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University Education and Nation-Building in Nigeria, 1948–2000 University of Calgary PRISM: University of Calgary's Digital Repository University of Calgary Press University of Calgary Press Open Access Books 2011 The Politics of Access: University Education and Nation-Building in Nigeria, 1948–2000 Anyanwu, Ogechi Emmanuel University of Calgary Press Anyanwu, Ogechi Emmanuel, "The politics of access: university education and nation-building in Nigeria, 1948-2000". Series: Africa: missing voices series 9, University of Calgary Press, Calgary, Alberta, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1880/48740 book http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/ Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives 3.0 Unported Downloaded from PRISM: https://prism.ucalgary.ca University of Calgary Press www.uofcpress.com THE POLITICS OF ACCESS: UNIVERSITY EDUCATION AND NATION-BUILDING IN NIGERIA, 1948–2000 by Ogechi Emmanuel Anyanwu ISBN 978-1-55238-580-7 THIS BOOK IS AN OPEN ACCESS E-BOOK. 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For more information, see details of the Creative Commons licence at: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/ UNDER THE CREATIVE UNDER THE CREATIVE COMMONS LICENCE YOU COMMONS LICENCE YOU MAY: MAY NOT: • read and store this document • gain financially from the work in any way; free of charge; • sell the work or seek monies in relation to the distribution • distribute it for personal use of the work; free of charge; • use the work in any commercial activity of any kind; • print sections of the work for • profit a third party indirectly via use or distribution of the work; personal use; • distribute in or through a commercial body (with the exception • read or perform parts of the of academic usage within educational institutions such as work in a context where no schools and universities); financial transactions take • reproduce, distribute, or store the cover image outside of its place. function as a cover of this work; • alter or build on the work outside of normal academic scholarship. Acknowledgement: We acknowledge the wording around open access used by Australian publisher, re.press, and thank them for giving us permission to adapt their wording to our policy http://www.re-press.org/content/view/17/33/ Notes Introduction 1 Wood to Halliday, 24 July 1854, Wood Social Value of American Higher Education Papers, India Board: Letter Book, vol. (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1977). 4 (Wood Papers at the India Office 5 Martin Trow, Problems in the Transition Library, London), cited in Suresh from Elite to Mass Higher Education Chandra Ghosh, “The Genesis of (Berkeley, CA: Carnegie Commission Curzon’s University Reform: 1899– on Higher Education, 1973). See also 1905,” Minerva 26, no.4 (December Earl J. MacGrath, ed., Universal Higher 1988): 463–92. Education (New York: McGraw-Hill, 2 Eric Ashby, Universities: British, Indian, 1966). African: A Study in the Ecology of Higher 6 Ernest Renan, “Qu’est-ce qu’une Education (Cambridge, MA: Harvard nation?” In Nationalism, ed. John University Press, 1966), 224. Hutchinson and Anthony Smith 3 H.A. Oluwasanmi, “The Preservation (Oxford: Oxford University Press, of Intellectual Freedom and Cultural 1994), 17. Integrity” (paper presented at a 7 Emile Durkheim, The Evolution of symposium on The Role of the University Educational Thought: Lectures on the in a Post-Colonial World, Duke Formation and Development of Secondary University, Durham, North Carolina, Education in France, trans. P. Collins 11–13 April 1975), 5. (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 4 Great Britain, Committee on Higher 1977), 167. Education, Higher Education: Report 8 The Development of Higher Education of the Committee Appointed by the Prime in Africa: Report of the Conference on Minister under the Chairmanship of Lord Development of Higher Education in Robbins, 1961–63 (London: HMSO, Africa, Tananarive, 3–12 September 1963), para. 31. See also H.R. Bowen, 1962 (Paris: UNESCO, 1963), 12. Investing in Learning: The Individual and 9 Richard Sklar, “Political Science and National Integration – A Radical 225 Approach,” Journal of Modern African 20 See “The Dawn of National Studies 5, no. 1 (1967): 2. Reconciliation,” Gowon’s Victory Message to the Nation, Broadcast from 10 James S. Coleman and Carl G. Lagos, 15 January 1970, http://dawodu. Roseberg, Political Parties and National com/gowon3.htm (accessed 19 May Integration in Tropical Africa (Berkeley: 2006), 3. University of California Press, 1964), 8–9. 21 Frederick Harbison and C.A. Myers, Education, Manpower and Economic 11 E.E. Osaghae, Structural Adjustment and Growth (New York: McGraw-Hill, Ethnicity in Nigeria (Uppsala: Nordic 1964); Frederick Harbison, “The African African Institute, 1995), 11. See also O. University and Human Resource Nnoli, Ethnic Politics in Nigeria (Enugu: Development,” Journal of Modern African Forth Dimension, 1978). Studies 3, no. 1 (1965): 53–62. 12 Sklar, “Political Science and National 22 Harbison, “The African University,” 53. Integration,” 6. 23 Harbison, “The African University”; 13 Emile Durkheim, Education and T.W. Schultz, Investment in Human Sociology, trans. Sherwood D. Fox (New Capital (New York: Free Press, 1971); A. York: Free Press, 1956), 65. Sakamota and P.A. Powers, “Education 14 Ibid., 70. and the Dual Labour Market for 15 Ibid. Japanese Men,” American Sociological Review 60, no. 22 (1995): 222–46; G. 16 J.T. Saunders, University College Ibadan Psacharopoulos and M. Woodhall, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Education for Development: An Analysis Press, 1960), 194. of Investment Choice (New York: Oxford 17 Inter-University Commission, Report University Press, 1997). of Visitation to University College Ibadan 24 A. Fagerlind and L.J. Saha, Education (Ibadan: Ibadan University Press, 1952), and National Developments (New Delhi: 4. Reed, 1997). 18 Editorial, Gaskiya Ta Fi Kwabo, Kaduna, 25 Psacharopoulos and Woodhall, 18 February 1950, cited in Report on the Education for Development, 102. For Kano Disturbances of May 1953 (Kaduna: more information, see D.A Olaniyan Northern Regional Government, 1953), and T. Okemakinde, “Human Capital 43. Theory: Implications for Educational 19 B.A. Fafunwa, A History of Nigerian Development,” Pakistan Journal of Social Higher Education (Lagos: Macmillan, Sciences 5, no. 5 (2008): 479–83. 1971); Vincent Ike, University 26 For detailed information on European Development in Africa: The Nigerian system of education, see Florian Experience (Ibadan: Oxford University Znaniecki, The Social Role of the Man Press, 1976); Nduka Otonti, Western of Knowledge (New York: Columbia Education and the Nigerian Cultural University Press, 1940) and José Ortega Background (Ibadan: Oxford University Y Gasset, Mission of the University Press, 1964); Nduka Okafor, The (Princeton: Princeton University Press, Development of Universities in Nigeria: A 1944). Study of the Influence of Political and Other Factors on University Development in 27 K.A. Busia, Purposeful Education for Nigeria, 1868–1967 (London: Longman, Africa (The Hague: Mouton, 1968). 1971). 226 THE POLITICS OF ACCESS 28 Eric Ashby, African Universities and 38 Chinweizu, The West and the Rest of Us Western Tradition (Cambridge, MA: (New York: Random House, 1974), 322. Harvard University Press, 1964), 31. 39 “Message from the Hon. Aja Nwachuku, 29 J.F. Ajayi and T.N. Tamuno, eds., The Minister of Education, Federal University of Ibadan, 1948-1973 (Ibadan: Government of Nigeria,” West African Ibadan University Press, 1973), 293–97. Journal of Education 1, no. 1 (February 1959): 1. 30 See Aliu Babatunde Fafunwa, A History of Nigerian Higher Education (Lagos: 40 Sudan, a British colony, regained Macmillan, 1971), 19–20. independence in 1956 and refused to join the British Commonwealth of Nations. 31 World Bank, The African Capacity Britain did not want Nigeria to take Building Initiative: Towards Improved similar action. Policy Analysis and Development (Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 1991). 41 Carnegie Corporation of New York, I.D, 1, “Carnegie Corporation and the World 32 T.O. Eisemon, The Science Profession in Scene,” Policy and Program, 1947–1955, the Third World: Studies from India and n.d. The Carnegie Corporation’s files Kenya (New York: Praeger, 1982). used in this book are located in the 33 Development of Higher Education in Rare Book and Manuscript Library Africa, 11. in Columbia University. They are 34 The conference urged African countries hereinafter cited as CCNY. to uphold the university’s traditional 42 Ibid. role of “giving a broad liberal education” 43 Under the BDC program, established in addition to reflecting “the needs of in the 1920s, Carnegie earmarked $10 the African world by providing African million to provide educational assistance society with men and women equipped to British colonies around the world.
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