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Leafminers of Cruciferous Salad Crops Factsheet 10/11 Horticulture Stoneleigh Park Development Kenilworth Warwickshire CV8 2TL Company Speciality Salads T: 0247 669 2051 E: [email protected] Project No. FV 376 Leafminers of cruciferous salad crops Mike Lole - ADAS Leafminers caused economic damage to cruciferous salad crops such as rocket and tatsoi in 2009 and 2010. This factsheet, an output from HDC project FV 376, provides details of the identity of the pest responsible for the damage and its biology in Britain. Possible reasons for the rise in importance of the insect are given and suggestions made about monitoring and control. Background Several plants of the family for mechanical harvesting. The short has been less important. However, Cruciferae, including wild rocket, duration of such crops in the field from about 2005, symptoms of leaf salad rocket, tatsoi, mizuna and generally means that many of the puncturing and mining began to be watercress, are grown for pre- more common cruciferous pests do seen in salad crucifers, and these packed salads in the UK. Apart from not have time to establish, so that, culminated in widespread, serious watercress, these are usually raised historically, pest damage (as opposed economic damage to commercial as baby-leaf crops, in narrow beds to contamination) in these crops crops in 2009 and 2010. Damage symptoms caused by leafminers Leafminers can damage crops in two Punctures are not always for egg symptoms that are unacceptable ways. Firstly, female flies puncture laying purposes, as some are used to packers if sufficiently numerous. the leaf surface (Figure 1) using for feeding. They do not affect the Punctures made by Scaptomyza ovipositors, the egg-laying apparati. plant greatly, but can cause visible leafminers are usually coarser 1 Leafminer punctures in a cotyledon 2 Scaptomyza mine in leaf of wild rocket. than those made by Agromyzidae. are visible as linear or blotch-like pale most of the leaf tissue, can affect the Secondly, larvae feeding between areas (Figure 2). growth of plants but the disfiguring the upper and lower epidermes of the effect is much more important as it leaf produce mines in the leaf that Severe mining, which can destroy renders the crop unmarketable. The insects Leafminers of Cruciferae The leafminers that may attack belonging to a range of plant families Cruciferae are as follows: in Britain, including Cruciferae. Host In Cruciferae, the leafminers of crops include turnip (Brassica rapa commercial importance are all flies. Agromyzidae syn. campestris), cabbage (Brassica oleracea), wallflower (Cheiranthus Those in the UK belong to two i) Phytomyza rufipes Meigen sp.), perennial wall-rocket (Diplotaxis families, the Agromyzidae and the (cabbage leafminer) feeds only on tenuifolia), garden radish (Raphanus Drosophilidae. The Agromyzidae are species belonging to the Cruciferae sativus) and watercress (Nasturtium probably more familiar to growers, as family. Host plants include leaf officinale), but there are many others. this family contains over 250 British mustard (Brassica juncea), swede species, with a wide range of hosts. and rapeseed (Brassica napus), kale Agromyzidae are small but robust ii) Scaptomyza graminum (Fallén) (Brassica oleracea var. acephala), has been recorded feeding on a flies, many patterned in black and cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. yellow (see Figure 3). single species, watercress, within the botrytis), cabbage (Brassica oleracea Cruciferae. var. capitata), Brussels sprouts (Brassica oleracea var. gemmifera), iii) Scaptomyza griseola (Zetterstedt) broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. has been recorded feeding on italica), and turnip (Brassica rapa). Cruciferae, including species of Brassica and Sisymbrium. ii) Liriomyza strigata (Meigen) is highly polyphagous, recorded feeding In response to the serious on species belonging to 18 plant economic damage experienced families, including Brassica spp. and by salad growers in 2009 the HDC shepherd’s purse (Capsella bursa- commissioned some research into pastoris). the leafminer problem in 2010. 3 Adult Liriomyza strigata. Typical Agromyzid Rearing larvae from mines and direct – note black and yellow colouring. iii) Chromatomyia (Phytomyza) observation of leafminer activity in horticola (Goureau) (pea leafminer) The Drosophilidae have been less growing crops confirmed that the is, like L. strigata, highly polyphagous. well known. There are only 5 species species responsible for the damage Host plants include horseradish of leaf mining Drosophilidae in the UK, in 2009 and 2010 was Scaptomyza (Armoracia rusticana), black mustard and this family may be more familiar flava, rather than any of the other (Brassica nigra), field mustard as the ‘fruit flies’, one of which, species mentioned above. It is (Brassica rapa), rapeseed, cabbage Drosophila melanogaster, has been assumed that S. flava also caused and many weeds. a mainstay of genetic research. The the damage reported from 2005 Drosophilidae tend to be a little larger Drosophilidae onwards. There was no evidence of than the Agromyzidae, and those the involvement of any of the other found on Cruciferae are more uniform i) Scaptomyza flava (Fallén) has potentially-damaging species listed fawn to grey brown. been recorded feeding on host plants above. Scaptomyza flava Description Adult Scaptomyza flava (Figure 4) are about 3mm long, fawn/light brown with 3 slightly darker, longitudinal stripes on the thorax. They have the typical feathering of the arista (a hair on the antenna) found in Drosophilidae and the wings overlap 4 Adult Scaptomyza flava 5 Scaptomyza larva exposed in a mine. Note the abdomen more than in most flies. prominent, pointed rear spiracles. The larvae are distinguished from August instead. Mated females oviposit 1964; Alford, 1999). the larvae of Agromyzid leafminers in punctures made within the lower by their posterior spiracles shown in surface of the leaf - Figure 6 shows the Figure 5. structure of the female ovipositor. The Insecticide resistance hatching larva initially moves toward the midrib, creating a long ‘corridor’. Investigation in 2010 indicated that a Once at the midrib the larva forms a population of Scaptomyza flava from large irregular blotch in the upper leaf Norfolk was resistant to the field dose surface with occasional excursions equivalent of pyrethroid insecticides. into the leaf blade. Several larvae This is significant because pyrethroid may be present in the same mine and insecticides are widely used in salad if the leaf is small the entire leaf may crucifers to control pests such as be occupied. Larvae usually drop to turnip sawflies and flea beetles (and the ground to pupate but sometimes are likely to continue in use for this a separate pupation mine is used. purpose as they have good knock- Mines produced by this species have down properties and very short 6 Terminus of female Scaptomyza abdomen, typically been seen in vegetable crops harvest intervals), but they are broad showing minutely toothed, horny plates of ovipositor. between July and October, but in spectrum in activity and are likely to oilseed rape they have been observed kill natural enemies of S. flava such much earlier than this and some adult as parasitoid wasps. The continuing Biology activity was seen in April in 2011, a use of pyrethroids may be resulting very mild spring. in reduced populations of natural Scaptomyza flava is distributed enemies, which might be one reason throughout Britain. According to No information on the number of for the recent rise of S. flava to literature, adults are generally most generations completed by this prominence. It is now unlikely that the abundant in September, but sticky species in Britain exists, apart from application of pyrethroid insecticides trapping in 2010 showed that local references to ‘several generations’ to salad crucifers will control S. flava peaks of activity could occur in July or in text books (Edwards & Heath, in Britain. Management Monitoring Investigation at 2 sites in 2010 showed that populations of S. flava were variable, with one sudden, massive peak of activity at each site. These peaks, however, took place at different times at each site. It seems therefore that it will be necessary to monitor the flies at individual sites throughout the high-risk periods rather than to rely on a general warning on their activity. Experience has shown that white sticky traps placed at crop height are efficient at catching S. flava (Figure 7) and it is recommended that these are deployed in crops at risk. Once familiar with S. flava it is 7 White sticky trap with many Scaptomyza attached. relatively easy to pick them out on traps from other species. but the confirmation of resistance to may be effective against the larvae of this group of insecticides in S. flava Scaptomyza but are too slow in action means that they are no longer a to have much effect on a damaging Control viable alternative. In a single HDC- population of adults. sponsored trial in the UK, dimethoate Relatively little work has been done The current practice in many on the chemical control of S. flava. To proved the most effective at reducing commercial crops is to monitor the control a species that causes damage damage, but this does not have, nor is as the adult, which is highly mobile, likely to have, approval on salad crops. activity of Scaptomyza using sticky would require a pesticide with rapid In New Zealand, avermectin was traps, and, when numbers are knockdown capability. It is ideal to use confirmed as being effective but there increasing, to cover the crops with actives with a short harvest interval. is no relevant approval in the UK. insect proof mesh at crop emergence Pyrethroids would normally fit the bill Insecticides such as the neonicotinoids to exclude immigrating adults. Further information Regular changes occur in the crop protection ingredients or products. products in the UK or are not approval status of pesticides arising The publication is intended to inform approved for commercial use on from changes in legislation or for other growers about work undertaken by the crop in question.
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