Disco Demolition Night”: Manifestações De Intolerância Na Década De 1970 Americana

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Disco Demolition Night”: Manifestações De Intolerância Na Década De 1970 Americana 12 DE JULHO; “DISCO DEMOLITION NIGHT”: MANIFESTAÇÕES DE INTOLERÂNCIA NA DÉCADA DE 1970 AMERICANA Felipe Castro Lazarini Prof. Marco Antônio Neves Soares (Orientador) RESUMO No ano de 1979, na cidade de Chicago, ocorreu um violento protesto contra o estilo musical Disco, estilo este característico de um novo espaço social; a discoteca. O protesto ocorreu em um estádio, de baseball, onde 55.000 raivosos torcedores, incitados por um popular radialista, atiraram discos de vinil ao campo, e em seguida invadiram-no por uma horda furiosa de mais de 7.000 pessoas, isso após a implosão de um amontoado de discos. O resultado alem do estádio em farrapos, foram 39 pessoas presas e centenas de feridos. Tal protesto que se realizou na implosão de discos de uma forma de arte (Disco Music) associada aos negros, homossexuais e latinos, é a fonte para o debate acerca dos conflitos sócio-culturais. Os setores que manifestaram um repúdio aos excessos libertários e movimentos que caracterizaram a década de 1960 em confronto com forças antagônicas, como o das lutas dos direitos civis, movimentos estudantis, anti-guerra e feministas. Palavras-chave: Intolerância; Protestos reacionários da década de 70; Disco Music . 700 “E aqueles vistos dançando, foram tidos por loucos, por aqueles que não podiam ouvir a música.” Friedrich Nietzsche Chicago Tribune, 13 de julho de 1979. O objetivo desse artigo é trazer a tona do meio acadêmico, o debate acerca de temas como liberdade de expressão, música, identidade, racismo e intolerância, mesmo quando esta é manifestada inconscientemente. Para realizar tal objetivo, faço uso de um protesto, tomado como um evento histórico, por meio de fontes áudio visuais, que no caso específico são noticiários televisivos, assim fazendo uso desta fonte com o intuito de gerar interpretações no campo da cultura, do imaginário e do simbólico. A relevância social deste trabalho baseia-se no argumento de que, ao longo da História, o homem manifesta suas tensões e anseios, de maneira violenta e ritualística muitas das vezes, de maneira dissimulada ou explícita, consciente e inconscientemente, apropriando-se de signos 701 culturais, destinados à expiação de sua intolerância. Assim, é digno de discussão não só no meio acadêmico, como nas escolas, o estudo das manifestações de intolerância, a fim de criar indivíduos mais reflexivos, propícios a fazer o mundo um lugar mais igualitário, mais cônscios de sua identidade, das relações sócio-culturais, como a alteridade e a tolerância. Influenciado pelo livro Metahistory332, do historiador Hayden White, onde este exorta aos historiadores a utilizarem novas perspectivas na produção da historiografia, como fazer uso dos recursos literários, formas de narrativas alternativas na escrita do historiador, a fim de enriquecer tanto o discurso histórico, como também a imaginação do leitor. Todavia, o paradigma que mais me achou interessante foi o do recorte temporal, onde White, inspirado pela famosa obra de James Joyce; Ulisses, cuja trama se insere no recorte de tempo de apenas um dia. Assim, inspirei-me na produção de uma historiografia e por fim, uma reflexão que se baseava em um curto espaço de tempo, de um fato, de curta duração, que no caso específico é um protesto que deveria se desenrolar em um curto espaço de tempo, o de um intervalo de uma partida de baseball. Porém esse protesto ultrapassou não só o limite de tempo de um intervalo, como também ultrapassou os limites geográficos do estádio de baseball, como também se transcorrera pelas ruas de Chicago. O protesto analisado aqui, compreendendo esse curto recorte de tempo, é demasiadamente rico de significados mais amplos, de longa duração, ou seja, que se inserem em um recorte temporal maior, objeto pelo qual vai originar uma reflexão acerca do protesto. Este toma forma de ritual, podendo-se extrair inumeráveis elementos simbólicos, que podem suceder muitas e ricas interpretações acerca, da sociedade, da cultura, enfim, de nós humanos. 332 WHITE, Hayden. Metahistory The Historical Imagination in Nineteenth-Century Europe. 1973, The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore-Londres. 702 A segunda fonte utilizada é um artigo do historiador americano Joshua Zeitz333, onde em seu artigo, Rejecting the Center: Radical Grassroots Politics in the 1970s, descreve e interpreta o protesto, refletindo sobre a conjuntura social, que Chicago e sua região se encontrava, seus conflitos sócio-culturais e a sensação de Guerra Fria, ao fracasso americano do combate no Vietnã, e de uma sensação de pessimismo político, devido aos escândalos envolvendo corrupção da política central. O campo do simbólico é por demais imperceptível, agimos por ele inconscientemente, ou cônscios, a todo o momento. Exercendo uma relação direta, praticamente carnal com a cultura, onde nunca deixamos de exercer elementos deste campo, essa proximidade, muitas das vezes nos incuti a idéia de uma certa naturalização de elementos de nossa cultura. Elementos que vão de uma simples escolha ao se vestir, à realização de atos de extrema violência. Exercer uma reflexão, a fim de criar um estranhamento desses elementos da cultura, e em especial aos atos de violência é por demais necessária em nossa época. É explícito o tom intolerante e quase lúdico do protesto de Comiskey Park, que a princípio se destinava a ser um mero e quase ingênuo entretenimento do intervalo de um jogo de baseball, com o intuito a princípio somente de atrair a volta do público aos estádios, ou seja, uma mera atração de entretenimento. 333 ZEITZ, Joshua. Rejecting the Center: Radical Grassroots Politics in the 1970 Second-wave Feminism as a Case Study. Journal of Contemporary History, 2008, http:/jch.sagepub.com 703 Chicago Tribune, 13 de julho de 1979. Então no quente dia de 12 de julho de 1979, na cidade de Chicago, ocorre este violento protesto contra o estilo musical Disco, estilo este característico de um novo espaço social; a discoteca, cujas primeiras se originam no final da década de 1970 nos subúrbios de Nova York, e logo se espalharia pelos Estados Unidos, por fim pelo mundo. Preservando certos elementos das pioneiras discotecas, constituindo toda uma cultura, musical a princípio, logo a cultura Disco, cria uma tradição, que vai desde a decoração, como o uso de luzes e globos espelhados, a moda e o cabelo, como também influencia a já consolidada indústria cinematográfica. A Discoteca teve como cerne fundamental de sua criação, alem de ser um espaço destinado à dança, e sociabilização, também era concebido como um espaço libertário alternativo, pois entre os freqüentadores, havia a sensação de uma maior liberdade de expressão e sexual, onde independente da idade, traz a sensação de juventude. Logo esses signos foram apropriados pela indústria cultural e pelos meios de comunicação. O protesto realiza-se 18 meses após o lançamento do famoso filme „Saturday´s Night Fever‟, estrelado pelo ator John Travolta e com 704 trilha sonora do grupo Bee Gees. Este filme exerceu uma profunda influência cultural nos Estados Unidos e no resto do mundo. No Brasil além do surgimento das recém-nascidas discotecas, percebemos a influencia pela novela de TV; Dancin´Days, de Gilberto Braga, estrelada por Sônia Braga. Grande parte de nosso imaginário quando nos referimos a cultura Disco, ou seja da discoteca, nos vem sempre a mente elementos oriundos deste filme. Este contribuiu muito para a construção da representação em nosso imaginário da discoteca. Este imaginário é por demais idealizado, muito diferente das primeiras discotecas, que surgiram nos subúrbios de Chicago, em galpões abandonados, nos anos 70. Assim a discoteca daquela época faz parte de uma cultura marginal, e como qual foi alvo de manifestações de intolerância e conservadorismo contra as liberdades sexuais da época. É expressivo que o alvo do protesto não é exclusiva e essencialmente destinado a essa cultura cheia de glamour retratada no filme que usou a maioria de atores brancos, bem diferente do público a que freqüentava realmente as discotecas. Na partida que ocorreu em Comiskey Park no dia 12 de julho, que reuniu mais 80 mil pessoas que, no seu lado exterior estavam de 10.000 a 15.000 pessoas que não conseguiram entrar, e do lado interno 55.000 raivosos torcedores, devido ao resultado da partida, que até o intervalo estava perdendo, incitados por Steve Dahl, um popular radialista, a grande massa anelar atirava discos de vinil ao campo, e gritavam frases como “Disco Sucks”, logo em seguida o gramado foi invadido por uma horda furiosa de mais de 7.000 pessoas, isso após a implosão organizada de um amontoado de discos. Tudo isso no intervalo do jogo de baseball. Consequentemente a partida teve que ser cancelada, devido a falta de condições para o retorno e término do jogo. O gramado se encontrava coberto de pedaços de discos de vinil. O resultado foi alem 705 do estádio em farrapos e vários distúrbios urbanos, foram 39 pessoas presas e centenas de feridos. Chicago Tribune, 13 de julho de 1979. Steve Dahl adentrou ao gramado, de Jipee, jaqueta e capacete militar, munido de microfone e bombas, estas destinadas a implosão de gravações de vinil de Disco Music. Com as palavras de ordem; “Disco Sucks!”, Dahl gerou uma enorme descarga social, a massa excitada logo, estende seus “estandartes” com as já citadas palavras de ordem. Logo surgiram pequenos incêndios e finalmente aconteceu um estouro da multidão, e tal tomamos pelo conceito de massa334, esta que logo torna-se praticamente um organismo vivo, que se baseia na densidade, com comportamentos que refletem algo de nossa condição humana. A quebra das industrias do aço, gerando uma massa de desempregados, criou uma grande tensão nas classes operárias. Tal fato teve como resultado o decréscimo na venda de ingressos das partidas de baseball, ou seja, os estádios andavam vazios. Com isso a administração do Comiskey Park, em Chicago, realizou uma parceria com uma rádio, a The Loop, assim o ingresso que antes custava 30 dólares, na partida do dia 12 de Julho, o preço do ingresso seria 98 centavos, ou seja menos de 334 CANETTI, Elias.
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