. The part of a machine in which the spindle mounted on it has a certain critical speed at which vibration due to revolves. deflection or whip tends to become dxcessive. Bench Stand. An off-hand grinding machine with either one or two Crush Truing (or Crush Fosming).The process of using steel or tung- wheels mounted on a horizontal spindle, attached to a bench. sten carbide rolls to true or form grinding wheels to a wide variety of Blotter. A disc of compressible material, usually of blotting paper shapes. stock, used between a wheel and flanges when mounting. Crystalline. Made up of crystals. Bond. The material in a grinding wheel which holds the abrasive grains together. Crystallize. To convert into crystals. Boron Carbide. One of the hardest, wear-resistant, man-made tna- CRYSTOLON. Norton Company's registered trade-mark for silicon terials (B4C). . .known by the Norton Company registered trade-mark carbide type abrasive. NORBIDE. Cup Wheel. A grinding wheel shaped like a cup or bowl. Brick. A block of bonded abrasive used for such purposes as rubbing Cutters. The part of a grinding wheel dresser that comes in con- down castings, scouring castings, general foundry and machine shop tact with the wheel and does the cutting. use, scouring chilled iron rolls, polishing marble, and work of like nature. Cutting-Off Wheel. A thin wheel (often reinforced), usually made with an organic bond, for cutting off. Brinnell Hardness Tester. A machine used for testing the indentation hardness of metals, except very hard ones like steels. Cutting Rate. The amount of material removed by a grinding wheel per unit of time. Burning (the work). A change in the work being ground caused by the heat of grinding, usually accompanied by a surface discoloration. Cutting Surface. The surface or face of the wheel against which the material is ground. Burring (pulpstones). Passing over the face of a pulpstone with a special tool to develop a pattern to provide a freer cutting surface. Cylinder Wheel. A grinding wheel of similar characteristics to a straight wheel, but with large hole size in proportion to its diameter Bushing. The material, usually cement, lead, babbitt, sulphur or alu- and usually of several inches in height. minum, which sometimes serves as a lining for the hole in a grinding wheel. (continued)

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DEFINITIONS OF GRINDING TERMS

Cylindrical Grinding. Grinding the outside surface of a cylindrical Fluting. Grinding the grooves of a twist or tap. part mounted on centers. Freehand Grinding. Grinding by holding the work against the wheel Deburring. Act of removing burrs from metal. by hand, usually called offhand grinding.

Diamond. A natural or manufactured abrasive. Gate. The part of a casting formed by the opening in the mold through which the metal is poured. Diamond Tool. A diamond dresser. Generated Heat. Heat resulting from the removal of metal by a grind- Diamond Wheel. A grinding wheel in which the abrasive is mined ing wheel. or manufactured diamond. Glazing. The dulling of the cutting particles of a grinding wheel Disc Grinder. A machine on which abrasive discs are used for resulting in a decreased rate of cutting. grinding. Grade. The strength of bonding of a grinding wheel, frequently re- Disc Wheel. A grinding wheel shaped similar to a straight wheel, ferred to as its hardness. but usually mounted on a plate. Uses the side of the wheel for grinding. Grain. Abrasive classified into predetermined sizes for use in polish- ing, in grinding wheels, and in coated abrasives. Discoloration. See Burning the work). Grain Size. The size of the cutting particles of a grinding wheel or Dish Wheel. A wheel shaped like a dish. polishing abrasive. Dog. A device attached to the workpiece by means of which the work Grain Spacing. The relative position of the cutting particles in a is revolved. grinding wheel.

Dressers. used for dressing a grinding wheel. Grinding. Removing material with a grinding wheel. Dressing. A grinding wheel is dressed to improve or alter its cutting Grinding Action. Refers to the ability of, and the finish pro- action. The dressing action removes the outside layer of dulled abra- duced by, a grinding wheel, sive grains and any loading of metal or foreign material that the wheel may have picked-up, thereby presenting new and sharp grains Grinding Machines. Any machine on which a grinding wheel is to the work. operated. Ductile. Capable of be~ngreadily pressed or drawn or otherwise Grinding Wheel. A cuttrng tool of circular shape made of abrasive formed into various shapes. grains bonded together. DURITE. Registered trade-mark of the Norton Coated Abrasive Divi- . A flat, circular grinding wheel cut from natural sand- sion for silicon carbide D~O~UC~Sused ~rimarilvfor sanding soft stone. Sometimes used for shar~ening- tools. metals, ceramics, enamels and similar prbducts. Guards. Metal structure on a grinding machine used to protect per- Emery. A natural abrasive of the alumintim oxide type. sonnel and equipment in case of accidental grinding wheel breakage. External Grinding. Grinding on the outside surface of an object as Hand Grinding. See Offhand Grinding distrnguished from rnternal grinding. Hemming Machines. Machines used for grinding flat surfaces such Face. That part of a straight wheel on which cylindrical and surface as cutlery blades and skates. Named after the inventor, Mr. C. H. grinding is usually accomplished. Hemmrng. Feed, Cross. Surface grinding. The distance of horizontal feed of the Honing. An abrasive operation, typically performed on internal cylin- wheel across the table. drrcal surfaces, employing bonded abrasive sticks in a special holder to remove stock and obtain surface accuracy. Feed, Down. Surface grinding. The rate at which the abrasive wheel is fed into the work. Hoods. See Guards. Feed, Index. Cylindrical grindrng. Measurement indrcated by the Huntington Dresser. A tool using star shaped cutters for truing and index of the machine. On most machines this measurement refers to dressing grinding wheels. Invented by a man named Huntington. the diameter of the work; on a few to the radius. HYPROLAP. Norton Company's registered trade-mark for powerful Feed Lines. A pattern on the work produced by grinding. The finer vertical type production lapping using bonded abrasive. the frnish the finer and more evident are these lines. Some types of feed lines indicate incorrect grinding condition. INDIA. Norton Company's registered trade-mark for oilstones made from ALUNDUM abrasive. Used for producing keen cutting edges. Fin. A thin projection on a casting. Inserted Nut. Disc, segment or cylinder wheels having nuts im- Finish. The surface quality or appearance, such as that produced by bedded in the back surface for mounting on the machine. grinding or other machining operation. Internal Grinding. Grinding the inside surface of the hole in a work Finishing. The final cuts taken with a grinding wheel to obtain accu- piece. racy and the surface desired. Lapping. A finishing process typically employing loose abrasive Flanges. The circular metal plates on a grinding machine used to grain, but now often including similar types of operations with drive the grinding wheel. (See wheel sleeves.) bonded abrasive wheels or coated abrasives. Flaring Cup. A cup wheel with the rim extending from the back at an LIGHTNING (ELECTROCOAT). Registered trade-mark of the Nor- angle so that the diameter at the outer edge is greater than at the ton Coated Abrasive Division for a method of coating by which grains back. are anchored on their and evenly spaced. Floorstand Grinders. An offhand grinder, mounting either one or two wheels, running on a horizontal spindle fixed to a metal base at- tached to the floor. (continued)

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Loading. Filling of the pores of the grinding wheel surface with the Rest. That part of a grinding wheel stand which is used to support material being ground, usually resulting in a decrease in production the work, dresser or truing tool when applied to the grinding wheel. and poor finish. Rockwell Hardness Tester. A machine used for testing the indenta- Lubricant. The liquid or solution used to lubricate the wheel and pro- tion hardness of all metals. mote a more efficient cutting action. Roll Grinding Machine. A machine for grinding cylindrical rolls used Mandrel. A solid cylindrical metal core, around which abrasive mate- for rolling metal, paper, or rubber. rial (grinding wheel) is mounted. Rough Grinding. The first grinding operation for reducing stock rapid- METALITE. Registered trade-mark of the Norton Coated Abrasive ly without regard to the finish the wheel leaves. Division for aluminum oxide products used primarily for metal sanding. R.P.M. Revolutions per minute. Rubber Bond. A bonding material, the principal constituent of which Mounted Wheels. Wheels that are molded on or permanently bonded to is natural or synthetic rubber. . Mounting. Putting a grinding wheel on the arbor or spindle of the Rubber Wheels. Wheels made with rubber bond. machine. Safety Devices. Devices for the protection of operators and ma- chines in case of accident. Natural Abrasive. A hard mineral found in nature (see Abrasive). Offhand Grinding. Where the work is held in the operator's hand. Saucer Wheel. A shallow, saucer-like wheel. Also known as freehand grinding. Gummer. A grinding wheel used for gumming . Oilstone. A natural or manufactured abrasive stone impregnated Saw Gumming. Saw sharpening and sharpening with a grinding with oil. Used for sharpening keen-edged tools. wheel. Operating Speed. The speed of a grinding wheel expressed in either Scleroscope. An instrument for determining the relative hardness of revolutions per minute or surface feet per minute. materials by a drop and rebound method. Organic Bond. A bond made of organic materials, such as synthetic Scratches. Marks left on a ground surface caused by a dirty coolant resin, rubber or shellac. or a grinding wheel unsuited for the operation. Peripheral Speed. The speed at which any point or particle on the Scythestone. A long, narrow stone for sharpening or whetting face of the wheel is traveling when the wheel is revolved. Expressed scythes by hand. in surface feet per minute (s.f.p.m.) and determined by multiplying the circumference in feet by the wheel revolutions per minute. Segments.'Bonded abrasive sections of various shapes to be as- sembled to form a continuous or intermittent grinding surface. Periphery. The line bounding a rounded surface. The circumference of a wheel. S.F.P.M. Surface feet per minute. See Peripheral Speed. Multiply the circumference in feet by the wheel revolutions per minute. Planer Type. A type of surface grinding machine built similar to an open side planer. Sharpening Stone. A natural or manufactured abrasive stone, usual- ly oblong in shape, used for sharpening or whetting tools. Plate Mounted. Disc, segment or cylinder wheels cemented to a steel back plate having projecting studs or other means for mounting Shellac Bond. A bonding material, the principal constituent of which on the machine. is shellac. Polishing. Act of smoothing off the roughness or putting a high fin- Silica. Silicon oxide (Si% ). ish on metal by applying to a polishing wheel or belt. Silicon Carbide. An abrasive made from coke and silica sand (SIC). Polishing Wheel. A wheel, which can be made of several different kinds of materials, that has been coated with abrasive grain and glue. Snagging. Grinding the gates, fins and sprues from castings. Portable Grinder. One that is used manually and can be easily Spindle. See Arbor. transported. SPIRAPOINTS. Registered trade-mark of the Norton Coated Abra- Pouncing Paper. An abrasive paper used in the felt industry. sive Division for conical, mandrel-mounted forms of coated abrasive used for finishing concave surfaces. Precision Work. Work which is required to be exact in measure- ments, finish, etc. Work that must be ground with great care. Stand. See Bench Stand or Floor Stand. Production. The quantity of product turned out or the amount of work Steadyrest. A support for pieces being ground on a cylindrical grind- done In a given time or during the life of a grinding wheel. ing machine. Profilometer. An instrument for measuring the degree of surface Straight Wheel. A grinding wheel of any dimension which has roughness In microinches. straight sides, a straight face, and a straight or tapered arbor hole, and is not recessed, grooved, dovetailed, beveled or otherwise Protection Hoods. See Guards. changed from a plain straight wheel.

Recessed Wheels. Grinding wheels made with a depression in one Structure. A general term referring to the proportion and arrange- or both sides to fit special types of flanges or sleeves provided with ment of abrasive and bond in an abrasive product. certain grinding machines. Resinoid Bond. A bonding material described commercially as syn- thetic resin. (continued)

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Structure Number. A Norton term designating the relative grain spacing in an abrasive product. Dense relative spacing corresponds to low numbers such as 0, 1, 2, etc., whereas open spacing to higher numbers such as 10, 11, 12. Stub. That portion of a grinding wheel left after having been worn down to the discarding diameter for a particular operation or machine. Surface Grinding. Grinding a surface. Surface Grinding Machine. A machine for grinding plane surfaces. Swing Frame Grinder. A grinding machine suspended by a chain at the center point so that it may be turned and swung in any direc- tion for the grinding of billets, large castings or other heavy work. Table. That part of the grinding machine which directly or indirect- ly supports the work being ground. Table Traverse. Reciprocating movement of the table of a grinding machine. Tapered Wheel. A grinding wheel shaped similar to a straight wheel but having a taper from the hub of the wheel to the face and thus being thicker at the hub than at the face. Temper. The heat treatment of a material to develop required qualities. Tensile Strength. The strength of a material when tested in tension, usually given in pounds per inch. Treatment. A material impregnating an abrasive product designed to improve its grinding action, often by reducing the tendency for loading in use. Truing. A grinding wheel is trued in order to restore its cutting face to running truth, so that it will produce perfectly round (or flat) and smooth work; or to alter the cutting face for grinding special contours. Tumbling. An operation for deburring, breaking sharp edges, finish- ing and polishing in which abrasive, water and the work parts are "tumbled" in a rotating or vibrating barrel. Universal Grinding Machine. A machine on which cylindrical, inter- nal and surface grinding can be done. Usually used for tool room work. Vitrified Bond. A bonding material of which the chief constituent is clay. Wheel Sleeves. A form of flange used on precision grinding ma- chines where the wheel hole is larger than the machine arbor. Usual- ly, the sleeve is so designed that the wheel and sleeve are assem- bled as one unit. Wheel Speed. The speed at which a grinding wheel is revolving, measured either in revolution or in surface feet per minute. Wheel Traverse. The rate of movement of the wheel across the work. Work. Used to designate the material being ground in a machine. Work Speed. In cylindrical, centerless and internal grinding, the rate at which the work revolves, measured in either r.p.m. or s.f.p.m. In surface grinding, the rate of table traverse measured in feet per minute.

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This subject is covered in detail in the ANSl 87.1 Safety Requirements for the Use, Care and Protection of Abrasive Wheels. This summary is to acquaint you with a general guide to safe practices. It is recommended that all personnel involvedwith grinding become familiar with 87.1 and the other pertinent booklets listed at the bottom of this page.

Nature of Bonded Abrasive Wheels. Bonded abrasive wheels vary Keep in mind the following General Safety rules: greatly in strength depending on the following factors: 4. Be sure that the wheel fits the spindle properly. Obviously it 1. The grit size. Fine wheels are stronger than coarse ones. should not have to be forced onto the spindle; the spindle might 2. The ratio of thickness to diameter. Naturally the thicker the warm up and expand slightly, setting up stresses and possibly wheel in proportion to its diameter the greater will be its resist- causing a rupture. Neither should the fit be sloppy. The clear- ance to failure from side stresses (this does not apply to ance should be a few thousandths - ,002" to .003" for small stresses from centrifugal force). holes and up to ,010" to .012" for large ones. 3. The physical properties of the bond. In general, resinoid, rubber 5. and shellac bonds resist failures due to centrifugal force and to Be sure that the flanges comply with the specificationscalledfor in ANSl 87.1 as to diameter (not less than 1/3 of diameter of the side stresses better than do vitrified bonds.. wheel), minimum dimensions at various points, proper relief, 4. The amount of bond. The greater the amount of bond in a wheel bearing area, kind of stock, etc. Above all, both flanges must be of given volume the stronger the wheel will be. alike in diameter and bearing area. Mounting wheels between 5. The shape of the wheel - everything else being equal, the unlike flanges is one of the most common causes of wheel straight wheel is the strongest shape. failure. One fact that usually is overlooked is that the strength of a given 6. Cone and plug type wheels should be mounted as described in wheel is definitely limited by the requirements of the job it has to do. "Portable Grinding Wheels - Safe and Efficient Operation" For snagging castings, wheels with a relatively high percentage of and in ANSl 87.1. resinoid bond are required. Such wheels are durable and will stand 7. Avoid side pressure on a straight wheel. If a flat surface must be quite a lot of abuse (but they are by no means unbreakable). On the generated, use a cup wheel recommendedby your Norton Sales Su- other hand, cylinder or cup wheels for surface grinding of hardened pervisor or a disc type wheel such as described on page M48 with steel with broad contact must, of necessity, be soft and, therefore, adequate back plate (see minimum plate thickness for inserted nut more fragile. A hard, durable wheel on such a job would be useless. It wheels, page 25, Table 3, ANSl 87.1). would ruin the steel. Consideration of these two extremes should convince the reader of the absolute necessity of strictly following the rules on operating speeds. It is recognized that the abrasive wheel is a relatively fragile tool which is operated at a high speed as compared to most other cutting tools. Therefore, some extra precaution is necessary. There are laws For Further Information. The following booklets are available from in every state prescribing safety procedures, and, in general, they Norton Company, Advertising Literature Section, 1 New Bond St., agree with ANSl 87.1 and OSHA. Worcester, MA 01 606: Form 254 ANSl Safety Requirements for the Use, Care, and Protec- tion of Abrasive Wheels. Form 352 Safety Recommendations for Grinding Wheel Opera- Keep in mindthe following General Safety rules: tion Form 353 Mounting Technique for Wheel Sleeves on Cylindrical 1. Packages of wheels should be inspected for possible damage in Grinding Machines shipment immediately on arrival and they should be carefully han- Form 462 Cutting-Off Wheels dled, rung and stored (complete instructions will be found in the Form 474 A Primer On Grinding Wheel Safety booklet "Handling,Storageand Inspection"and inthesection 2of Form 535 Handling, Storage, & Inspection of Grinding Wheels ANSl 87.1. Form 931 Special Speeds for Grinding Wheels 2. Guards or protection hoods must be used on all wheels except Form 1406 Portable Grinding Machines, Safe and Efficient Opera- certainsmall sizes, cones (Types 16 and 17), plugs (Types 18 and tion 19) and mounted wheels. For details of construction see the Form 1420 Mounted Wheel Wall Chart ANSl 87.1 Safety Requirements (1978 Revision) and OSHA Form 1877 Mounted Wheels - Safe Speeds regulations. Form 2229 High Speed - Heavy Duty Grinding Machines - Swing Frequently, guardsare omitted in the operationof straight and cup wheels Frames and Floor Stand on portable grinders. They are even more necessary on portable than on Form 2677 Safety Guide for Portable Grinding Wheel Users other grinders. The omission of guards is not condoned by grinding wheel Form 2678 Safety Guide for Grinding Wheel Users manufacturers, nor by insurance companies, nor by state or federal Form 2872 Mounted Wheels (Maximum Operating Speeds) inspectors. 3. Do not overspeed the wheel. Permissible speed for various types of wheels in SFPM (variously called "surface feet per minute," "surface speed" or "peripheral speed") are given in the table on page M-22.

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