Imaging of Acute Pulmonary Thromboembolism*

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Imaging of Acute Pulmonary Thromboembolism* Silva, Isabela et al. Diagnóstico por imagem do tromboembolismo pulmonar agudo Diagnóstico por imagem do tromboembolismo pulmonar agudo* Imaging of acute pulmonary thromboembolism C. ISABELA S. SILVA, NESTOR L. MÜLLER O diagnóstico do tromboembolismo pulmonar agudo é The diagnosis of acute pulmonary thromboembolism baseado na probabilidade clínica, uso do dímero D (quando is based on the clinical probability, use of D-dimer disponível) e na avaliação por imagem. Os principais (when available) and imaging. The main imaging métodos de imagem utilizados no diagnóstico são modalities used in the diagnosis are ventilation- representados por cintilografia ventilação-perfusão, perfusion (V/Q), scintigraphy, angiography, and angiografia pulmonar e tomografia computadorizada (TC). computed tomography (CT). In the last decade several Na última década vários estudos têm demonstrado que a studies have demonstrated that spiral CT has a high TC espiral apresenta elevada sensibilidade e especificidade sensitivity and specificity in the diagnosis of acute no diagnóstico de tromboembolismo pulmonar agudo. Uma pulmonary thromboembolism. The evaluation of the melhor avaliação das artérias pulmonares tornou-se possível pulmonary arteries has further improved with the com a recente introdução dos equipamentos de TC espirais recent introduction of multidetector spiral CT scanners. com multidetectores. Vários pesquisadores têm sugerido Various investigators have suggested that spiral CT que a angiografia pulmonar por TC espiral deve substituir pulmonary angiography should replace scintigraphy a cintilografia na avaliação de pacientes com suspeita in the assessment of patients whose symptoms are clinica de tromboembolismo pulmonar agudo. Os autores suggestive of acute PE. This article discusses the role discutem os principais métodos de imagem utilizados no of the various imaging modalities in the diagnosis of diagnóstico de tromboembolismo pulmonar agudo acute pulmonary thromboembolism with emphasis on enfatizando o papel da TC espiral. the role of spiral CT. J Bras Pneumol 2004; 30(5) 474-9 Descritores: Diagnóstico por imagem. Embolia pulmonar/ Key words: Diagnostic imaging. Pulmonary embolism./ diagnóstico. Angiografia. Pneumopatias/cintilografia. diagnosis. Angiography. Lung diseases/radionuclide imaging. Tomografia computadorizada de emissão de fóton único/ Tomography, emission-computed single-photon/methods. métodos. * Trabalho realizado no Departmento de Radiologia, Vancouver General Hospital and University of British Columbia. Endereço para correspondencia: Nestor L. Müller. Department of Radiology, Vancouver General Hospital. 899 W. 12th Avenue, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada.Phone: 1-604-875 – 4355 – Fax 1-604-875 4723 - E-mail: [email protected] Recebido para publicação, em 15/12/03. Aprovado, após revisão, em 16/1/04. 474 Jornal Brasileiro de Pneumologia 30(5) - Set/Out de 2004 INTRODUÇÃO Siglas e abreviaturas utilizadas neste trabalho: Tromboembolismo pulmonar (TEP) é uma TC – Tomografia Computadorizada TEP – Tromboembolismo Pulmonar Agudo entidade clinica comum que resulta em morbidade e V/Q – Ventilação-Perfusão mortalidade em um grande número de pacientes. US – Ultrassom Diagnóstico imediato e correto é importante por TVP – Trombose Venosa Profunda causa dos riscos de complicações do TEP e do tratamento com anticoagulantes. A base do diagnóstico é a probabilidade clínica para pulmonar agudo com ênfase na tomografia tromboembolismo pulmonar e o uso do dímero D computadorizada espiral. (quando disponível). No entanto, o diagnóstico específico requer avaliação por métodos específicos Cintilografia pulmonar: de imagem(1). O diagnóstico do TEP na cintilografia é baseado Por muitos anos, a cintilografia ventilação- na presença de ventilação em regiões sem perfusão perfusão (V/Q) representou o principal método de distais a êmbolos obstrutivos. Os achados imagem utilizado na avaliação de pacientes com cintilográficos são classificados em termos de suspeita clínica de TEP(2). A cintilografia de alta probabilidade da presença de embolismo em probabilidade fornece suficiente confiabilidade para cintilograma, de alta probabilidade, probabilidade confirmar o diagnóstico de TEP, enquanto que intermediária, baixa probabilidade, quase normal exame normal ou perto do normal, exclui, ou muito baixa probabilidade, e normal. Os exames seguramente, o diagnóstico. Infelizmente só um de cintilografia de alta probabilidade fornecem terço dos pacientes pertencem a uma destas suficiente confiabilidade para confirmar o categorias; nos restantes dois terços dos pacientes diagnóstico de TEP enquanto que os exames de os resultados da cintilografia são inconclusivos(2). muito baixa probabilidade e normais permitem Deve-se ressaltar também que, no Brasil, a excluir o diagnóstico. A grande limitação da cintilografia pulmonar não está disponível cintilografia V/Q está relacionada ao elevado diariamente, limitando ainda mais o seu uso. número de pacientes em que os achados não são Tradicionalmente a angiografia pulmonar foi conclusivos. O estudo PIOPED (Prospective considerada o método padrão ouro para diagnóstico Investigation of Pulmonary Embolism Diagnosis), de TEP(2,3). Todavia, a angiografia pulmonar é um maior estudo prospectivo de avaliação de método invasivo, disponível em poucos centros e pacientes com suspeita clinica de TEP, demonstrou utilizado cada vez menos na avaliação destes que em dois terços dos pacientes que realizaram pacientes, mesmo quando os outros exames não são cintilografia V/Q, ela foi incapaz de estabelecer ou conclusivos(4,5). excluir TEP. Neste estudo, nos exames A introdução da tomografia computadorizada indeterminados, presentes em 39% (364 de 931) (TC) espiral no início dos anos 90 tornou possível dos pacientes, encontrou-se uma incidência de avaliar todo o tórax num curto espaço de tempo, 30% de TEP, e nos exames de baixa probabilidade, bem como analisar as artérias pulmonares durante o identificados em 34% dos pacientes (312 de 931), pico máximo de opacificação pelo meio de contraste. observou-se uma incidência de 14%(2). Baseados Vários estudos demonstraram elevada sensibilidade nesses achados, os autores concluíram que exames e especificidade da TC espiral para o diagnóstico de indeterminados e de baixa probabilidade (ou seja, TEP (6-8). A acurácia da TC aumentou ainda mais com dois terços dos exames de V/Q do estudo PIOPED), o recente advento dos equipamentos de TC espiral foram incapazes de estabelecer ou excluir TEP. Uma com multidetectores que permitem uma melhor outra limitação da cintilografia é a discordância avaliação das artérias pulmonares segmentares e entre diferentes observadores na interpretação dos subsegmentares. Em diversos centros, a TC espiral exames. No estudo PIOPED embora tenha sido tornou-se a modalidade de escolha para o diagnóstico encontrado boa concordância entre observadores de TEP. com grande experiência para os exames V/Q O objetivo deste trabalho é discutir as indicações normais e de alta probabilidade, notou-se entre e limitações dos principais métodos de imagem os observadores, 25 -30% de discordância na utilizados no diagnóstico de tromboembolismo interpretação de exames de baixa probabilidade.(2) 475 Silva, Isabela et al. Diagnóstico por imagem do tromboembolismo pulmonar agudo Unidos e da Inglaterra, com disponibilidade de equipamento adequado e pessoal especializado, estima-se que somente 5 a 15% dos pacientes com exames de cintilografia indeterminados, são submetidos à angiografia pulmonar(4,5). Tomografia computadorizada espiral Interpretação das Imagens: Os achados característicos de TEP agudo são: 1) defeito de enchimento parcial central ou periférico circundado por um pequeno halo de contraste (Figura 1); 2) completo defeito de enchimento com obliteração de todo o vaso avaliado(6-8). Figura 1- TEP agudo em paciente do sexo feminino, 46 anos. Num evento de TEP agudo, as artérias pulmonares TC espiral em multidetector revela falhas de enchimento parcial quando completamente obstruídas geralmente têm nas artérias do lobo médio e lobos inferiores (setas). diâmetro aumentado (Figura 2A, 2B). Nos exames de pesquisa de TEP deve-se avaliar os achados vasculares Angiografia pulmonar: e parenquimatosos. A avaliação da janela de pulmão Na angiografia pulmonar introduz-se um cateter é importante não apenas para identificar as artérias por via endovenosa na artéria pulmonar proximal e pulmonares devido sua proximidade com o brônquio, o meio de contraste é injetado rapidamente. A mas também para avaliar sinais complementares que técnica oferece uma elevada resolução espacial, podem ser úteis em sugerir o diagnóstico de TEP(9,10). permitindo avaliar diretamente o sistema arterial O achado complementar de maior utilidade é a pulmonar. Os achados de defeito de enchimento da identificação de opacidade de feitio triangular e base coluna de contraste são típicos de TEP. Todavia, a pleural (Figura 3). Esta opacidade reflete a presença angiografia pulmonar é um método invasivo, com de hemorragia ou infarto distal ao embolismo. 5% de riscos de complicações cardíacas e Atelectasias lineares também são identificadas com pulmonares, e mortalidade de 0,3%[3]. Devido aos freqüência elevada nos exames de TC de pacientes riscos potencias, existe considerável relutância por com TEP agudo. Outros sinais tomográficos tais como parte dos clínicos e radiologistas na realização de áreas de atenuação reduzida e efusão pleural são de angiografia pulmonar para o diagnóstico de TEP. pouca utilidade em distinguir pacientes
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