DOCSLIB.ORG

A Comparative Study of the Evolution of Tourism Policy in Spain and Portugal

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A Comparative Study of the Evolution of Tourism Policy in Spain and Portugal View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Repositorio Institucional Universidad de Málaga A comparative study of the evolution of tourism policy in Spain and Portugal Fernando Almeida Garcia , http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2014.03.001 Abstract The purposes of this study are to analyze and compare the way in which tourism policy has evolved in Spain and Portugal. Our study covers an extensive period of time, enabling the similarities and differences between the two processes and the effects of the main factors involved to be highlighted phase by phase. We start by looking at the genesis of tourism authorities, whose principal objective was to promote the countries and improve their external image. We will then see how the onset of mass tourism led to changes in strategy, which now sought to maximize revenue in order to fund national development. The third phase will deal with the restructuring of the countries' respective tourism authorities, whereby policies and planning were tailored to accommodate the changes that had occurred in the sector. We will conclude by suggesting a series of topics for debate, notably the Latin model of tourism development. Graphical abstract Keywords Tourism policies; Development; Spain; Portugal 1. Introduction Tourism is a complex product in which economic and political factors combine with those of a geographical and recreational nature (Hall, 1998). As such, tourism policy may be defined as a multidisciplinary field related with the mixed science that is tourism itself (Bote Gómez and Marchena Gómez, 1996, Edgell, 1990 and Koster, 1984). In this context, definitions of tourism policy vary, though it is worth noting the view ofHall and Jenkins (1995), who feel that tourism policy is whatever governments choose to do or not to do with regard to tourism — an interpretation that provides tourism researchers with a wide investigative scope (p. 8). In any event, research into tourism policy must focus first and foremost on those government measures taken with the aim of influencing tourism. No clear consensus exists regarding the way in which the study of tourism policy should be approached, or the fields of interest that it ought to include. There is an economic angle which considers tourism policy as a branch of the economy characterized by a series of idiosyncrasies (Sessa, 1976). The growing importance of tourism, and particularly its impact on both national and regional economies, has led in turn to an increase in the number of studies into tourism policy (Hall & Jenkins, 1995). These studies have tended to adopt a neutral standpoint, focusing on the achievements of tourism rather than on the social and territorial imbalances that it brings (Lea, 1988). The difficulties encountered in generating development contrast sharply with the praise heaped by governments on tourism's contribution to economic development at both national and regional levels (Hillali, 2007, Jenkins, 1980, Lamb, 1998 and Williams and Shaw, 1988). In the case of Spain and Portugal, there have been numerous studies into tourism strategy as an area of economic policy (Aguiló Pérez and Vich Martorell, 1996, Bote Gómez and Marchena Gómez, 1996, Cals, 1974, Martins Viera, 1997 and Monfort Mir, 2000). Political science, too, has taken an interest in tourism policy, in spite of its initial indifference to tourism itself (Richter, 1983, p. 313), which it considered a frivolous and superficial field (Hall & Jenkins, 1995, p. 5), and of the difficulties faced by tourism specialists in attempting to define the exact nature of tourism policy. The role played by tourism policy within the larger field of political science has evolved to such an extent that some authors now claim that the former must be viewed separately from the latter (Velasco González, 2005, p. 172). Political scientists have taken a variety of approaches to tourism policy. For example, Velasco González (2004) identifies two different focuses: (i) a general view that analyzes all of the public and private sector measures taken that influence tourism, and which has wider implications for fields lying outside the boundaries of the tourism sector, such as the environment, infrastructure, economy and public safety; and (ii) a narrower angle which focuses only on those governmental measures and decisions that specifically affect areas of the tourism sector itself, e.g. the hotel industry and the catering trade (pp. 66–74). Our study combines these two approaches, albeit with greater emphasis on the second. Research into tourism policy has generally focused on specific countries, analyzing the subject as a branch of national policy and approaching the task in large, regional blocks (Hall, 1991 and Lickorish, 1991). To date, there has been relatively little analysis contrasting the tourism policies of different countries, though several interesting studies have been carried out in Europe (Swarbrooke, 1993). Spain and Portugal, however, have rarely been compared, despite their geographical proximity and the existence of socio-economic processes that are common to both (Map 1). Most of the references to these countries currently available are to be found either in studies dealing with tourism in Europe in general, Southern Europe or the Mediterranean area (Akehurst et al., 1993, Apostolopoulos et al., 2001 and Jenner and Smith, 1993), or in series of publications compiled by international organizations such as the OECD and the WTO. Worthy of special mention are the analyses of tourism policy in Spain and Portugal undertaken by Williams, 1984 and Williams, 1993) Willians & Shaw (1998), which assess the role played by tourism in both national economic development and regional imbalance; however, none of these studies deal specifically with the two countries alone. Our study of Spain and Portugal adopts a similar approach to the one taken by Williams, albeit with the inclusion of other facets such as the process via which national tourism policy is constructed. Map 1. Location of the study area. Spain and Portugal. Source: Elaborated by author. An examination of Spain and Portugal's shared history reveals parallel development as far as tourism policies and models are concerned, although the tourism processes in the two countries also display certain differences due to their contrasting socio- economic development. Spain and Portugal's relationship with tourism has varied over the course of the one hundred plus years studied. The evolution of tourism policy can be divided into the three main stages related to major socio-economic phases identified in this study (seeTable 1 and Appendix 1 and Appendix 2). These three stages are consistent with the proposal of several authors who have analyzed the cycles of tourism policy (Fayos-Solá, 1996a, Fayos-Solá, 1996b and Garay and Cánoves, 2011). Table 1 Tourism policy phases in Spain and Portugal. Source: Elaborated by the author 1900-1950 1951-1975 1976-2012 Initiation Development Maturity Pre-Fordist phase Fordist phase Post-Fordist phase Source: Elaborated by the author. The pre-Fordist phase: During this first stage, comprising the first years of the 20th century, both countries behaved in an almost identical fashion. Our analysis of this period, which is based largely on administrative and historical factors, reveals an extensive exchange of information between the two countries, despite the reciprocal indifference exhibited by their respective governments (De La Torre Gómez and Vicente, 1998 and Halpern Pereira, 1984), who were more interested in the opportunity that tourism provided for raising their countries' profiles abroad than in its economic benefits. The period also saw the establishment of a series of tourism policy procedures that would remain in place for decades to come. This stage has more frequently been studied in Spain (Esteve Secall and Fuentes García, 2000, Fernández Fúster, 1991, Moreno Garrido, 2007 and Pellejero Martínez, 1999) than in Portugal (Cunha, 2009 and Pina, 1988). The Fordist phase: The second stage – between 1950 and 1975 – brought a series of important developments. The Iberian nations now understood that tourism held the key to economic growth. Franco's dictatorship used tourism to improve Spain's foreign image (Correyero & Cal, 2008, pp. 17–21), as did Salazar's in Portugal, although to a lesser extent (Almuiña Fernandes, 2002). This phase also marked the first major divergence between the two countries in terms of tourism policy: whereas the Spanish government committed itself fully to mass tourism as a means of maximizing revenue and investment, the Portuguese opted instead to maintain a more gradual rate of tourist growth. In fact, mass tourism was the dominant theme during this period, and tourism-based development is the facet of tourism most frequently studied by both Spanish and Portuguese authors (Cals, 1974, Cunha, 2009, Esteve Secall and Fuentes García, 2000,Figuerola Palomo, 1999 and Martins Viera, 1997). The post-Fordist phase: During the third stage of our study, Spanish and Portuguese society began to act in unison. The dictatorships in both countries ended in successive years (1974 and 1975), they joined the European Union (1986), adopted the euro (2001) and experienced similar economic ups and downs. However, their respective administrative structures and tourism planning procedures took vastly different paths. While Spain's heavily centralized policy was replaced by a decentralized system overseen by its autonomous communities
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Rural Tourism in Northern Portugal: Motivations and Barriers
    Rural tourism in Northern Portugal: Motivations and barriers DOI: 10.2436/20.8070.01.160 Conceição Castro PhD in Management, Universidade Portucalense, Portugal. Adjunct Professor in Porto Accounting and Business School of Polytechnic Institute of Porto, member of CEOS.PP / ISCAP / P.PORTO, Portugal. E-mail: [email protected] Abstract Tourism in rural areas boosts economic dynamism, turning them more attractive, diversifying economic activities, creating jobs and wealth. With the importance that micro and small firms play on economic growth, particularly in rural areas, the objective of this article is to analyze the main motivations to start a business in rural tourism and the problems and barriers faced by these entrepreneurs in Northern Portugal. With the results of a survey an exploratory factor analysis was conducted to distinguish underlying motivational structures and the results suggested that the main motivations to create the business were related to family and success. Using cluster analysis owners were grouped into three segments. They encountered some restrictions in the start-up process as bureaucracy, lack of financial support and information. Keywords: Rural tourism. Entrepreneurship. Cluster Analysis. North of Portugal. 1 INTRODUCTION Rural tourism, more characteristic of the North and Centre regions of Portugal, has survived mainly due to the natural heritage and some cultural traditions. Initiated experimentally in the 70's (in Ponte de Lima, Vila Viçosa, Castelo de Vide and Vouzela – Northern regions), and legally classified in the 80's, in 2018 rural tourism represented 21.4% of total accommodation in Portugal, and Northern Portugal had the highest number of establishments (37.8% of total establishments of rural tourism), the highest number of guests (33.
    [Show full text]
  • Tourism Planning and Development: the Case of Portugal's Norte Region
    Tourism & Management Studies, 13(4), 2017, 20-29, DOI: 10.18089/tms.2017.13403 Tourism planning and development: The case of Portugal’s Norte region Planeamento e desenvolvimento do turismo: o caso da região Norte de Portugal Ana Paula Lopes Politécnico do Porto/ISCAP - CEOS.PP, CEPESE, [email protected] Filomena Soares Politécnico do Porto/ESHT Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal, [email protected] Abstract Resumo Tourism has been gaining increasing importance in the global economy, O turismo tem vindo a ganhar cada vez mais importância na economia in general, and, more specifically, in Europe, Portugal, and smaller areas global, em geral e mais especificamente, na Europa, em Portugal e em such as Portugal’s Norte region. The north of Portugal has a rich cultural, áreas mais pequenas, como a região Norte de Portugal. O norte de historical and architectural landscape heritage, including some pearls Portugal possui um património paisagístico, cultural, histórico e that the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation arquitetónico muito rico, incluindo algumas “pérolas” que a Organização has classified over the years as World Heritage Sites. With its wide- das Nações Unidas para a Educação, a Ciência e a Cultura classificaram ranging impact on economic growth, employment and social ao longo dos anos como Património Mundial. Com o seu vasto impacto development, tourism can be a powerful tool with which to shape the no crescimento económico, emprego e desenvolvimento social, o Portuguese economy, contributing to the country’s competitiveness, turismo pode ser uma ferramenta poderosa na transformação da richness and cohesion.
    [Show full text]
  • Lisboa É Boa Pista Ou Bora Correr, Pessoa! Lisbon Is a Good Track Or Let’S Run, Pessoa!
    Lisboa é boa pista ou bora correr, Pessoa! Lisbon is a good track or let’s run, Pessoa! Luis Maffei1 Resumo: Fernando Pessoa é autor de um guia turístico intitulado Lisboa – o que o turista deve ver. Pessoa é, hoje, uma das marcas da cidade de Lisboa, e isso pouco tem a ver com a leitura de seus versos. Este texto lê o guia pessoano e a Lisboa hodierna enquanto narra uma experiência de corrida de rua em solo lisboeta. Palavras-chave: Fernando Pessoa; Lisboa; corrida; turismo Abstract:Fernando Pessoa is the author of a tour guide entitled Lisbon – what the tourist should see. Pessoa is, today, one of the marks of the city of Lisbon, and that has little relationship with reading his verses. This text reads Pessoa’s guide and Lisbon today while narrates an experience of street racing in the capital of Portugal. Keywords: Fernando Pessoa: Lisbon; run; tourism a Jorge Fernandes da Silveira e Paulo Motta, leitores-corredores de muitos séculos Teresa Rita Lopes escreveu: “Pessoa amou Lisboa. Pessoa rima com Lisboa.” (LOPES, 2008, p. 11) Eu também amo Lisboa, de um modo e com uma intensidade que não aplico a minha própria cidade – nalgum nível, Lisboa é minha cidade, ou melhor, eu sou da minha cidade que é Lisboa, como uma espécie de amante em eterno, não isso, em constante retorno, sem tédio, sem casamento. “Cidade mulher da minha vida”, cantou Carlos do Carmo em letra e música de Paulo de Carvalho; subscrevo: “cidade mulher” porque gosto do seu cheiro e de seu corpo incerto, cheiro de mulher desejada, cheiro bom porque cheiro de Lisboa.
    [Show full text]
  • Teresa Maria Queiroz Veiga E Mendes Food Tourism in Portugal
    Politécnico do Porto Escola Superior de Hotelaria e Turismo Teresa Maria Queiroz Veiga e Mendes Food Tourism in Portugal. A Qualitative Study Dissertação de Mestrado Mestrado em Gestão do Turismo Orientação: Prof.ª Doutora Dália Filipa Veloso de Azevedo Liberato Prof. Doutor Prof. Doutor Pedro Manuel da Costa Liberato Vila do Conde, julho de 2021 Politécnico do Porto Escola Superior de Hotelaria e Turismo Teresa Maria Queiroz Veiga e Mendes Food Tourism in Portugal. A Qualitative Study Dissertação de Mestrado Mestrado em Gestão de Turismo Orientação: Prof.ª Doutora Dália Filipa Veloso de Azevedo Liberato Prof. Doutor Prof. Doutor Pedro Manuel da Costa Liberato Vila do Conde, julho de 2021 Teresa Maria Queiroz Veiga e Mendes Food Tourism in Portugal. A Qualitative Study Dissertação de Mestrado Mestrado em Gestão do Turismo Membros do Júri Presidente Dr.ª Teresa Alexandra Azevedo Pataco Escola Superior de Hotelaria e Turismo – Instituto Politécnico do Porto Prof.ª Doutora Cristina Maria de Jesus Barroco Novais Escola Superior de Tecnologia e Gestão – Instituto Politécnico de Viseu Prof.ª Doutora Dália Filipa Veloso de Azevedo Liberato Escola Superior de Hotelaria e Turismo – Instituto Politécnico do Porto Vila do Conde, julho de 2021 Dedicatória Aos meus pais, que desde pequenina me ensinaram o valor do trabalho honesto, empenho, dedicação e o valor do retorno das nossas ações. Exemplos que são desafiantes, no mundo atual, mas incontornáveis. E por todas as alegrias à volta da cozinha e da mesa, um bem hajam. Para ti, Hugo, e por tudo o que temos vindo a concretizar juntos. És um exemplo, a tantos níveis.
    [Show full text]
  • Cultural Tourism and Heritage in Northern Portugal
    Cultural Tourism and Heritage in Northern Portugal Cultural Tourism and Heritage in Northern Portugal Edited by Clara Sarmento and Sara Cerqueira Pascoal Cultural Tourism and Heritage in Northern Portugal Edited by Clara Sarmento and Sara Cerqueira Pascoal This book first published 2020 Cambridge Scholars Publishing Lady Stephenson Library, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE6 2PA, UK British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Copyright © 2020 by Clara Sarmento, Sara Cerqueira Pascoal and contributors All rights for this book reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. ISBN (10): 1-5275-5449-X ISBN (13): 978-1-5275-5449-8 TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Illustrations ................................................................................... vii Introduction ............................................................................................... ix Part I. Cultural Routes on the City’s Walls Chapter One ................................................................................................ 3 Public Space Appropriation: Between Art and Delinquency António Oliveira Chapter Two ............................................................................................. 19 Paths of Re-Existence in Multiple-Cities: Porto and Bahia Occupying (Other) Colours and Expressions
    [Show full text]
  • The Impact of the COVID-19 Outbreak on the Tourism and Travel Sectors in Portugal
    The impact of the COVID-19 outbreak on the tourism and travel sectors in Portugal: Recommendations for maximising the contribution of the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) and the Cohesion Fund (CF) to the recovery Draft Final Report February 2021 This publication was produced for review by the Directorate-General Regional and Urban Policy (DG REGIO). It was prepared by Carlos Costa, Expert candidature number 2018-0451, under Contract No 2020CE16BAT068 1 Disclaimer The information and views set out in this report are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the official opinion of the European Commission. The Commission does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this report. Responsibility for accuracy of information contained in the report lies entirely with the author. 2 Table of contents Abstract .............................................................................................................................. 18 Executive Summary ............................................................................................................. 19 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................. 22 1.1 Context and background information ......................................................................... 22 1.2 Context: The COVID-19 crisis and the tourism/travel crisis in Portugal ..................... 23 2. Overall approach and methodology ............................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Best Copy Available
    Document Symbol: E/2933 Best copy available U,NITED N·ATIONS Distr. ,ECONOMIC GENERAL E/2933 :rAND 23 NovembC:l" 1956 I ,SOCIAL COUNCIL ORIGINAL: VARIOUS 'IvTenty-third sespi~m Item 8 DE\'. :LOPMENT OF IN'I'ERNATIONAL TRAVEL, ITS PRESENT INCREASING VOLUME AND FUTURE PROSPECTS Note by.the Secretary-General Table of Contents Page T ~ .... INTRODUCTION •••••••••• ..... ~ .0. ........ 3 11. SU1VlMARY OF CON1/JENTS OF GOVERNMENTS CONCERNING MEASURES TAKEN IN RESPONSE TO ECONOMIC,AI~ SOCIAL COUNCIL RESOLUTION 563 (XIX) " . 6 General ••••••••••••••• • • • • • • • • • • • • • 6 (a) Tourism in relation to internal eccncmy and international trade • • • •• ••• •• • • • 6 (b) Survey of tourist facilities •••••••••••• 0 •• 7 (c) Support for official tourist "organizations ••••••••••••••••••• s • • 8 (d) Simplification of entry and exit formalities and dev8lopment of international travel arrangements •••• •••••• •• 8 (e) Exchange of technical advice. •••••••••••• •• 9 Ill. ACTION BY INTERNATIONJili ORG~\NIZhTIONS • •• • • • • • • • •• • •• 11 ~. United Nations and Specialized Agencies •••••••••••• 11 (1) United Nations •••••••• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 11 (2) Specialized Agencies •• ••• • • • • • • •• • • • • • • 12 B. Other international organizations • •••••••••0•••• 13 (1) Inter-~~erican TTavel Congress • • •• • • • •• • • • • • 13 (2) Council of Europe •••••• •• • • • • • •• ••• • • 14 (3) Caribbean Tourist Association • ••• • • • • •• •, •• • 14 56-32801 Ej2933 English Page 2 Table of Contents (continued) Page 1. IV. INTERNATIONAL TOURIST STATISTICS
    [Show full text]
  • Return Migration and Tourism Sustainability in Portugal: Extracting Opportunities for Sustainable Common Planning in Southern Europe
    sustainability Article Return Migration and Tourism Sustainability in Portugal: Extracting Opportunities for Sustainable Common Planning in Southern Europe Rossana Santos 1,2 , Rui Alexandre Castanho 2,3,4,5,* and Sérgio Lousada 2,5,6 1 College of Technologies and Management, University of Madeira, 9000-082 Madeira, Portugal; rossana.santos@staff.uma.pt 2 CITUR-Madeira-Centre for Tourism Research, Development and Innovation, 9000-082 Madeira, Portugal; slousada@staff.uma.pt 3 Faculty of Applied Sciences, WSB University, 41-300 D ˛abrowa Górnicza, Poland 4 Environmental Resources Analysis Research Group (ARAM), University of Extremadura, 06071 Badajoz, Spain 5 VALORIZA-Research Centre for Endogenous Resource Valorization, 7300 Portalegre, Portugal 6 Faculty of Exact Sciences and Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering and Geology (DECG), University of Madeira, 9000-082 Madeira, Portugal * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 25 September 2019; Accepted: 11 November 2019; Published: 17 November 2019 Abstract: This study contributes to the knowledge of decision-makers on how tourism, small and medium-sized enterprises, return migration, and cooperation strategies can contribute to growth and sustainable development in rural areas. More specifically, it uses the Portuguese case to answer the following question: can the expectations and perceptions of emigrants provide directions for sustainable tourism development and common planning in order to contribute to rural development? The results obtained in a study developed in Portugal, through the application of a questionnaire survey of 5157 Portuguese emigrants, confirm the validity of this question. It is concluded that there are the emigrants at an active age (29–39 years old) and with a house in a rural area that have a greater propensity of returning, investing, and gaining employment in the area of tourism in Portugal, and they also have more training and professional experience in this area.
    [Show full text]
  • Tourism As an Alternative Source of Regional Growth in Portugal
    Centro de Estudos da União Europeia (CEUNEUROP) Faculdade de Economia da Universidade de Coimbra Av. Dias da Silva, 165-3004-512 COIMBRA – PORTUGAL e-mail: [email protected] website: www4.fe.uc.pt/ceue Sara Proença and Elias Soukiazis Tourism as an Alternative Source of Regional Growth in Portugal. DOCUMENTO DE TRABALHO/DISCUSSION PAPER (SEPTEMBER) Nº 34 Nenhuma parte desta publicação poderá ser reproduzida ou transmitida por qualquer forma ou processo, electrónico, mecânico ou fotográfico, incluindo fotocópia, xerocópia ou gravação, sem autorização PRÉVIA. COIMBRA — 2005 Impresso na Secção de Textos da FEUC 1 Tourism as an Alternative Source of Regional Growth in Portugal1. Sara Proença* and Elias Soukiazis** Abstract The role of tourism gains fundamental importance especially for small countries with privilege geographical location and favourable weather conditions. This paper examines the importance of tourism as a conditioning factor for higher regional growth in Portugal by employing a convergence approach of the Barro and Sala-i-Martin type. The panel data estimation approach gives evidence of the positive impact of tourism (through the accommodation capacity) on the growth of per capita income among the Portuguese regions, speeding the convergence rate. On the other hand, substantial economies to scale are detected in the tourism sector by testing the Verdoorn Law at a regional level. Both results suggest that tourism can be considered as an alternative solution for enhancing higher regional growth in Portugal if the supply characteristics of this sector are improved. Key words: tourism, conditional convergence, economies to scale, Verdoorn´s Law, panel regressions. JEL Codes: C23, D12, L83.
    [Show full text]
  • Archaeology of the Pleistocene-Holocene Transition In
    Quaternary International xxx (xxxx) xxx–xxx Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Quaternary International journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/quaint Archaeology of the Pleistocene-Holocene transition in Portugal: Synthesis and prospects ∗ Cristina Gameiroa, , Thierry Aubrya,b, Francisco Almeidac, Luca Dimuccioa,d, Sónia Gabriela,k,l, Rita Gaspare,f, Sérgio Gomesg, Ramón Fábregas Valcarcef, Sofia Figueiredom, Carmen Manzanoh, João Marreirosi,j, Cláudia Oliveirae,k, André Tomás Santosa,b, Maria João Silva1, João Pedro Teresoa,e,k, Pedro Xavierm a UNIARQ - Centre for Archaeology, School of Arts and Humanities, University of Lisbon, Alameda da Universidade - Campo Grande, 1600-214, Lisboa, Portugal b Fundação Côa Parque, Portugal c Taungurung Clans Aboriginal Corporation, Australia d Centre of Studies in Geography and Spatial Planning (CEGOT), FLUC, Department of Geography and Tourism, Portugal e MHNC-UP, Natural History and Science Museum of the University of Porto, Portugal f GEPN-AAT, Grupo de Estudios para a Prehistoria do Noroeste Ibérico, Arqueoloxia, Antigüidade e Territorio, University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain g CEAACP, University of Coimbra, Portugal h Arqueologia & Património, Portugal i TraCEr, Laboratory for Traceology and Controlled Experiments, MONREPOS. Archaeological Research Centre and Museum for Human Behavioural Evolution. RGZM, Germany j ICArEHB - Interdisciplinary Center for Archaeology and Evolution of Human Behaviour, University of Algarve, Portugal k InBIO, Research Network in Biodiversity and Evolutionary
    [Show full text]
  • Climate Change Impacts on Destination Choice
    Climate Change Impacts on Destination Choice. A case of Peniche Ilaha Guliyeva 2018 Climate Change Impacts on Destination Choice. A case of Peniche Ilaha Guliyeva A dissertation submitted to the School of Tourism and Maritime Technology of Polytechnic Institute of Leiria in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Master's Degree in Sustainable Tourism Management Dissertation conducted under the supervision of Professor João Paulo Jorge 2018 Acknowledgements This thesis would not have been possible without the support of so many people to whom I would like to express my sincere appreciation. - Professor João Paulo Jorge, for being my supervisor, and for his endless support and guidance which lighted up my way in completing this study; - Francisco Salvador, for his very interesting conversation about climate change and geography of Peniche, for his insightful comments and encouragement. I do not forget his last words: “I still have hope about climate change that we can survive”; - My family, despite of being 6300km far from me, for giving me continuous support, motivation, encouragement, love and care that I needed to accomplish my thesis; - Family Raimundo, for being my second family, and supporting and motivating me throughout the entire process; - And, finally, my love – Francisco Chagas, who was with me from the start until the very end of this journey, charging me all the time with full energy, love, care, motivation and support, and always saying ‘you can do it’. Without all these people and their precious support, this thesis could not have been a reality. Their contributions are sincerely appreciated. i Abstract As climate change gains more concern from global context, the literature in this area is growing rapidly, especially giving more attention to the researches on the relationship between climate change and tourism.
    [Show full text]
  • Portugal Future Outlook & Pipeline
    Singapore: Hotel Market Market Report - March 2019 MARKET REPORT Portugal Future Outlook & Pipeline NOVEMBER 2020 Portugal: Future Outlook & Pipeline Market Report - November 2020 Introduction Tourism in 2019 Rapidly growing tourism demand in Portugal over recent The fact that Portugal was ranked 12th (out of 140 years has been attracting both hotel investors and countries) by the World Economic Forum in the 2019 operators who have noticed the potential of this hospitality Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Index is enough market. This interest has been converted into an increasing evidence to demonstrate the strong position in which the volume of transactions and development plans. Improving country found itself at the beginning of this year. It has KPIs and competitiveness indicators have been reflecting risen three positions in the ranking since 2015. this upward trend, with increased competition for supply in expanding markets; the arrival of new brands to the country; and changes in consumer behaviour and needs. All these factors have been contributing to this important period in the evolution of Portugal’s hotel, tourism and leisure sectors. This positive trend was undermined this year as a result of the coronavirus pandemic, which has caused exceptional damage to tourism and hospitality worldwide. 2020 will be remembered as a year when the travel and tourism industry was put under extraordinary pressure and was challenged to understand its resilience and capacity to adapt to change. According to WTTC, Travel & Tourism accounted for 16.5% of Portuguese GDP in 2019, increasing 4.2% from Given the positive results of 2019 and the existing pipeline 2018.
    [Show full text]