Critical Debates and Developments in Child Protection • Nigel Parton Critical Debates and Developments in Child Protection
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Critical Debates and Developments in Child Protection Critical and Developments Child Debates in • Nigel Parton Critical Debates and Developments in Child Protection Edited by Nigel Parton Printed Edition of the Special Issue Published in Social Sciences www.mdpi.com/journal/socsci Critical Debates and Developments in Child Protection Critical Debates and Developments in Child Protection Editor Nigel Parton MDPI • Basel • Beijing • Wuhan • Barcelona • Belgrade • Manchester • Tokyo • Cluj • Tianjin Editor Nigel Parton University of Huddersfield UK Editorial Office MDPI St. Alban-Anlage 66 4052 Basel, Switzerland This is a reprint of articles from the Special Issue published online in the open access journal Social Sciences (ISSN 2076-0760) (available at: https://www.mdpi.com/journal/socsci/special issues/critical debates and developments in child protection). For citation purposes, cite each article independently as indicated on the article page online and as indicated below: LastName, A.A.; LastName, B.B.; LastName, C.C. Article Title. Journal Name Year, Article Number, Page Range. ISBN 978-3-03936-601-9 (Hbk) ISBN 978-3-03936-602-6 (PDF) c 2020 by the authors. Articles in this book are Open Access and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. The book as a whole is distributed by MDPI under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons license CC BY-NC-ND. Contents About the Editor .............................................. vii Nigel Parton Critical Debates and Developments in Child Protection: Some Introductory Comments Reprinted from: Soc. Sci. 2020, 9, 102, doi:10.3390/socsci9060102 ................... 1 Ben Mathews, Leah Bromfield and Kerryann Walsh Comparing Reports of Child Sexual and Physical Abuse Using Child Welfare Agency Data in Two Jurisdictions with Different Mandatory Reporting Laws Reprinted from: Soc. Sci. 2020, 9, 75, doi:10.3390/socsci9050075 ................... 3 Daniel J. A. Rhind and Jamie McDermott The TACL Model: A Framework for Safeguarding Children with a Disability in Sport Reprinted from: Soc. Sci. 2020, 9, 48, doi:10.3390/socsci9040048 ................... 25 Gretchen Kerr, Bruce Kidd and Peter Donnelly One Step Forward, Two Steps Back: The Struggle for Child Protection in Canadian Sport Reprinted from: Soc. Sci. 2020, 9, 68, doi:10.3390/socsci9050068 ................... 39 Susan Young, Margaret McKenzie, Cecilie Omre, Liv Schjelderup and Shayne Walker ‘Warm Eyes’, ‘Warm Breath’, ‘Heart Warmth’: Using Aroha (Love) and Warmth to Reconceptualise and Work towards Best Interests in Child Protection Reprinted from: Soc. Sci. 2020, 9, 54, doi:10.3390/socsci9040054 ................... 55 Sara P´erez-Hernando and Nuria Fuentes-Pel´aez The Potential of Networks for Families in the Child Protection System: A Systematic Review Reprinted from: Soc. Sci. 2020, 9, 70, doi:10.3390/socsci9050070 ................... 75 Eduard Vaquero, M. Angels` Balsells, Carmen Ponce, Aida Urrea and Alicia Navajas “If I’m Here, It’s Because I Do Not Have Anyone”: Social Support for the Biological Family during the Foster Care Process Reprinted from: Soc. Sci. 2020, 9, 31, doi:10.3390/socsci9030031 ................... 91 Caroline McGregor and Carmel Devaney A Framework to Inform Protective Support and Supportive Protection in Child Protection and Welfare Practice and Supervision Reprinted from: Soc. Sci. 2020, 9, 43, doi:10.3390/socsci9040043 ...................103 Afrooz Kaviani Johnson and Julia Sloth-Nielsen Safeguarding Children in the Developing World—Beyond Intra-Organisational Policy and Self-Regulation Reprinted from: Soc. Sci. 2020, 9, 98, doi:10.3390/socsci9060098 ...................127 Njeri Chege and Stephen Ucembe Kenya’s Over-Reliance on Institutionalization as a Child Care and Child Protection Model: A Root-Cause Approach Reprinted from: Soc. Sci. 2020, 9, 57, doi:10.3390/socsci9040057 ...................147 Emily Keddell Algorithmic Justice in Child Protection: Statistical Fairness, Social Justice and the Implications for Practice Reprinted from: Soc. Sci. 2019, 8, 281, doi:10.3390/socsci8100281 ...................165 v Edgar Marthinsen, Graham Clifford, Halvor Fauske and Willy Lichtwarck Professional Values Challenged by Case Management—Theorizing Practice in Child Protection with Reflexive Practitioners Reprinted from: Soc. Sci. 2020, 9, 44, doi:10.3390/socsci9040044 ...................187 Lauren Elizabeth Wroe and Jenny Lloyd Watching over or Working with? Understanding Social Work Innovation in Response to Extra-Familial Harm Reprinted from: Soc. Sci. 2020, 9, 37, doi:10.3390/socsci9040037 ...................203 Aline Schoch, Ga¨elle Aeby, Brigitte Muller, ¨ Michelle Cottier, Loretta Seglias, Kay Biesel, Ga¨elle Sauthier and Stefan Schnurr Participation of Children and Parents in the Swiss Child Protection System in the Past and Present: An Interdisciplinary Perspective Reprinted from: Soc. Sci. 2020, 9, 148, doi:10.3390/socsci9080148 ...................219 vi About the Editor Nigel Parton, originally a social worker, he has been writing and researching about child protection for over forty years. He is the author, co-author and editor of 26 books and over 100 articles and book chapters on the subject. vii social sciences $€ £ ¥ Editorial Critical Debates and Developments in Child Protection: Some Introductory Comments Nigel Parton School of Human and Health Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, UK; [email protected] Received: 10 June 2020; Accepted: 10 June 2020; Published: 15 June 2020 I would like to begin by thanking all of the authors who have contributed to this Social Sciences Special on “critical debates and developments in child protection” for their hard work and timely dedication in responding so positively to the requests and timelines made of them. Additionally, I would like to thank the reviewers who work so tirelessly behind the scenes and who help insure that such high-quality articles are published. This Special Issue aimed to build on a previous Special Issue in Social Sciences in 2014—“Contemporary Developments in Child Protection”. The last 50 years have witnessed increasing public, political and media concern about the social problem of child maltreatment and what to do about it. This is now evident in most jurisdictions and is receiving serious attention from many international and transnational organisations. While the (re)discovery of the problem originally took place in the USA and was particularly associated with the “battered baby syndrome” (Kempe et al. 1962), the objects of concern have now expanded to include physical abuse, sexual abuse, neglect, emotional abuse, abuse on the internet, child trafficking, sexual exploitation, female genital mutilation, gang membership and radicalization and is seen to affect all children and young people and not just young babies. In the process, the focus of attention has widened from simply intra-familial abuse to abuse in a wide variety of extra-familial settings including schools, sports clubs, day care, the church and the wider community. There has also been a broadening of concern from not only protecting children from “serious harm” but also to preventing the impairment of their health and development and ensuring that they are able to grow up in circumstances that are consistent with the provision of effective care so that all children can achieve the best outcomes. To reflect these changes, the laws, policies, practices and systems designed to identify and prevent child maltreatment have themselves become much more wide-ranging and complex and have been subject to regular review. Social workers, health and education workers, the police and other criminal justice workers, as well as members of the wider community, are now all seen to have key roles to play in both protecting children and young people and assessing and monitoring actual and potential perpetrators. Increasingly, the efficacy and effectiveness of child protection policies, practices and systems have been subject to high-profile media and political scrutiny and critical social science analysis and research. It is clear that what we understand by child protection, together with the idea of child maltreatment itself, is shaped by a wide range of social, cultural and political factors and that this varies both over time and in different contexts (see, for example, Parton 1985, 2014, 2020). The international nature of these challenges is reflected in the different countries represented in the papers published in this Special Issue, with authors based in Australia, Canada, England, Ireland, Kenya, New Zealand, Norway, South Africa, Spain and Switzerland. The broad and diverse nature of the challenges for child protection are demonstrated by the range of topics addressed in these papers. Ben Matthews, Leah Bromfield and Kerryann Walsh compare official reports of child sexual and physical abuse in two Australian jurisdictions with different mandatory reporting laws, Victoria and Western Australia, paying particular attention to the impact of the introduction of a reporting duty for child sexual abuse in Western Australia. We have two papers Soc. Sci. 2020, 9, 102; doi:10.3390/socsci90601021 www.mdpi.com/journal/socsci Soc. Sci. 2020, 9, 102 concerned with child protection in sport: the paper by Daniel Rhind and Jamie McDermott reports on an