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2006 Expedition Report

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2006 Expedition Report 2006 Expedition Report CCGS Amundsen CCGS Pierre Radisson LEG 1 BaySys/ArcticNet ArcticNet Hudson Bay Baffin Bay and Canadian Arctic Archipelago LEG 2A ArcticNet Amundsen Gulf, Beaufort Sea and Canadian Arctic Archipelago LEG 2B ArcticNet Labrador fjords ArcticNet - Amundsen Science Program Université Laval Pavillon Alexandre-Vachon, room 4081 1045, avenue de la Médecine Québec, QC, G1V 0A6 CANADA www.amundsen.ulaval.ca www.arcticnet.ulaval.ca Anissa Merzouk ArcticNet Expedition Report Editor [email protected] Keith Levesque ArcticNet Marine Research Manager [email protected] Cover page photo credit Martin Fortier / ArcticNet Table of Content TABLE OF CONTENT II LIST OF FIGURES V LIST OF TABLES IX 2006 EXPEDITION REPORT 1 PART I – OVERVIEW AND SYNOPSIS OF OPERATIONS 2 1 OVERVIEW OF THE 2006 ARCTICNET EXPEDITION 2 1.1 Introduction 2 1.2 Regional settings 2 1.3 2006 CCGS Amundsen Expedition Plan 12 1.4 2006 CCGS Pierre Radisson Expedition Plan 13 2 LEG 1 22 AUGUST TO 28 SEPTEMBER 2006 BAFFIN BAY AND CANADIAN ARCTIC ARCHIPELAGO 14 2.1 Introduction and objectives 14 2.2 Synopsis of operations 16 2.3 Chief Scientist’s comments 19 3 LEG 2A 28 SEPTEMBER TO 29 OCTOBER 2006 AMUNDSEN GULF, BEAUFORT SEA AND CANADIAN ARCTIC ARCHIPELAGO 21 3.1 Introduction and objectives 21 3.2 Synopsis of operations 23 3.3 Chief Scientist’s comments 26 4 LEG 2B 29 OCTOBER TO 9 NOVEMBER 2006 LABRADOR FJORDS 27 4.1 Introduction and objectives 27 4.2 Synopsis of operations 29 4.3 Chief Scientist’s comments 31 5 BAYSYS 12 SEPTEMBER TO 24 SEPTEMBER 2006 HUDSON BAY 32 5.1 Introduction and objectives 32 5.2 Synopsis of operations 33 5.3 Chief Scientist’s comments 33 PART II – PROJECT REPORTS 34 1 METEOROLOGICAL, OCEANOGRAPHIC AND NAVIGATION DATA – LEGS 1, 2A AND 2B 34 1.1 Introduction 34 1.2 Description of systems and available data 34 ii 2 SURFACE METEOROLOGY AND CO2 FLUX – LEGS 1 AND 2 39 2.1 Introduction 39 2.2 Methodology 40 2.3 Preliminary results 44 3 SEA ICE, REMOTE SENSING AND MARGINAL ICE ZONE – LEG 1 45 3.1 Introduction 45 3.2 Methodology 45 3.3 Preliminary results 60 4 MOORING PROGRAM – LEGS 1 AND 2A (AMUNDSEN) AND BAYSYS (RADISSON) 62 4.1 Introduction 62 4.2 Methodology 64 4.3 Comments and recommendations 86 5 CTD-ROSETTE, ADCP AND THERMOSALINOGRAPH – LEGS 1 AND 2 88 5.1 CTD-Rosette 88 5.2 Preliminary results CTD-Rosette (Leg 2b – Labrador fjords) 90 5.3 ADCP and thermosalinograph (TSG) 92 6 SELF-CONTAINED AUTONOMOUS MICROPROFILER (SCAMP) – LEGS 1 AND 2 93 6.1 Introduction 93 6.2 Methodology 93 6.3 Preliminary results 95 7 CARBON FLUXES USING DRIFTING SEDIMENT TRAPS – LEGS 1 AND 2A 97 7.1 Introduction 97 7.2 Methodology 97 8 NUTRIENTS, NITROGEN CYCLING AND ECOPHYSIOLOGY OF PHYTOPLANKON – LEGS 1 AND 2A 100 8.1 Introduction 100 8.2 Methodology 101 8.3 Preliminary results 105 9 MOLECULAR MICROBIAL BIODIVERSITY OF ARCTIC SEAS – LEGS 1 AND 2A 108 9.1 Introduction 108 9.2 Methodology 109 9.3 Preliminary results 114 10 MICROBIAL PROGRAM - LEGS 1 AND 2A 115 10.1 Introduction 115 10.2 Methodology 116 10.3 Preliminary results 120 11 THORIUM RADIONUCLIDE PROGRAM – LEG 1 122 11.1 Introduction 122 11.2 Methodology 122 11.3 Preliminary results 124 12 PHYTOPLANKTON AND PRIMARY PRODUCTION – LEGS 1 AND 2A 125 12.1 Introduction 125 12.2 Methodology 126 13 ZOOPLANKTON AND ICHTYOPLANKTON – LEGS 1 AND 2A 129 13.1 Introduction 129 13.2 Methodology 130 13.3 Preliminary results 137 14 CONTAMINANTS SAMPLING PROGRAM – LEGS 1 AND 2 141 14.1 Introduction 141 14.2 Methodology 143 14.3 Preliminary results 149 iii 15 BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLING OF MERCURY – LEG 1 150 15.1 Introduction 150 15.2 Methodology 151 15.3 Preliminary results 152 16 SEAFLOOR MAPPING – LEGS 1 AND 2 153 16.1 Introduction 153 16.2 Methodology 156 16.3 Preliminary results 159 16.4 Comments and recommendations (Leg 2) 175 17 GEOLOGY AND PALEONTOLOGY – LEGS 1 AND 2B 177 17.1 Introduction 177 17.2 Methodology 179 17.3 Preliminary results (Leg 2a) 187 17.4 Preliminary results (Leg 2b) 189 17.5 Comments and recommendations (Leg 1 only) 191 18 CANADA’S ARCTIC WATERS IN INTERNATIONAL LAW AND DIPLOMACY – LEG 2A 193 18.1 Introduction 193 18.2 Project output to date 194 18.3 Amundsen contribution to the project 194 19 NAVIGATION POTENTIAL IN CANADIAN ARCTIC WATERS – LEGS 1 AND 2A 196 19.1 Assessment of opportunities and risks for a risk-averse industry 196 APPENDIX 1 – LIST OF STATIONS SAMPLED DURING THE 2006 ARCTICNET EXPEDITION 198 APPENDIX 2 – SCIENTIFIC LOG OF ACTIVITIES CONDUCTED DURING THE 2006 ARCTICNET EXPEDITION 202 APPENDIX 3 – CTD LOGBOOK FOR THE 2006 ARCTICNET EXPEDITION 241 APPENDIX 4 – LIST OF SCIENCE PARTICIPANTS ON THE 2006 ARCTICNET EXPEDITION 248 iv List of Figures PART I – OVERVIEW AND SYNOPSIS OF OPERATIONS Figure 1.1. Map of the Canadian High Arctic showing the CCGS Amundsen ship track and the location of stations for the two legs of the 2006 ArcticNet Expedition. Stations and mooring sites in Hudson Bay were visited by the CCGS Pierre Radisson as part of the BaySys expedition. ............................................................................................................................................. 3 Figure 1.2. Map of northern Baffin Bay, Nares Strait and Lancaster Sound showing the ship track and the location of stations sampled by the CCGS Amundsen during the second portion of Leg 1 of the 2006 ArcticNet Expedition. Stations were also visited in the Labrador Sea and Hudson Strait during the first segment of Leg 1 (see Figure 2.1 in Section 2 below). ................................ 6 Figure 1.3. Map of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago (Northwest Passage) showing the ship track and the location of stations sampled by the CCGS Amundsen during the third portion of Leg 1 of the 2006 ArcticNet Expedition. Not shown on this map is the location of stations visited in the same region on the eastward route during Leg 2a (see Figure 1.5 below). ................................... 7 Figure 1.4. Map of the Amundsen Gulf and Beaufort Sea showing the ship track and the location of stations sampled by the CCGS Amundsen during the first segment of Leg 2a of the 2006 ArcticNet Expedition. ......................................................................................................... 8 Figure 1.5. Map of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago (Northwest Passage) showing the ship track and the location of stations visited by the CCGS Amundsen during the second portion of Leg 2a of the 2006 ArcticNet Expedition.............................................................................................. 9 Figure 1.6. Map of the northern Labrador coast and Labrador Sea showing the ship track and the location of stations sampled in three northern Labrador fjords by the CCGS Amundsen during Leg 2b of the 2006 ArcticNet Expedition. Also shown on this map is the northward route taken by the Amundsen during Leg 1 (see also Figure 2.1 below). .................................................... 10 Figure 1.7. Map of Hudson Bay showing the location of stations and mooring sites visited in Hudson Bay by the CCGS Pierre Radisson during the BaySys expedition as part of the 2006 ArcticNet Expedition. ..................................................................................................................... 11 Figure 2.1. Map of the Labrador Sea showing the cruise track and the location of stations sampled in the Labrador Sea and Hudson Strait Slope during the first portion of Leg 1 (22 to 31 August). Also shown is the Amundsen cruise track for Leg 2b. ............................................................ 14 Figure 2.2. Map of northern Baffin Bay and Nares Strait with the location and type of stations sampled from 1 September to 21 September 2006 during Leg 1 of the ArcticNet Expedition onboard the CCGS Amundsen. .......................................................................................... 15 Figure 2.3. Map of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago (westward route through McClintock Channel) showing the location and type of stations sampled from 20 September to 27 September 2006 during Leg 1 of the ArcticNet Expedition onboard the CCGS Amundsen................................... 16 Figure 2.4. Relative amount of effort (in number of hours) spent on scientific activities during Leg 1. The graph does not include activities which are conducted in parallel with other operations. ....... 17 Figure 3.1. map of the Amundsen Gulf and the Beaufort Sea showing the location and type of stations sampled from 29 September to 20 October 2006 during Leg 2a of the ArcticNet Expedition onboard the CCGS Amundsen. .......................................................................... 21 Figure 3.2. Map of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago (eastward route through Bellot Strait, Gulf of Boothia, Fury and Hecla Straits), Foxe Basin and Hudson Strait showing the location and type of stations sampled from 20 October to 29 October 2006 during Leg 2a of the ArcticNet Expedition onboard the CCGS Amundsen. .......................................................................... 22 Figure 4.1. Map of the Labrador coast showing the location and type of stations in Nachvak fjord (Stations 600-604), Saglek fjord (Stations 610-617) and Anaktalak Bay (Stations 620-624) sampled from 1 to 4 November 2006 during Leg 2b of the ArcticNet Expedition onboard the CCGS Amundsen. ........................................................................................................... 27 v Figure 5.1. Map of Hudson Bay showing the location and type of stations sampled from 12 September
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