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Practical Isozyme Genetics by N. Pasteur, G. Pasteur, F. Bonhomme

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Practical Isozyme Genetics by N. Pasteur, G. Pasteur, F. Bonhomme Book reviews 244 throughout its development, based on a combination and sexual selection, which also reports many interes- of cell lineage studies and reconstructions of electron ting discoveries. The primary sex-determining signal is micrographs of serial sections, has made possible a the X/A ratio, which appears to set the states of a genetic analysis of the control of cell lineage by studies small number of sex-determining genes, which then of a large number of mutants which distort particular direct development along a particular sexual pathway. cell lineages. Many types of such mutants remain to be Of the seven major genes so far identified, the three tra identified by new types of selection procedure, but this genes appear to be required in the hermaphrodite but work is at the stage where molecular analysis of not in the male, the her-1 gene is required in the male lineage mutants is possible - obviously a very im- only, and the three fern genes are required for male portant area for experimental embryology. somatic development and also for spermatogenesis in Muscle anatomy, assembly and function have been both males and hermaphrodites. Dosage compen- studied mainly on the body-wall musculature re- sation is thought to be achieved by increasing sponsible for movement of the animal forwards and transcription from the single X chromosome of the backwards. The major muscle components are similar XO male or decreasing transcription from the two X to those of other animals: muscle extracts contain chromosomes of the XX hermaphrodite. Thus there myosin with both heavy- and light-chain subunits, are similarities between the sex determination and actin, paramyosin, tropomyosin and troponin-like dosage compensation systems of C. elegans and proteins. The myosin heavy chain coded for by the Drosophila. unc-54 gene, paramyosin coded by unc-15 and actins To summarize, C. elegans has fully borne out coded by act-1 and act-3 are all body-wall muscle Sydney Brenner's hopes for its future: its has obviously constituents, and their positions have been further become of unique value for analysing the genetic defined using monoclonal antibodies, together with a control of metazoan differentiation, and of the relation number of other muscle-associated proteins. More of behaviour to the nerve cell system in all its than 25 genes whose mutations cause uncoordinated aspects. or slow movement have now been identified as muscle The book under review, which covers in detail the genes. The unc-22 gene, identified by its distinctive whole field of C. elegans research, makes absorbing 'twitcher' mutant phenotype, codes for a polypeptide reading, and should be studied by all those with an of more than 500 kD located in the myofilament interest not just in worms but in the wider problems of lattice in the A band, but in spite of extensive understanding gene action in multicellular organisms. molecular analysis its function remains mysterious, This book should be of value to a wide readership for and it is not known whether it has an analogue in many years, and my only cavil it at its high price. A vertebrate muscle. paperback edition at a much reduced price would The nervous system is one of the main targets of certainly find its way to the private bookshelves of genetic research in C. elegans, and is the most complex numerous geneticists, embryologists, cell biologists, organ in the animal, containing 37% of the somatic etc., and I hope the publishers will take heed. nuclei in hermaphrodites and 46% in males. The ERIC REEVE complete nervous system of the hermaphrodite has Institute of Animal Genetics been reconstructed, and a partial reconstruction of University of Edinburgh the nervous system in the male tail, where most of the sexual differences occur, has been described. Ex- perimental studies include the development of the nerve cell lineage and the effects of both laser ablation of particular cells and of mutations on cell lineage and Practical Isozyme Genetics By N. PASTEUR, G. on behaviour, and pharmacological observations on PASTEUR, F. BONHOMME, J. CATALAN and J. effects of putative neurotransmitters, their agonists, BRITTON-DAVIDIAN. Chichester: John Wiley. 1988. etc. Behaviours that have been studied by mutational 215 pages. £29.95. ISBN 0 745 8 0501 9. analysis include coordinated movement, chemotaxis, This is an English translation of a French text thermotaxis, osmotic avoidance, male mating, egg published in 1987. It consists of three major parts. laying and mechanosensation. This system has been Part I comprises an outline of the principles involved analysed to a resolution and completeness that has in protein electrophoresis and discusses the genetic not been possible for any other animal, but we are still interpretation of gels, part II describes the laboratory far from being able to design a computer or robot techniques involved and includes staining protocols model of C. elegans which would mimic the behaviour for about 50 enzymes, and part III outlines some of the real animal. Those who think they are well on (elementary) methods of data analysis. In line with the the way to building a model of the human brain with authors' experiences, the book concentrates on animal a 4th or 5th generation computer should perhaps try examples. to cut their teeth on C. elegans. Unfortunately, for what is essentially a practical Let us finish with the chapter on sexual dimorphism manual, coming from a major group of biochemical Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. IP address: 170.106.40.219, on 30 Sep 2021 at 12:42:09, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0016672300027725 Book reviews 245 population geneticists, there are a surprising number and certainly superior to the rather poor definition of of errors. Some may have crept in via the translation some of the electropherograms presented by Pasteur process, some appear to result from poor proof- et al. reading, but others seem likely to have appeared in the In the preface, the authors write (in 1986) that no original French text. For example, in interpreting gel book dealing with all the techniques presented exists patterns, it is useful to know the quaternary structure in English or French. However, in 1986, Richardson, of the enzyme, and the authors helpfully provide a list Baverstock and Adams authored a rather similar of such structures for this purpose. But the errors in work, entitled Allozyme Electrophoresis (Academic this list may serve to hinder rather than assist. Press). This book is twice as long and far more Fumarase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogen- comprehensive than Practical Isozyme Genetics, es- ase, malic enzyme and sorbitol dehydrogenase are all pecially when it comes to data analysis. It does have typically tetramers, not dimers, creatine kinase is a the disadvantage of concentrating almost exclusively dimer, not a monomer (although it is true that in bony on cellulose acetate electrophoresis, yet at more or less fish, muscle CK appears to be a monomer since the same price as Practical Isozyme Genetics would be heterodimers are not formed), alkaline phosphatase is my choice of the two. Nonetheless, electrophoresis usually a dimer, not a monomer, and only the laboratories will still find much of use in Practical cytoplasmic form of superoxide dismutase is a dimer, Isozyme Genetics, especially if the errors are corrected the mitochondrial form being a tetramer. in a second printing. This muddle over quaternary structure permeates R. D WARD the text in several places, and could confuse students Department of Human Sciences new to electrophoresis. For example, at one point the University of Technology authors state '... malate dehydrogenase, an enzyme Loughborough that is normally tetrameric but which in dimeric and Leicestershire LEI I 3TU even monomeric associations shows a certain catalytic activity'. MDH is a dimer not a tetramer, and the authors correctly refer to it as such in their list of quaternary structures. It may be that malic enzyme is being discussed here, which is typically a tetramer Yeast Biotechnology. Edited by D. R. BERRY, I. (although listed in the book as a dimer). Similarly, RUSSELL and G. G. STEWART. London: Allen and referring to lactate dehydrogenase, the authors cor- Unwin. 1987. 512 pages. £60.00. ISBN 0 04 rectly say that in most species the enzyme is a tetramer 574042 9. and that five bands will be formed in heterozygotes, With the current surge of interest in research on but continue: 'However, in many species, heter- yeast, both as a model eukaryotic microorganism and ozygotes have two chains (three bands) because the as an industrially useful organism, there has come a asymmetric heteromeric molecules (AAAB and similar increase in new books relating to the biology ABBB) are not formed.' If the asymmetric hetero- and technology of yeasts. This volume on Yeast tetramers were not formed (in my view an unlikely Biotechnology sets out to provide an insight into five occurrence in allelic products at an LDH locus), areas fundamental to yeast biotechnological processes enzymes in the heterozygotes would still consist of by way of contributions from experts in the field. four chains, not two. Possibly the authors are referring In many respects the book succeeds in its objectives, to the D-lactate specific LDH of some invertebrate especially in the more traditional areas of growth of groups, which is dimeric and hence would produce yeast and yeast nutrition, product formation and three bands in heterozygotes. downstream processing. Some of these aspects have Part II is the most useful section of this book, and been covered in as much, or more, detail in other includes a compilation of electrophoresis buffers and volumes such as the Cold Spring Harbor set of two on staining recipes.
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