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Home , Athanasius the Athonite, Cataphatic theology, Communicatio idiomatum, Missio Dei, Ralph Cudworth, Regeneration (theology)

GLOSSARY OF TERMS

Agnus-the image of a lamb as symbolically representing Christ. The fuller locution is, A gnus Dei, which translates, Lamb of . Analogies of the -similarities or likenesses to the Trinity drawn from various areas of experience or from the created world. Augustine is famous for his many analogies drawn to the Trinity in his, De Trinitate. Apophatic-a negative (apophasis) approach to knowing (agnosia) begins when one recognizes that God is a mystery. It is contrasted by Pseudo• Dionysius the Areopagite (c.500) with the cataphatic of affirmation involving rational understanding. Arianism-the doctrine of Arius, an Alexandrian of the 4th century, who taught that Jesus was not of the same substance as God, but only the best of created beings. Cambridge -scholars at Cambridge University who defended their Christian beliefs about the Trinity and Incarnation in response to atheists and deists. They included Benjamin Whichote, , Ralph Cudworth, John Smith, Peter Sterry, and Nathaniel Culverwell. John Norris and Joseph Glanville were Oxonian scholars later added to this list. Cataphatic-see apophatic. Cappadocians/Cappadocianism-the tradition championed by three brilliant leaders of philosophical Christian orthodoxy in the later 41h century, St. Basil the Great, St. , and St. . Their influence led to the defeat of Arianism (see Arianism) at the Council of of 381 A.D. Chalcedonian Councii/Chalcedonianism-The Church Council of 451 A.D. which formulated and defended the view which affirms that the two natures of Christ (human and divine) are without confusion, without change, without division and without separation. -The doctrine of the Person and Work of Jesus Christ, the Second Person of the Trinity for Christian . Circumincession-the word denotes the mutual of the three persons of the Trinity, their reciprocal interiority, and their unceasing vital presence to each other. It is a spelling out of the perichoretic relation that holds among the members of the Trinity (see perichoresis). Circuminsession-stresses the abiding/continuing of the dynamic circulation of the members of the Trinity. It is a fleshing out of the perichoretic relation in an abiding way (see perichoresis).

239 240 GLOSSARY OF TERMS Communicatio idiomatum-the doctrine that the human and divine attributes are predicable of the same individual. Consubstantiality-sharing in a substance with, as for example the Son is viewed as sharing with the Father. Councils, the Seven-Nicea I (325 A.D.), Constantinople I (381), Ephesus (431), Chalcedon (451), Constantinople ll (553), Constantinople ill (681), Nicea ll (787). The Seven Councils of the Orthodox Church (according to the historical reckoning of Orthodoxy) mark off the main set of doctrinal beliefs of Orthodoxy. Count noun-individual things (substances) belong to kinds. (They may be, for example, tables, or persons, or planets). A count noun is a word such as "table," "person," "planet," so called because it enables us to count members of the kind and say that there are (for example) ten tables, or nine planets. By contrast, stuff such as water or air or gold is not an individual substance (although a substance may be made out of it) and so one cannot count water, only pints of water or bottles containing water. Words such as "water," "air," and "gold," are mass nouns. -a term which was equivalent in meaning to before the 1700s, but later in the 17th and 181h centuries came to mean the view that God creates the world and lets it develop on its own. British representatives incuded: Anthony Collins, John Tolland, Herbert of Cherbury, Matthew Tindal, Thomas Chubb. On the Continenent Voltaire and Reimarus were representatives. In America the list included Thomas Paine and Elihu Palmer. Economic Trinity-the view which distinguishes between the different persons of the Trinity by their different roles in respect to Creation and , but which also involves the further claim that this picture of roles provides no access to or knowledge of the eternal nature of God. -an expression which translates the phrase, "and the Son," which was inserted in the Nicene-Constantinople Creed after the words "proceeds from the Father," to convey the doctrine that the Holy proceeds both from the Father and the Son. This addition crept into the Creed in the Western Church without receiving any approval of any council recognized by the Orthodox Church. -Hesychasts claimed that in their prayer of silence they had direct access to God described in a negative rather than positive way. The propriety of this kind of prayer (with the details of the way in which it was practiced), was the subject of great controversy in the Orthodox Church in the middle of the 14th Century. GLOSSARY OF TERMS 241 Homoousion-of one substance, a term used in the Nicene Creed to express the relation between the Father and the Son as one that involves a sharing of one substance, originally designed to rule out Arianism. Hypostasis/hypostatic-literally, substance, carrying the meaning, having objective reality, as opposed to involving illusion. In early Christian thought, it is used to denote a reality, a substantive reality. Earlier, it wasn't distinguished from ousia (substance), but in the middle of the 4th century A.D., it was contrasted with ousia, and had the meaning, individual reality, especially in Trinitarian and Christological contexts. Icon-a picture of God, Christ, or the , used to convey doctrine, and an object of veneration in the Orthodox tradition. of indiscernibles-the principle that, if a and b have all their properties in common, then they are the same thing. This can be spelled out in different ways according to what counts as a property. Kenoticlkenosis-the emptying of certain divine properties in the condescension contemplated in the Incarnation and alluded to in Philippians 2, 5-7. There, Christ is spoken of as having "emptied himself." lAtin Trinity-a view of the Trinity which emphasizes the unity of the Persons forming one Godhead, and rejects the social metaphor of persons dwelling together as a unitary society in loving community. Mass term/mass nouns-see count nouns. Missio dei-the chief agent behind missions is the Trinitarian God, and humans derive their task from God by his permission and commission. Modalism-the view that the Persons of the Trinity are only modes of a unitary God, not distinct persons or substances. -the view that there is only one God, in contrast to , the view that there is more than one God, perhaps many. Neo-Nicene-a new slant on Nicenism, see Nicene. Nicene-the Council of Nicaea of 325 A.D. primarily focused on Arianism and its refutation. It is this creedal statement which includes the term, homoousios, one substance, stressing that the Son is of one substance with the Father, and hence is divine. Orthodoxy-has at least two meanings: (1) orthodox in the sense that a teaching conforms to a correct understanding of the Scriptures; (2) Orthodox as a name for the Eastern Church, that branch of the church which gradually separated off from what became the Roman in the 11th Century. (In this latter sense, the word is often written with a capital 0). Patriarchate(s/Patriarch( s) )-a self-governing ( autocephalous) church group in the Orthodox faith, of which there are four ancient Patriarchates, Constantinople, Alexandria, Antioch, and Jerusalem, and nine 242 GLOSSARY OF TERMS additional ones, Russia, Serbia, Romania, Bulgaria, Georgia, , Greece, Poland, Albania, and five which do not possess full independence, Czech Republic and Slovakia, Sinai, Finland, Japan and China. A Patriarch is the head of a Patriarchate. Perichoresis-has two meanings: (1) perichoresis fuseon, the interpenetration of the two natures of Christ, human and divine; (2) perichoresis upostaton, the interpenetration of the Persons of the Trinity. Literally, perichoresis means, rotation, or, to go around. It is a term that gained currency among the Scholastics, and regarding the Trinity, signifies the close, intimate loving exchange that is shared by the Members of the Trinity. Persona-person, the equivalent in Latin patristic theology of the Greek term, prosopon, literally, face. -the collection of 4th-15 1h Century texts compiled jointly by St. Nicodemos of (1748-1809) and St. Marios of Corinth and was first pubished in 1782. Pneumatalogical-having to do with the spirit, or more especially, the . Pneumatomachi-heretics of the 4th century who denied the full of the Holy Spirit. Powers-also energies, manifestations of God in the physical universe. Prosopon-literally, face, countenance, and having the meaning in the context of discourses on the Trinity of an individual person. Relative identity-an account of identity according to which things (substances) are not simply the same or not the same as each other, but may be the same such-and-such but not the same so-and-so. For example, on this account, a famous monument (Cleopatra's Needle, made of stone) may be the same monument as a later one on the same site made of bronze, but not the same lump of stone which was removed from the site and placed somewhere else. In other words, whether one object is the same as another object has no definite answer until we specify the kind of object involved. Rus'-Russia, Russian. Sabellianism-the view of Sabellius, and an alternative term for Modalism, which is a form of Monarchianism, a movement of the 2"d and 3rd centuries, which attempted to safeguard the unity of the Godhead, but failed to do justice to the independent subsistence of the Son. See Modal ism. ST, Social Trinity-the view that the three Persons of the Trinity are in a societal relationship of intimate and eternal love. Socinianism-the view of Socinus, the Latinized name of two persons, Lelio Francesco Maria Sozini and Fausto Paolo Sozzini. They both denied the deity of Christ, hence it is a doctrine that is clearly anti-Trinitarian. GLOSSARY OF TERMS 243 Sortal term-a count term, see count term. Substance-having objective reality. as for example, a substance when we mean an individual thing, and substance as it is used in of the same substance, meaning of the same nature. Substratum-the substratum is the underlying, enduring thing which underlies an individual substance. Theosis-the Orthodox teaching of the of humans. Theotokos-is the way in which Mary was defined by the (431 ), and this definition is in no way confined simply to the . She is Theotokos in virtue of the Communicatio idiomatum. Transcripts of the Trinity, expressions which include names of the Trinity, such as, baptize in the name of the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit. Triadology-something that has an essential threeness. Trimurti-in Hindu theology, the trinity of , , Vishnu and Siva, all conceived as an inseparable unity. Troitsa-the Russian word for Trinity. Trope-a figure of speech. Tritheism-the view that there are three gods. Ultra-orthodoxy-an extreme or radical form of orthodoxy. Unbegotten-neither begotten nor created by the Father. SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY

ALSTON, W1LLIAM P., Divine Nature and Human Language (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1989). AQUINAS, THOMAS, Summa Theologiae, 1(a), 27-43. AUGUSTINE, On The Trinity, Stephen McKenna, translator (Washington: The Catholic University of America Press, 1963). BARTH, KARL, Church Dogmatics, ll:1, The Doctrine of God, G. W. Bromiley, T. F. Torrance, editors, T. H. L. Parker, W. B. Johnstone, Harold Knight, J. L. M. Haire, translators (Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1957). BROWN, D., The Divine Trinity (: Duckworth, 1985). CLARKE, SAMUEL, The Scripture-Doctrine of the Trinity, Wherein Every Text in the Relating to That Doctine Is Distinctly Considered, in The Works of Samuel Clark, John Clarke, editor (London: John and Paul Knapton, 1738). CLAYTON, PHll.JP, The Problem of God in Modern Thought (Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 2000). DAVIS, STEPHEN T., DANIEL KENDALL SJ, GERALD O'COLLINS SJ (editors), The Trinity (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999). EDWARD, LORD BISHOP OF WORCESTER, A Discourse In Vindication of the Doctrine of the Trinity: With An Answer To the Late Socinian Objections Against it from Scripture, Antiquity and Reason (London: J. H. for Henry Mortlock at the Phoenix in St. Paul's Church-yard, 1697). FEENSTRA, RONALD and CORNELIUS PLANTINGA, editors, Trinity, Incarnation, and Atonement, Philosophical & Theological Essays (Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 1989). FRANKS, R. S., The Doctrine of the Trinity (London: Gerald Duckworth and Co., Ltd., 1953). GRESHAKE, G., Der dreieine Gott, Eine trinitarische Theologie (Freiburg im Breisgau: Herder, 1997). GUNTON, C. E., The Promise of Trinitarian Theology (Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1993). HILL, E, The Mystery of the Trinity (London: Geoffrey Chapman, 1985). HILL, W. J., The Three-Personed God (Washington, D. C.: Catholic University of America Press, 1982). HODGE, CHARLES, , Volume I (Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 1952). JENSON, R. W., The Triune Identity: God According to the Gospel (Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1982). JEWETT, PAUL KING, God, Creation, & Revelation (Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 1991).

245 246 SELECT BffiLIOGRAPHY

JUNGEL, E., The Doctrine of the Trinity: God's Being is in Becoming (Edinburgh: Scottish Academy Press, 1966). KELLY, A., The Trinity of Love (Wilmington: Michael Glazer, 1989). LACUGNA, CATHERINE M., God for Us: The Trinity and Christian Life (San Francisco: Harper San Francisco, 1991). L'HUILLIER, ARCHBISHOP PETER, The Church of the Ancient Councils (Crestwood: St Vladimir's Seminary Press, 2000). MACQUARRIE, JOHN, Principles of , 2nct ed. (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1977). MARSH, T. A., The Triune God (Dublin: Columbia, 1994). MOLTMANN, J., The Trinity and the Kingdom: The Doctrine of God (London: SCM Press, 1981). MORRIS, THOMAS, Divine & Human Action (Ithica: Cornell University Press, 1988). O'CARROLL, MICHAEL, Trinitas, A Theological Dictionary of the Holy Trinity (Collegeville: The Liturgical Press, 1987). OLSSON, ROGER E. and CHRISTOPHER A. HALL, The Trinity (Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishers, 2002). PANNENBERG, WOLFHART, Systematic Theology, Vol. I, Geoffrey W. Bromiley, translator (Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 1991). PETERS, T. F., God as Trinity: Relationality and Temporality in the Divine (Louisville: Westminster, 1993). QUENOT, MICHAEL, The leon, Window on the Kingdom (Crestwood: St Vladimir's Seminary Press, 2002). RAHNER, KARL, The Trinity (New York: Crossroad, 1997). RICHARD OF ST. VICTOR, The Trinity, Book Three, Grover A. Zinn, translator (New York: Paulist Press, 1979). RICHARDSON, CYRIL C., The Doctrine of the Trinity (New York: Abingdon Press, 1958). SCHWOBEL, C. (editor), Trinitarian Theology Today: Essays on Divine Being and Act (Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1995). STUDER, B., Trinity and Incarnation: The Faith of the Early Church (Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1995). SWINBURNE, RICHARD, The Christian God (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994). TALIAFERRO, CHARLES, Consciousness and the Mind of God (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994 ). THOMPSON, J., Modern Trinitarian Perspectives (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994). TORRANCE, A. J., Persons in Communion: Trinitarian Description and Human Participation (Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1996). SELECT BIDLIOGRAPHY 247 TORRANCE, T. F., The Christian Doctrine of God: One Being, Three Persons (Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1996). VAN INWAGEN, PETER, God, Knowledge & Mystery, Essays in Philosophical Theology (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1995). WARE, TIMOTHY, The Orthodox Church, New Edition (New York: Penguin Books, 1997). WARE, TIMOTHY, The Orthodox Way, Revised Edition (Crestwood: St Vladimir's Seminary Press, 2002). INDEX

Abelard, Peter ( 1079-1144 ), 148 angelic beings, 66 Bishop Ablablias, 70n21, 151n13 Anglo-American of Abraham, 23, 49, 77, 133, 197, , 1, 13-22 198 anonymous Absolute, 175 Abramowski, L., 128n61 anonymous ~onad, 184 Absolute, 31, 186n9 Anscomb, G(ertrude) E(lizabeth) abyss, 184 ~(argaret), 55 Academy of Science Building, , St. (1033- XXlll 1108), 148 Adam, 201 anthropological, 5 agnosia, 156-158 Antiochan philosophy, 4 agnostic, 118 anti-trinitarians, 184 A gnus (A gnus Dei, Lamb of God), apodictic, 177n2 104, 105, 106 apologetics, 83 Albert the Great (Albertus apophatic, 115 ~agnus, 1200-1280), 148 Apostle's Creed, 168 Alexander, 93 application of redemption, 63 Alexei II, Patriarch of ~oscow, 1, Aquinas, Thomas (1224/5- 3,4 1274/5), 19, 148, 153-166 Alfeyev, Hegumen , 2, Aquinas' psychology, 153, 154, 107-130 164n1 Alston, William, 23, 33n10, Argaard, Anne ~arie, 226n 11 33n11, 176 Argonauts, 196 Amalric ofBena (d. c 1207), 184 Arians, 107, 108, 109, 112, 114, Amalricians, 184 115, 116, 123, 124, 128n78 analogy (analogies), 22n5, 46, 75, (384-322 B.C.), 128n71, 147,228,229 135, 141, 150n10, 164n12 analogical historiosophy, 197 Arius (d. 336), 113 analogues, triadic of God, 100-101 armour of God, 12 anthropomorphic analogies, Ascension, 108 181,183, 186n4, 187n13,230 ascetic, 6, 204 as in the external man, 142 Asia ~inor, 100 as in the inner man, 142 assimilation, 159 of attribution, 62 assymetric ontological of proportionality, 62 dependence, 27 Ananias, 112 , 82/n1, 75 anarchy, 104 Athanasius (the Athonite, c. 920- Anatasias of Androusa, 226n 13 1003 A.D.), 112. 128n47 Ancient Russia, 196 Athonite, 6 249 250 INDEX (354-430 Brihadragha, tsar, 186n11 A.D.), 21n4, 36, 38, 39, 40, British Empiricists, 14 44,51n2,51n6,51n9,82n1, British fideists, 169 131-152, 150n1, 150n10, British Isles, 6 151n14, 151n17, 151n1~ Brothers of the Holy Ghost, 184 152n23, 152n24, 168, 173, Brown, David, 51n17, 57, 69n18 180, 186n3,4, 227, 229, 230 Bucephalus, 93 autochthonic, 183 Buddha, 182 autonomy, 43 Buddhism, 186n9 Ayer, Alfred Jules (1910-1989), Buddhist triad, 186n9 14, 15 Bukharev, 238n2 Bulgakov, Sergei, 184, 221, 223, Balthasar, 85 229,238n4 Barnes, Michel Rene, 51n6, Bultmann, Rudolph (1884-1976), 128n76 14 Barth, Karl (1886-1968), 14, 212, Burrell, David, 164n1 213,232,233,238n21 Byzantine, 107, 203 basic belief, 17 Byzantium, 94 Basil of Caesaria, see St. Basil being-in-relation (inakivnost), 190, Cabala, 168 191, 192 Caecilius, 177n3 Bennett, Jonathan, 33n10, 33n11 Caledasas, 182 Berkeley, George (1685-1753), 14 Calvinistic, 64 Bernardi, J., 127n10 Cambridge Platonism, 167-178 Bethel College, xxiv Candle ofthe Lord, 167, 170172 Bhagavata-Purana, 183 Cappadocian Fathers (St. Basil the Biddle, John, 55 Great, St. Gregory of biological sciences, 17 Nazianzus, St Gregory of Bishop's Council (1994), 216 Nyssa), 37, 38, 51n3, 108, Blake, William, 235 112, 116, 124, 127n44, 131, Boerne, Jakob (1575-1624 A.D.), 132, 136, 138, 139, 145, 147, 184 150n10, 152n18, 180,227, , Anicius Manlius 230,234 Severinus (c.480-525 Cartwright, Richard, 33n10 A.D.),148, 168 Catherine the Great ( 1729-1796), Bog (God), 86 90,94,95 Bolotov, B., 187n13, 208, 226n4 Cherubim, 112 , St. (1221-1274), 148 Christian , 216, 217 Booth, John Wilkes, 49 Christian consciousness, 197 Bosley, Richard, 164n12 Christian culture, 216-221 Brachman, 31, 175, 181, 186n10 Christian ethic, 211 Brandenburg Missionary Christian orient, 116 Conference, 212, 213 INDEX 251 Christianization of culture, 195, Constantine, 108 216,220 Constantinople, 90, 94, 123, 203 Christology, 117, 180,212 consubstantiality, 6, 7, 9, 119, 121, Christ the Saviour Cathedral 122,126,208 (Moscow), 201 contemplation, 173 Church, 207-211 contemporary neurobiology, 153 church and , 216 , 2, 13, 189, churching, 209 191 , Marcus Tullius (106-43 Cooper, Anthony Ashley, 168 B.C.), 90 Corinthians, 99 circles of the Trinity, 45 cosmological functions of circurnincession (see creation, 181 perichoresis), 37, 57, 62 Council of Constantinople (381 circurninsession (see A.D.), 108 perichoresis), 57, 62, 63 counterfactual conditionals of Clark, Kelly James, 38, 51n8 freedom, 70n25 Clark, Samuel, 33n7 counting problem, 92 Clarke, John, 33n7 count-noun, 85 (c.150-215 Courtoise paintings, 195 A.D.), 168, 170 Craig, Edward, 33nl0 Coakley, Sarah, 51n4 Creator, 103 co-eternally divine, 115, 116 creed, 7, 15, 23, 168, 211 cogito (ergo sum), 57 Cross, 199 cognition as assimilation, 158-159 Cudworth, Ralph ( 1617 -1688), coinherence, 37 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 174, combinatorial-perichoretic 177n1 concept, 57 Culverwell, Nathaniel, 168, 172 Comforter, the (Holy Spirit) 6, 8 Curce1aeus, 54 communicatio idiomatum Cutsinger, James S., 238n25 (communication of properties), 8 Daniel the Black, 195 community of divine persons, 25, Danielou, Jean (1905-1974), 26 128n61, 128n75 comparative religion, 183 Danielson, Dennis Richard, 73n44 , 65 Danilov Monastery (Moscow), compendious unity of xxiv, 3, 53 consciousness, 58 David, 11,23,198 compossible, 62, 67, 71n25, 71n27 Davis, C., 176 concert of Redemption, 66 Davis, Stephen T., 1, 35-52, 51nl, conciliation, 3 51n13 confirmable, 14 de-Christianization of culture, 217 Congar, Georges-Yves (1904- degrees of being God, 124 1995), 51n6 deification, 66, 121, 122 252 INDEX deism, 167 eschatological fulfilment, 53, 54, de re necessity, 59 66, 102, 103, 106 derivatively sovereign, 67 essentially all-powerful, 67 Descartes, Rene (1596-1650), 57 eternal moral truths, 17 dialectic, 173 Eternal Rome, 203 dilemma, Trinitarian, 23-34 Eternal Siva, 181 Diokleia, 2 eternity, 67, 102, 139, 210 Dionysius the Areopagite (d. 268 Eucharist, 198 A.D.), 168 Euclidean geometry, 222 divine cognition, 159-162 Euclidean point, 44 divine collabotives, 61, 63 Euclide's Law, 90 divine inner Word, 154-156 Eunomians,(Eunomius,d.394 , 5 A.D), 108, 118, 121, 122, divine Quaternity, 26 128n54, 128n61, 128n74, 136 divine society, 56 Eusebius, St. (Bishop of Caesarea, Dostoevsky, Fedor Mikhailovitch d. 371 A.D.), 70n21, 170 (1821-1881), 90, 236 Evans, A. P., 187n14 double procession, 131 Eve, 201 Earl, John of Shaftesbury, 3rd evil, 175 (c.1671-1713), 168 , 192 Ebbesen, Sten, 164n2 external man, 141 Ecclesia (church), 208 extra-mental objects, 153 economic Trinity, 60, 131 Ezekiel, 94 of , 63 Edward, Lord Bishop of Farah, Martha, 165n14 Worcester, 53, 54, 69n2 Federov, Archpriest Vladimir, 2, effectual call, 72n31 207-226 Egyptians, 170 Feenstra, Ronald, 33n4, 51n7, electrons, 14 82n1 Elijah, 94 Felix, Minucius, 177n3 Elpidinsky, 226n2 Ficino, Marsilio, 168 Elura architecture, 182 Filaret, Metropolitan, xii, 2, 5-12 emanation, 114, 182 filioque (and the Son), 43, 181, end of time, 110 230 endurance over time, 77-79 First Adam, 70n23 energies of God, 20, 54, 66, Florensky, Fr. Pavel, 3, 19, 20, 21, 72n32, 72n40,218 22, 184,211,218,220,226n8, Epifani the Wise, 197 227. 229.232 Epiphanius, St. (c.315-403 A.D.), Fokin, Alexei, 2, 131-152 128n46 Forefathers' circle, 20 1 Epiphany, 125 foreknowledge, 8, 64, 72n41 e pluribus unum, 209 forms of religious life, 167, 172- 173 INDEX 253 forms of wholeness, 190 Greek culture, 196 Forrest, Peter, 1, 22n3, 75-82 Greek fathers, 36 four-valued , 31 Greek mind, 57 fourth divine person (see Greek pantheon, 46 Quatemity), 43 Greeks, 170 Fourth Lateran Council (1215), green tigers, 41 82nl Gregory of Nazianzen, see St. Franks, R. S., 70n21 Gregory of Nazianzen Frege, Gottlob (1848- Gregory of Nyssa, see St. Gregory 1925),33n 10, 64n2, 85 of Nyssa frescoes, 195 Gromov, Michael, 195-205 Friedman, Russell, 164n2 group-mind monotheism, 42 Fulgentius of Ruspe, 148 functional monotheism, 42 Ham, 197 functionalism, 131, 148, 181 Hapsburgs, 203 , 217 Hardy, Edward R., 70n21 Fyodorov, Nikolai, 227, 236 Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich (1770-1831), 13 Gasper, 85 Heidegger, Martin (1889-1976), Geach,P. T., 33n10,55, 85,87 13, 189, 192, 194 generation, 27 , 196 Gentiles, 110 Helsinki, 90 Gilbert de la Porree, 148 Herbert, Lord (George) of Glanville, Joseph, 168 Sherbury, (1593-1633), 169, Gleden, 197 174 globalization, 11, 207 hierarchical structure, 114 Gnostics, 111, 129n80 Hindu, 2, 175-183 God as Archtype, 139 Hindu Absolute, 183 Godhead, 1,9,9, 10,25,27,36, historical evidence, 20 37,41,43,47,48,56,60,62, historical orthodoxy, 83 70n21,94,95, 112,113,114, , 11 115, 118, 120, 122, 123, 125, historiosophy, 197 131, 133, 184, 198, 199,229, Hodge, Charles (1797-1878), 69n5 234 Hodgson, Leonard, 232 Godislove,59,61, 194,235 Holy Fiftieth, 3 God-man, 146 Holy of Holies, 202 God's Ape, 88 homoousians, 44, 108, 109, 229 God's concept of himself, 162 Hume, David (1711-1776), 14, Gospel definitions of God, 181 172, 177n1 Gothic cathedrals, 195 Husserl, Edmund (1859-1938), 13 Great Chain of Being, 40, 51 n 14 hyper-rationalist, 180 Great Lent, 202 hypostasis, 7, 8, 10, 11, 50n3, 75, greater-good, 66, 72n41 77, 112, 131, 138, 143, 148, 254 INDEX 150n12, 151n18, 184, 189, 191,193,194,227,228,229 Jacob, 77, 133 Januariy, Archimandrite, 2, 99-106 icon art, 195-205 Japheth, 197 iconostasis, 201 Jessell, Thomas, 165n16 identity blocks existentialism, 192 Jews, 18 identity transivity, 29 Joakim of Fiori (c.1135-1202), image of God, 12 184, 187n14 immanent Trinity, 9, 48 John of Damascus, see St. John of immortality, 67 Damascus immutable, 36, 139 John the Baptist, 211 impersonal , 10 John the mystery-seer, 99, 100 Incarnation, 33n4, 44, 82nl, 87, Jonah, 198 169 justified faith, 18 incomprehensibility of God, 5, 125 Indian pantheon, 181 Kailasanatha, Sivaitec Temple of, indiscernibility of identicals, 89 182 ineffable, 5 Kandell, Eric, 165n 16 ineffable love, 67 Kant, Immanuel (1724-1804), 57, ineffable union, 137 183 infralapsarianism, 72n41 Karenina, Anna, 90 ingenerate, 116, 120 Karma, 78 inner-Trinitarian love, 59, 62, Kendall, Daniel, 51 n 1 71n27 Kierkegaard, S!llren (1813-1855), inner Word, 153, 154-156 13 inseparably equal, 144 Kingdom of God, 68, 208 intelligence, 140 Kremlin (Moscow), 87 intelligible species, 154-156 Kretzmann, Norman, 164nl2, International Missionary Counsel 166n30 at Billengen, 213 Kudriavtsev, M. P. Moskow, International Missionary Counsel 205n4 at Tambarame, 213 Kulicovo's field, 202 interpenetrate (see perichoresis), Kyrlezhev, Alexander, xxiii, 2, 7, 11,37,38,47,147 189-194 inter-Trinitarian, 44 invisible, 5 Lactantius (c.250-325 A.D.), 170 invisible Church, 210 Laodician Church, 103 Irenaeus (c. 130-c. 200 A.D.), 111 Latin fathers, 36 Isaac, 77, 133 Latin Trinitarianism (LT), 23, 25, Isaiah, 8, 23 28-31, 35, 49, 82n5 Istanbul, 90, 94 Law of Karma, 78 Ivan III, 203 Ivan's shop, 96 INDEX 255 Leftow, Brian, 35, 38, 42, 46, 47, maximally powerful, 67 48,51n1,51n5,51n8, maximum number of gods, 47 51/52n18-23, 52n25, 82n5 means-ends arguments, 72n41 Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm (1646- Medieval Russia, 194 1716), 89 Meerson, Fr Michael Aksionov, Leibniz's law, 89, 91 229,238n4 Levinas, Emmanuel (1906-1995), Meinong, Alexius (1853-1920), 87 192, 194 Melchior, 85 Lewis, Clive Staples (1898-1963), Meletians, 123 7ln27 memory, 140 Lichachov,203 mermaids, 41 Lienhard, Joseph T., 51 n3 metaphysically interpenetrate (see light from a candle, 171 perichoresis), 28 Lincoln, Abraham (1809-1865), methods of existence, 191 49 Metropolitan Filaret, 1, 2, 5-12, Little Vishnu, 182 191,207,208 Lobatchevsky, 222 Metropolitan Kyrill of Smolensk, Locke, John (1632-1704), 14, 167, 216 170, 173, 175-176 Metropolitan Niceforos, 202, Logical , 13, 14, 15, 189 205n3 Lonergan, Bernard, 164n I Michael, 198 Lossky, Vladimir, 226,n23, 228, Mikhailovich, Alexi, 203 238n19 Milton, John (1608-1674), 73n44 Lovejoy, Arthur, 40, 51n14 Minsk, 1, 2 Lowe, E. J., 33n10 Missio Dei, 207, 212-215 missionary religion, 18 Mackie, J. L., 72n41 missions, 207-226 Macmurray, John, 236, 238n26 modalism, 20, 23, 30, 37, 38, Macquarrie,John,233,234 52n26,53,55,61,88, 131, Buddhism, 182 233 Maitri-Upanishad, 181 mode of existence, 9 Mansurov, Sergius, 226n5 modem science, 21 Mantzaridis, Georgios I., 66, Moltmann, J., 226n12 72n36 monad, 108, 109, 114 many relations of identity, 92 Monarchianism, 108 Marcion, 119 monarchy, 113, 124, 126 Martinich, A. P., 33n10, 55 's cause, 195 Marxist Russia, 13 monologic monotheism, 180 mass terms, 55, 69n6, 69nl0 monotheism, 35, 37, 44, 46, 47, maximal self-consciousness, (see 61, 85, 104 MSC),58 More, Henry (1614-1687), 169, maximal moral self-consciousness, 170, 171, 173 58 Moreschini, 128n48 256 INDEX Morris, Thomas, 82n2 Nietzsche, Friedrich Wilhelm Moscow, xxiii, 1, 85, 86, 89 ( 1844-1900), 13 Moscow Patriarchate, xxiv Nimbarka, 182 Moscow, the Third Rome, 195, , 31 203 Noah, 201 ,23, 94,107 non-Christian , 179-187 Mother Maria, 174 Norris, John, 168 MSC (maximal self- numerical identity, 47 conscousness ), MSC 1, MSC2, numerically distinct individuals, 58 24 Muslim, 18, 35, 228 Nussbaum, Martha C., 71n27 Muslim and theologians, 84 O'Carroll, Michael, 57, 69n4, mutual permeation (see 69n15,69n17, 71n29 perichoresis ), Ockham's psychology, 164n2 mystery, 12. 23, 36, 46, 71n27, 77, O'Collins, Gerald SJ, 51n1 78, 108, 112, 125, 169, 173, Octavius, 177n3 228 0 felix culpa (0 happy fault), mystic, 184 72n41 mystical body, 208 Olympians, 46 omnibenevolent, 71 n25, 72n32 Nativity of Christ at Suzdal, 202 omnipotent, 15, 16, 19, 43, 53, 55- natural laws, 19 62, 63, 67, 69nl9, 69170n21, natural reason,, 167-178 7017ln25, 70/n32, 135, 169, , 18, 19 223 Nazism, 194 omniscient, 15, 16, 72n32, 169 necessary existence, 59 Onash, Conrad, 205n2 neo-Nicene, 108 ontological interdependence, 27 Neoplatonic, , 114, ontological oneness, 44 110,149, 150n5, 150n9 ontological Trinity, 106 New Adam, 67 (c.185-254), 168 , 217 Orthodox triadology, 131-152 Newman, Ven. John Henry (1801- OSO (one-substance 1890), 234 ), 56, 55-62, 63, Newton, Sir Isaac ( 1642-1727), 70171n25 170 Owens, Joseph, 165n20 Niceforos, M. (see Metropolitan Niceforos) Padgett, Alan, 51n12 Nicene Council (325 A.D.), 16, Palamas, St. Gregory (c.1296- 70n21, 108, 117, 127n18 1359), 66 Nicene Creed, 16, 168 Paleolog, Sophy, 203 Nicholas of Cusa (1401-1464), Pannini, 186n 11 168 Paraclete (Holy Spirit), xxiv, 199 INDEX 257 paradigm of humans, 193, 227-238 Platonists, 170, 173, 177nl paradox,5, 75,161,190,193 (c.205-270 A.D.), 40, Parfit, Derek, 58 114, 128n50, 168, 173 Paris, 184 , 122, 180 particles, 14 pneumatomachoi, 118 passionless, God 115 Polsky, 203 Patrides, C. A., 171 polyarchy, 113 Paul,9, 70n23,99, 110,208 polytheists, 35, 109, 179 Paul of Samosata (3rd century), Pope Benedict XV, 233 180 Positvists, 15 Paulinians, 123 post-Cartesian, 234 Pelletier, Jeffry, 69n6 post-Freudian, 234 Pentecost, 5, 146, 184, 209, 210, postmodernism, 14, 17 221,238n18 post-Pannini stage, 186nll Pentecost Compline, 5, 6 Post-Silver Age, 184 pertectlove, 10,20,21n5 powers of evil, 102 pertectly free, 19 , 64, 65, 66 pertectly good, 16, 19, 40 pre-world God, 9 perichoresis (interpenetration), 5, primal cause, 124 7, 8, 10, 11,28, 35-52,57,58, Primal Substance, 112 60,61,63, 71n27,234,235 Prince of Darkness, 68 perichoretic love, 65, 71n27 principle of plenitude, 41 perichoretic monotheism, 35-52 probability, 21 permeation, 37 , 18 Persians, 170 procession, 6, 27, 95, 115, 131, person, 10, 26,27,42,57 145, 146, 147 personal identity, 75-81 properly basic, 13, 17 Peter, 8, 30, 206, prosopon (face), 36 Peter the Great (Peter I, 1672- Protestant liberalism, 221 1725), 90, 197 protons, 14 (c.20 B.C.-50 A.D.), 168 psychological analogy, 138-141 phoenix, 90, 91 pure reason, 20 Photian schism (Photius, c 810- Puritan, 169 895), 38 (570-495 B.C.), 170 photons, 14 Pythagoreans, 170 physicists, 14, 17 physics, 14 Quantum Mechanics, 87 Plantinga, Alvin, 17, 19, 22n1, Quantum Theory, 17 176 Quaternity, 26, 27, 28, 43 Plantinga, Cornelius, 25, 33n4, 38, quiddity, 154-156 51n7,82n1 Quine, Willard Van Orman, 14 (427-347 B.C.), 40, 128n69, Quinn, Philip L., 51 n 17 128n70, 150n10, 168,202 258 INDEX Radonezhskii, Sergei, 3, 195 Russian Christian , 3 Rahner, Karl (1904-1984), 14, Russian culture, 2, 195-205 225,227,233,234,238n1 Russian Orthodox Church (ROC), rational cosmologism, 183 1, 4 Rationalists, 171 Russian philosophy, 2 re-Christianization of the world, Russian theology, 201 11 Russian worldview, 203 Redemption-specification (R- specification), 67. 72n41 Sabellianism, 108, 113, 127n19 reflexivity, 89 Sabellius (3'd century), 108, 109, regeneration, 63, 121 113, 151n12, 184 , 78, 80 Sacks, Oliver, 165n14 relative identity, 31, 33n10, 55, 56, Sacramentum mundi, 215 93,94,95,97 History, 221 religious experience, 15, 18, 171 Sadducees, 118 religious fundamentalism, 207, St. Ambrose of Mediolane, 144 215 St. Athenasius (c.920-1003), 229 religiously-neutral , St. Basil the 'Great,' (c330-379 175 A.D.) 37, 64, 113, 116, 123, Reric, 186n12 124, 127n33, 129n109,229, resurrection, 20, 103, 146, 172, 236 209 St. Epiphanius of Cyprus (also of retrospective reading (of the Salimis, c.315-403), 187n13 Scripture), 111 St. George's Cathedral in Uriev, Revelation, 99-106 1202 Richard of St. Victor (d. 1173 ), St. Gregory Nazianzen (329/30- 22n5,39,51n10,59,62,69n5, 389/90 A.D.), 37, 107-130, 71n26, 71n27,227,229,231, 129n109 186n1, 231 234 St. Gregory of Nyssa (c. 330-c. Richardson, Cyril C., 71n26 395 A.D.), 18, 19. 22n2, 33n4, Rieman, 222 37,51n4,51n6,54, 70n21, "Rockettes," 82n5 113, 116, 127n42, 137, Roma Aeterna, 203 152n19, 186n1, 229 Romans, 170 St. Hilary of Poitiers ( c.315- Roussel, J., 183 367/8), 144 Rublev, Andrei (1360/70-1430, St. (c.347-407 Trinity icon, 1411 ), 3, 198, A.D.), 5 199,232 St. John of Damascus (c 655-750), Rus' (Russia), 1201 7,8, 19,44,57, 186n2,232, Russell, Bertrand ( 1872-1970), 56 238n18 Russia, 18, 76, 85 St. Maximus the Confessor (c.580- Russian art, 2 195-205 662), 10, 70n21, 149, 191 Russian ascetic, 6 St. Petersburg, xxiii INDEX 259 St. Sergius ofRadonezh (c.1314- Sivaites' Temple of Kailasanatha, 1392), 197, 198 182 Sakharov, 6 Sjolund Foundation, Paul and salvific initiatives, 9, 53-73 Dawn, xxiv Samuel, 198 Smith, John (1618-1652), 168, 173 , 9 sobemost (conciliation), 3, 4 Sankia philosophy, 182 Social Trinitarianism (ST), 23, 25- Saphira, 112 28, 33n4,5, 35-52, 51n6, 51n7, Sarivky, Seraphim, 3 51n8,51n13,53-73,82n1 Sartre, Jean-Paul (1905-1980), Socinian objections, 69n2 189, 191, 194 Socinians, 54. 84 Sceptic, 13, 94, 169 Socrates (470-399 B.C.), 85 Schaff, Philip (1819-1893), Sohronius, Archimandrite, 6 69170n21 sola scriptum, Ill, 120 Schmeman, Alexander, 221, Soloviev, 238n2 226n25 Soloyov, Vladimir, 228, 229, Scholastics, 111, 116 238n4 Schwartz, James, 165n16 sortal terms, 33n10, 55 science fiction analogy, 81 soteriological roles, 53 scientific method, 186n12 soteriology, 212 SCP (Society of Christian sovereignty of God, 64, 66 Philosophers), xxiii, 1 Soviet Union, xxiii Second Adam, 70n23 Spade, Paul Vincent, 164n2 second-class gods, 27 speculation, 65, 79-80, 82n3 Second Ecumenical Council, 116 spirating, spirated (of the Holy self-reflection, self-consciousness, Spirit), 43 56,57,58 Sterry, Peter (1613?-1672), 168 Senor, Thomas, 166n30 Stevenson, James, 51n16 Servitus, M. (d. 1553), 184 Stewart, Melville Y., 1, 2, 53-73, Seven Hills of Moscow, 203 72n33 Shakespeare, 67 Stichera, 5, 6 Shem, 197 Strongly actualize, 70n25 Shestov, Leo, 196 Stump, Eleonore, 2, 153-166 Ship of Salvation (Christ), 208 Subordinationism, 118, 120 Shokhin, Vladimir, 2, 179-187, sufferings of God, 115 186nl2 Summa Theologia, 201 significant freedom, 65 super , 21 Silver Age, 184 supralapsarianism, 72n41 simultaneity, 79, 80 Swinburne, Richard, xxiv, I, 2, Sinai, 197 13-22,38, 39,51n7,50n11, Siva, 175, 181 53, 55, 56, 61, 62 69n5, Sivaites, 182 69n19,69n21, 71n27, 76, 77, 176, 189 260 INDEX symmetry, 89 Trisagion, 8, 198 syntatically amphibious, 85 Trisubstantiated God, 9 Syrkin, A., 186n11 tri-theism, 20, 27, 38, 53, 55. 82n1,88, 113, 127n44 Tables of analogies, 142-143 Troitsa (Trinity), 198, 199, 200 Taliaferro, Charles, 2, 51n17, 167- Tuggy, Dale, 1, 23-34 178 Tweedle, Martin, 164n 12 telepathy, 49 two kingdoms, 67 , Quintus Septimius Florens (c.160-225 A.D.), 180, ultra-orthodoxy, 109 186n1 unbegotten, 150n13 Theological Commission of unchangeableness of God, 102 Moscow, xxiii, xxiv, 1, 2, 53 unicorns, 41 theopaschite, 115 call, 72n31 Theophilus of Alexandria (d. 412), universal substance, 192 108 universals, 17 theory of descriptions, 56 universals and agnosia, 156-158 theory of models, 96 universe-making, 71 n27 Theotokos, 224 unoriginate, (see ingenerate) Third Rome (Moscow), 203 Upanishad, 182, 186n 11 Tillich, Paul (1886-1965), 14 time-machine, 81 Valier, Paul, 238n2 time travellers, 81 van Inwagen, Peter, 2, 33n10, Tolstoy, Leo (1826-1910), 93 34nl3,55,69n6,69n11, TPO (three-person omnipotence), 69n13, 82n2, 83-97 57,55-63, 70n21, 70n25 Varfolomey, 198 Tradition, 111, 112 Vatican II (1962-1965), 214 , 6, 62, 102, 193 Vedantas gods, 181 Transcripts of the Trinity, 237 Vedas-Black Jiadjur-veda, 186n11 transivity of identity, 29 Velikii Usting, 197 transubstantiated God, 9 verification principle, 14 Tree of Knowledge, 199 Victorious, Marius, 150n2, Tree of Life, 199 150nl0, 151nl7 triadic analogues of God, 100-101 Vienna, 85 triadology, 99-106, 179-187 , 14 Trieste, 85 virtue theory, 176 tri-hypostatic, 7, 9 virtues of God, 167, 174-175 trimurti, 2, 179-187 Vishnu, 175, 181, trinitarian diagram, 29 Vishnuites of Nepal, 182 trinitarian dilemma, 23-34 visual agnosia, 165n 14 trinitarian models, 55-62 Vladimir the Monornachus, 202 trinitarian willing, 53-73 Vologodsky, 197 of the mind, 230 INDEX 261 Wakefield, W. L., 187n14 Wolfson, H. A., 177nl walking along the ridgeway, 232- W olterstorff, Nicholas, 22n 1, 17 6 235 world history, 201 Ware, Bishop Kallistos (Timothy), world-making, 66, 67 2, 72n32, 189, 1900, 191, 193, 227-238,238n25 Yahweh, 24, 27, 28, 33n2, 33n7, waves, 14 86,88,102 ways of being, 234 Yandell, Keith, 176 weakly actualize, 70n25, 171 Wichote, Benjamin, 168, 170 Zeus,46,85,89 Wierenga, Ed, 38, 51 n7 Zhang, Zhigang, 72n33 will, 140 Zizilous, John, Metropolitan of Williams, C. 1. F., 51n12 Pergamon, 193, 229 STUDIES IN PHILOSOPHY AND RELIGION

1. E.-R. FREUND: Franz Rosenzweig's Philosophy of Existence. An Analysis of 'The Star of Redemption'. (Translation from the German revised edition.) 1979 ISBN 90-247-2091-5 2. A. M. OLSON: Transcendence and . An Interpretation of the Philosophy of Karl Jaspers. 1979 ISBN Pb 90-247-2092-3 3. A. VERDU: The Philosophy of Buddhism. A 'Totalistic' Synthesis. 1981 ISBN 90-247-2224-1 4. H. H. OLIVER: A Relational Metaphysic. 1981 ISBN 90-247-2457-0 5. 1. G. ARAPURA: Gnosis and the Question of Thought in . Dialogue with the Foundations. 1986 ISBN 90-247-3061-9 6. w. HOROSZ and T. CLEMENTS (eds.): Religion and Human Purpose. A Cross Discip• linary Approach. 1987 ISBN 90-247-3000-7 7. S. SIA: God in Process Thought. A Study in 's Concept of God. 1985 ISBN 90-247-3103-8; Pb 90-247-3156-9

8. 1. F. KOBLER: Vatican II and Phenomenology. Reflections on the Life-World of the Church. 1985 ISBN 90-247-3193-3; Pb 90-247-3194-1 9. 1. 1. GODFREY: A Philosophy of Human Hope. 1987 ISBN 90-247-3353-7; Pb 90-247-3354-5 10. R. w. PERRETT: Death and Immortality. 1987 ISBN 90-247-3440-1 11. R. S. GALL: Beyond Theism and . Heidegger's Significance for Religious Thinking. 1987 ISBN 90-247-3623-4 12. s.SIA (ed.): Charles Hartshorne's Concept of God. Philosophical and Theological Responses. 1990 ISBN 0-7923-0290-7 13. R. w. PERRETT (ed.): of Religion. 1989 ISBN 0-7923-0437-3 14. H. E. M. HOFMEISTER: Truth and Belief Interpretation and Critique of the Analytical Theory of Religion. 1990 ISBN 0-7923-0976-6 15. 1. F. HARRIS (ed.): Logic, God and . 1992 ISBN 0-7923-1454-9 16. K. 1. CLARK (ed.): Our Knowledge of God. Essays on Natural and Philosophical Theology. 1992 ISBN 0-7923-1485-9 17. H. P. KAINZ: Democracy and the 'Kingdom of God'. 1993 ISBN 0-7923-2106-5 18. E. T. LONG (ed.): God, Reason and . New Essays in the . 1995 ISBN 0-7923-3810-3 19. G. BRUNTRUP and R.K. TACELLI (eds.): The Rationality of Theism 1999 ISBN 0-7923-5829-5 20. C. SEYMOUR: A of Hell. 2000 ISBN 0-7923-6364-7 STUDIES IN PHILOSOPHY AND RELIGION

21. v. s. HARRISON: The Apologetic Value of Human Holiness. Von Balthasar's Christo- centric Philosophical Anthropology. 2000 ISBN 0-7923-6617-4 22. M. BLONDELt: The Idealist Illusion and Other Essays. Translation and Introduction by Fiachra Long, annotations by Fiachra Long and Claude Troisfontaines. 2000 ISBN 0-7923-6654-9 23. E. T. LONG (ed.): Issues in of Religion. 2001 ISBN 1-4020-0167-3 24. M.Y. STEWART (ed.): The Trinity. East/West Dialogue. 2003 ISBN 1-4020-1728-6

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