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Estudio De Las Políticas Públicas De Comunicación En México: La Reforma En Telecomunicaciones De 2013

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Estudio De Las Políticas Públicas De Comunicación En México: La Reforma En Telecomunicaciones De 2013 ADVERTIMENT. Lʼaccés als continguts dʼaquesta tesi queda condicionat a lʼacceptació de les condicions dʼús establertes per la següent llicència Creative Commons: http://cat.creativecommons.org/?page_id=184 ADVERTENCIA. El acceso a los contenidos de esta tesis queda condicionado a la aceptación de las condiciones de uso establecidas por la siguiente licencia Creative Commons: http://es.creativecommons.org/blog/licencias/ WARNING. The access to the contents of this doctoral thesis it is limited to the acceptance of the use conditions set by the following Creative Commons license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/?lang=en Tesis Doctoral: Estudio de las políticas públicas de comunicación en México: La Reforma en Telecomunicaciones de 2013 Presenta: Iván Daniel Montero García Directora: María Corominas Piulats Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Departament de Mitjans, Comunicació i Cultura Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona. Septiembre 2019 Hay que investigar, no aquello que nos haga ser optimistas, sino aquello que nos dé esperanzas. En esto sigo y me remito a Walter Benjamin al pensar que la esperanza se nos da a través de los desesperados. Hoy en día hay muchos desesperados reinventando América Latina –que es de donde vengo y de lo que puedo haBlar–, con una enorme imaginación social; latinoamericanos apropiándose de los medios, transformando sus culturas y Buscando una transFormación radical del quehacer político. Lo que merece la pena investigarse es aquello que nos dé esperanzas de camBiar esta sociedad; no lo que nos provoque o Bien ganas de quedarnos tranquilos, o bien ganas de injuriar este mundo. Estamos hartos de gente que vive tranquila y no quiere que nadie le quite su tranquilidad, pero tamBién de aquellos que se quedan maldiciendo este mundo, pero no nos dan las herramientas, ni la menor esperanza o posiBilidad, para pensar en la manera de camBiarlo. Jesús Martín Barbero Parte de la transcripción de la clase doctoral impartida el 8 de mayo de 2008 en el marco del Programa de Dinámicas Interculturales de la Fundación CIDOB, en colaboración con la Cátedra UNESCO de Comunicación InCom-UAB. 1 1 Barbero, M., (2008) Políticas de la Comunicación y la Cultura. Claves de la investigación. Edición CIDOB Barcelona. 2 Abstract Español: En este estudio se pretende analizar las políticas públicas de comunicación en México, en especial las creadas e implementadas a partir de la Reforma en Telecomunicaciones de 2013 y su impacto hasta diciembre de 2018 cuando concluyó el sexenio presidencial del gobierno que motivó esta transformación. Es pertinente estudiar dichas políticas debido a que su legislación ha sufrido una transformación con el objetivo de impactar en el proceso de desarrollo económico y social mexicano. A partir del año 2012, luego de la victoria y regreso a la Presidencia de la República del Partido Revolucionario Institucional –quien hasta el año 2000 había gobernado 70 años ininterrumpidamente– se concretó un acuerdo entre las principales fuerzas políticas, PRD (izquierda), PAN (derecha) y PRI (Gobierno), para impulsar reformas estructurales necesarias para el desarrollo del país; ese acuerdo se denominó Pacto por México. Entre estas reformas estructurales se incluían ámbitos como el energético, laboral, educativo, hacendaria, financiera, político-electoral, competencia económica y en las telecomunicaciones. Por políticas de comunicación entenderemos la interpretación que hacen van Cuilenburg y McQuail en su artículo “Media Policy Paradigm Shifts: Towards a New Communications Policy Paradigm”, donde señalan que, debido a la convergencia digital de los distintos medios de comunicación y las telecomunicaciones, aunada con un ambiente político de libre mercado y transformaciones tecnológicas, se ha actualizado y redefinido el concepto de las políticas de comunicación. Estas han sido guiadas hacia la interacción de regular los mercados económicos de las industrias de comunicación, a la vez de fomentar el desarrollo de la sociedad y el mejoramiento de la democracia. En cuanto a la Reforma en materia de Telecomunicaciones, se busca describir y analizar los procesos de gestación y de formulación de las políticas públicas de comunicación, así como la incidencia de estas políticas en los temas de regulación de monopolios en telecomunicaciones y radiodifusión; implantación de la Televisión Digital Terrestre; otorgamiento de concesiones; medios públicos y comunitarios; derechos de los usuarios y de las audiencias; así como de la disminución de la brecha digital. Políticas Públicas, Telecomunicaciones, Políticas de Comunicación, Reforma en Telecomunicaciones, México 3 English: This study aims to analyze the public communications policy in Mexico, especially those created and implemented after the Telecommunications Reform of 2013 and its impact until December 2018, when the government that motivated this transformation ended. It is thus relevant to study these policies since their legislation has suffered a transformation that seeks to impact both the economical and social development process. As of 2012, after the return of the Institutional Revolutionary Party to the presidency of the Republic —which up until the year 2000 had ruled uninterruptedly for 70 years— an agreement between the main political forces, the Democratic Revolution Party (left), the National Action Party (right) and the Institutional Revolutionary Party (government) was concretized in order to push forward the necessary structural reforms for the development of Mexico. Such an agreement was called Pact for Mexico. Among these structural reforms, different spheres, such as, energy, labor, education, financial, political-electoral, economic competitiveness, and telecommunications were also included. Based on the definition by Van Cuilenburg and McQuail in their article, “Media Policy Paradigm Shifts: Towards a New Communications Policy Paradigm”, we understand Communication Policy as an integrated policy where due to digital convergence of the different media and telecommunications, coupled with a political environment of free market and technological transformations, the concept of communications policy has been updated and redefined towards the interaction of regulating the economic markets of the communication industries, while promoting the development of society and the improvement of democracy. As for the Reform in matters of Telecommunications, this study aims to describe and analyze the processes of gestation and formulation of public communications policy, as well as analyze the impact of these policies on the issues of monopoly regulation in telecommunications and broadcasting; implementation of Digital Terrestrial Television; granting of concessions; public and community media; rights of users and audiences; as well as the reduction of the digital divide. Public policy, Telecommunications policy, Communications policy, Telecommunications Reform, Mexico 4 A mis mamás. 5 Agradecimientos A la maestra María Corominas, que me ha acompañado en estos años en mi aventura académica por la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. A mi Familia, mi papá, Nercy, FaBiola, a mi aBuelita Flora, Alan, Luisito, Rodrigo, a mis hermanos Juan Francisco y Emmanuel. A meine schöne Sarah. Dankeschön Für alles. A Ricardo. Por tu amistad y leer esta tesis. Al Conacyt, que apostó a mi Formación doctoral. A Javad, Ignacio, Liliana, Iliana; Mariney y Lorenzo; Sonia y Ferrán; los proFesores de la UAB Carme, Jaume, Montero y Vidal; la Flota de Xalapa: Isaac, Collia, Yuju, Alan, Jon, ABner, SeBastián, SheFFy, Mónica, Pepe, ABelardo, Omar; Iñaki, Mariela, Mau y Cris, Rade y Mercè, Julia, AnaBel, GaBriel, Aleida. Y a todos los que preguntaBan “¿Cómo va la tesis?”. A la BiBlioteca del Dipòsit de les Aigües. A Barcelona y en especial al barri del Fort Pienc. A tothom. 6 Índice de contenidos PARTE I................................................................................................................................................ 11 1.1.- INTRODUCCIÓN............................................................................................................................... 12 1.2.- OBJETO DE ESTUDIO ........................................................................................................................ 18 1.3.- OBJETIVOS .................................................................................................................................... 19 1.3.1.- Objetivos generales............................................................................................................. 19 1.3.2.- Objetivos específicos ........................................................................................................... 19 1.4.- PREGUNTAS DE INVESTIGACIÓN........................................................................................................... 20 1.5.- JUSTIFICACIÓN ................................................................................................................................ 20 1.6.- METODOLOGÍA............................................................................................................................... 24 1.7.- ESTRUCTURA DE LA TESIS .................................................................................................................. 32 PARTE II .............................................................................................................................................. 35 2.1.- MARCO TEÓRICO ...........................................................................................................................
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