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Philosophy in Review/Comptes Rendus Philosophiques Academic Philosophy in Review/Comptes rendus philosophiques Editor/ Associate Editor / Directeur directeur adjoint Roger A. Shiner Robert Burch Philosophy in Review Department of Philosophy Department of Philosophy University of Alberta Okanagan University College 4-115 Humanities Centre 3333 University Way Edmonton, AB Kelowna,BC Canada T6G 2E5 Canada VlV 1V7 Tel: 780-492-3307 Tel: 250-762-5445 X7344 Fax: 780-492-9160 Fax: 250-764-6428 E-mail: [email protected] E-Mail: [email protected] URL: http://www.ouc.bc.ca/philosophy/Shiner/index%20new.html As a rule, P.I.R. publishes only invited reviews. However, we will consider for publication submitted reviews of new books in philosophy and related areas. Reviews must be a maximum of 1000 words and will be accepted in either French or English. En general, C.R.P. ne publie que !es comptes rendus qui sont explicitement invitees. Neanmoins, nous prendrions en consideration la publication de comptes rendus soumis, si !es auteurs traitent de livres philosophiques (ou de livres sur un sujet apparente) qui viennent de paraitre. Les comptes rendus devraient etre de 1000 mots au maximum, et le manuscrit redige en fran¢s ou en anglais. Subscription prices for a volume of six issues Institutions Individuals Students $114 (Canada) $55 (Canada) $42 (Canada) US$118 (U.S.A) US$57 (U.S.A.) US$46 (U.S.A) Cdn$170/US$121/£80/El25 (World) Cdn$90/US$60/£40/E63 (World) Cdn$66/US$48/£31/E54 (World) Prix de l'abonnement A un volume de six numeros Institutions lndividus Etudiants $114 (Canada) $55 (Canada) $42 (Canada) US$118 (E-U.) US$57 CE-U.) US$46 (E-U.) Cdn$170/US$121/£80/El25 (World) Cdn.$90/US$60/£40/E63 (World) Cdn$66/US$48/£31/E54 (World) Subscriptions should be sent to the publisher: Les abonnements peuvent etre pris chez l'editeur: Academic Printing and Publishing 9 · 3151 Lakeshore Road, Suite 403 Kelowna, BC, Canada Vl W 3S9 Tel: 250· 764-6427 Fax: 250-764-6428 E-mail: [email protected] Website: http://www.academicprintingandpublishing.com Publications Mail Registration No. 08491 - ISSN 1206-5269 Agreement number 40032920 © 2004 Academic Printing and Publishing Published six times a year Volume XXIV, No. 6 December • decembre 2004 Table of Contents • Table des matieres Mario Bunge, Emergence and Convergence. Qualitative Novelty and the Unity of Knowledge . .... .. .. .... .... 389 Philip Goff Sue Campbell, Relational Remembering: Rethinking the Memory Wars . 391 Elisabeth (Boetzkes) Gedge David Clark, Empirical Realism: Meaning and the Generative .Foundation of Morality ...... .. .......... ....... ...... ... .. 393 Richard Matthews David E. Cooper, Meaning. 396 David B. Martens Gregory J. Cooper, The Science of the Struggle for Existence . ... .. ..... 398 Thomas Heyd John Cowbum, S.J ., Love . ..... • .. • .. .. .. .............. 400 Aaron Fellbaum William Desmond, Art, Origins, Otherness: Between Philosophy and Art 402 Michael Funk Deckard A.B. Dickerson, Kant on Representation and Objectivity. 405 Clinton Tolley Anne-Marie Dillens, ed., Le Pluralisme des Valeurs: entre particulier et uniuersel . ............... .. ... .. .. ..... .... 407 Miriam Bankovsky Philip Fisher, Wonder, The Rainbow, and the Aesthetics of Rare Experiences. 410 Stuart Dalton Alexander E. Hooke and Wolfgang W. Fuchs, eds., Encounters with Alphonso Lingis . 412 Michael Lewis Michael Kelly, Iconoclasm in Aesthetics... ..... .. .. .. .. .... .. 414 Marie-Not!lle Ryan Joseph LaPorte, Natural Kinds and Conceptual Change . 417 Robert A. Wilson No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmit-led, in any fo rm or by any means. without the prior written permission of the publisher or, in case of photocopying or other reprographic copying, a license from CAN COPY (Canadian Copyright Licensing Agency) l Yonge St.,Ste 1900, Toronto, ON M5E lE5. FAX (4161868-1621. Aucune portion de cette publication ne peul ~trc reproduite, cntrepos~e dans un syswme de recuperation ou transmise, sous quelque formc ou par quelques moyens que cc soit. sans 1e consentcment p~alable, par C:crit, de l'Miteur ou, dans Jes cas d'une phot.ocopie ou tout autre reprographie, une license de CANCOPY (Canadian Copyright Licensing Agency) 1 Yonge St., Ste 1900, Toronto, ON M5E 1E5, FAX (416) 868-1621. Mailed in December 2004. Leon~rd Lawlor, The Challenge ofBergsonism . 421 Didier Debaise Gabriel Richardson Lear, Happy Lives and the Highest Good . 423 Norman 0. Dahl John Locke, Selected Correspondence ....... .......... 425 Catherine Wilson Christine Overall, Aging, Death, and Human Longevity: A Philosophical Inquiry . 428 K. Houle Sami Pihlstrom, Naturalizing the Transcendental: A Pragmatic View. 430 Andrew Fiala Nicholas Rescher, Epistemology: An Introduction to the Theory of Knowledge. • . 433 John Callanan William S. Robinson, Understanding Phenomenal Consciousness. 435 David Ohreen Norbert N. Samuelson, Jewish Philosophy: An Historical Introduction . 438 Berel Dov Lerner David Sedley, Plato's Cratylus. .. .. .... .. .. ............ ..... 440 Patrick Mooney R. W. Sha:t"ples, ed., Perspectives on Greek Philosophy: S. V. Keeling Memorial Lectures in Ancient Philosophy 1992-2002. 442 James Butler Henry R. West, An Introduction to Mill's Utilitarian Ethics . 444 Tim Christie Mark A. Wrathall, ed., Religion after Metaphysics 447 Murditb McLean Alenka Zupancic, The Shortest Shadow: Nietzsche's Philosophy ofthe Two . 450 Roderick Nicholls Mario Bunge Emergence and Convergence. Qualitative Novelty and the Unity of Knowledge. Toronto: University of Toronto Press 2003. Pp. xvi+ 313. Cdn$/US$75.00. lSBN 0-8030-8860-0. One would hope that a book that pioneers the cause of the unity of science would explore a variety of fields of enquiry. The sheer range of scien­ tilidphilosophical disciplines dealt with, competently and systematically, in Emergence and Convergence, cannot fail to impress. Quantum mechanics, economics, ethics, linguistics, truth, probability, are all brought into Bunge's unified picture of the world. The various topics are unified by Bunge's oveniding thesis, which is summed up in the following quote: 'There are three main world views concerning the structure of the universe and our knowledge of it. One is individualism, according to which everything is either an individual or a collection ofindividua ls ... The polar opposite ofindividuali sm is holism, according to which the universe is an undifferentiated blob ... The alternative to both individualism and holism is systematism, according to which the universe is the maximal system, and everything in it is either a system or a component of a system. Moreover, systems are characterised by emergent properties' (95-6). Bunge applies this single picture of the world to the natural sciences and the social sciences alike. The happy middle way between seeing society as a bunch of individuals, and seeing society as an inseparable whole, is to see society as a collection of individuals acting in cooperation in a specific environment and social context. However, the pay-off of pursuing such a single ontological picture through such a wide range of subject areas is predictable. The reader is continually left with the feeling that there are gross areas oflogical space that Bunge is just leaving unexplored. Bunge criticises the reductionist for being an indi­ vidualist, for ignoring the bonds and relations between individuals. But I doubt that this is the only, or even the usual, road for the reductionist to take. The reductionist does not generally take it that a tiger is just a collection of atoms, the order of which is irrelevant. The reductionist will take it that there is a physical description of a tiger, which is not just a ]jst of atoms, but a description of how those atoms and physical structures are related to each other. For the reductionist, it is this description, involving structure as well as lists of entities, to which the biological description of the tiger is reducible. Perhaps Bunge's overlooking of the options available to the reductionist is a result of his over-hasty rejection of the notion of supervenience, which he claims is a notion which has not (the implication I think is, could not) be elucidated. David Chalmers and Frank Jackson argue persuasively for the importance, not of reduction, but of reductive explanation. The biological facts can be reductively explained in terms of the physical facts if the biological facts logically supervene on the physical facts - that is, if there is an a priori entailment between a complete physical description of the uni- 389 verse and a complete biological description of the universe. The biological facts may still be real, but they are, to use David Armstrong's term, an 'ontological free lunch'. The biological facts are no addition in being to the physical facts. I am not sure how a position like that of Chalmers and Jackson would fit into Bunge's carving up of the options. Indeed, Bunge's discussion of supervenience is not the only place where one feels that there is simply more to be said, there are more options on the table. Bunge deals with complex ethical issues such as abortion/stem cell research, and the harvesting of organs from executed prisoners, in a couple of sentences, showing how what the systemist will say about such issues sets things straight in a way that what, say, the utilitarian will (allegedly) say does not. Similarly, the mystery of consciousness is dealt with in a few pages, without even a passing mention of the reasons philosophers consider con­ sciousness to be a 'hard problem' in the first
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