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Predaceous Insects, Spiders, and Mites of Arkansas Cotton Fields

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Predaceous Insects, Spiders, and Mites of Arkansas Cotton Fields Predaceous Insects, Spiders, and Mites of Arkansas Cotton Fields By W. H. WHITCOMB and K. BELL AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION Division of Agriculture University of Arkansas, Fayetteville JUNE, 1964 BULLETIN 690 CONTENTS Page Introduction _______________________________________________________ 3 Partial Review of Literature_________________________ 1___________ 4 Methods ______________________________________________________ 6 Major and Minor Pests of Arkansas Cotton___________________________ 8 Boll Weevil ___________________________________________________ 8 Bollworms ____________________________________________________ 9 Spider Mites __________________________________________________ 10 Thrips ________________________________________________________ 11 Cotton Fleahopper _____________ 12 Tarnished Plant Bug ________________________________________ 12 Cotton Aphid __________________________________________________ 13 Cotton Leafworm ______________________________________________ 14 The Predaceous Insects _____________________________________________ 14 Dragonflies and Damselflies—Odonata___________________________ 15 Praying Mantids and Grasshoppers—Orthoptera ---------------------------- 17 Thrips—Thysanoptera _________________________________________ 18 Lacewings, Owlflies, and Antiions—Neuroptera ___________________ 18 True Bugs—Hemiptera__________________________________________ 20 Beetles—Coleoptera ____________________________________________ 25 Flies—Diptera ________________________________________________ 31 Ants and Wasps—Hymenoptera _________________________________ 35 The Spiders _______________________________________________________ 40 The Predaceous Mites -------------------------------- 50 Predation on Bollworm E g g s________________________________________ 52 Experiments with Bollworm Eggs, 1962 __________________________ 52 Experiments with Bollworm Eggs, 1963 __________________________ 56 Hibernation________________________________________________________ 59 Source of Predators _______ 65 Natural Enemies of Predators_______________________________________ 71 Other Predators _______________________________________________ 71 Parasites --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 72 Predators and Insecticides __________________________________________ 75 Summary __________________________________ 77 Literature Cited ___________________________________________________ 79 Colloquial Names and Their Scientific Equivalents, as Used in the Text ________________________________________________ 83 Acknowledgments __________________________________________________ 84 COVER PICTURE Shown on the cover is a wolf spider, Lycosa rabida Walck., a predator of the bollworm moth. Agricultural Experiment Station, University of Arkansas Division of Agriculture, Fayetteville. John W. White, vice-president for agriculture; E. M. Cralley, director. DPL3M664 Predaceous Insects, Spiders, and Mites of Arkansas Cotton Fields By W. H. WHITCOMB and K. BELL Department of Entomology Cotton is attacked by several important insect pests, which may be killed or suppressed by predators and parasites. The pred- ator rapidly kills and eats many victims, while the parasite con- tinues feeding on one host over a prolonged period of time. The objectives of this investigation were to inventory the predators present in the Arkansas cotton field, to elucidate the predator-prey relationship, and to judge the relative importance of prominent predators of major cotton pests. Moreover, factors affecting the decrease or increase of predator populations were investigated where possible. Approximately 600 species of preda- tors representing 45 families of insects, 19 families of spiders, and 4 families of mites were found associated with cotton. The study was not limited to enemies of cotton pests; some of the spe- cies fed on other predators. The importance of several predators of major cotton insect pests has been underestimated. Ants are the most outstanding of the hitherto underrated predators. These ubiquitous insects are often mentioned as possible enemies of insect pests, but their great importance as predators is seldom recognized. Other under- rated predators range from dragonflies that attack bollworm moths, Heliothis zea(Boddie), in flight, and longhorn grasshop- pers that eat bollworm eggs, to jumping spiders that also feed on bollworm eggs. Evidence is overwhelming that predation frequently prevents outbreaks of bollworms, aphids, and spider mites in cotton. Preda- tion contributes significantly toward preventing excessive in- creases of insect pest populations. Under normal field conditions, 4 A r k a n s a s E x p e r im e n t S t a t io n , Bu l l e t in 690 if one species of predator is absent, others may take its place. However, if there has been a widespread and continued catastro- phe, such as drought or misuse of insecticides, this is no longer possible and reproduction of the insect pest species may continue unabated until starvation or disease intervenes. Unless corrective measures are taken, the prolonged absence of predators in the cotton field may be reflected at harvest time in marked reductions in crop yield. The nature of the surrounding areas influences both the kind and the number of predators present in a cotton field. The prox- imity of a plant host of the preferred prey of a given predator apparently increases the likelihood that the predator will be nu- merous in the field. A cotton patch in a deep forest has a different predator population than a cotton field bordered by hundreds of acres of corn. The absence of accepted common names for predaceous in- sects has handicapped the writing of this publication. Of neces- sity, there has been more widespread use of scientific names than is desirable. Where colloquial names are in general usage, they are first mentioned together with their scientific names and then are used freely. A list of colloquial names and their scientific equivalents is given at the end of this bulletin. Partial Review of Literature In 1856, in a discussion of insects beneficial to cotton, Glover (43) recognized many of the predators that are still considered important. Comstock (28), in his report on cotton insects of 1879, described these predators in more precise detail and discussed many more. Ashmead’s (5) study, in 1894-1895, is especially noteworthy because he paid particular attention to many hymenop- terous predators that had been overlooked previously. The preda- tors of the bollworm were first discussed extensively by Quaint- ance and Brues (77) in their bulletin on the bollworm. The predators of the boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis Boheman, were investigated by Cook (30) and by Hunter and Hinds (50). Modern research on cotton field predators began with studies on the effect of calcium arsenate on predators by Smith and Fon- tenot (84), on the fate of bollworm eggs in the field by Fletcher and Thomas (37), and on factors influencing bollworm popula- tions by Ewing and Ivy (35). The last paper included the number of bollworm eggs consumed by various predators in the laboratory P r e d a t o r s o f A r k a n s a s C o t t o n F i e l d s 5 and the effect of an increase in aphids on predator consumption of bollworm eggs. Destruction of predators by organic insecticides spurred a renewed interest in these beneficial insects, led by the work of Newsom and Smith (73). Other reports included field and labora- tory studies by Campbell and Hutchins (25), surveys by R. C. Gaines (39, 40), observations on the effect of Systox (demeton) by Ahmed, et al. (3), studies on the insidious flower bug by Ig- linsky and Rainwater (52), and data on predators reported by Lincoln and Leigh (67). Harries and Valcarce (45), van den Bosch, et al. (90), Burke (23), Stern, et al. (85), and others have studied the specificity of insecticides to various predators. Life histories of individual cotton field predators include the life cycles of common damsel bugs (Nabidae) by Garman and Jewett (42) ; the biologies of the six-spotted thrips, Scolothrips sexmaculatus (Pergande), and of the black hunter, Leptothrips mali (Fitch), by Bailey (7, 8) ; the extensive investigations of the biology of Orius insidiosus (Say) by Barber (12) ; the life histo- ries of three species of Chrysopa by Burke and Martin (24) ; and the biologies of the soft-winged flower beetles, Collops balteatus Le Conte and C. vittatus (Say), by Walker (91) and of C. vittatus by Nielson and Henderson (74). The relationship of predatory and injurious insects in Arizona cotton fields was discussed by Wene and Sheets (93). Spiders of the cotton field have been discussed by Kagan (61) and by Whitcomb, et al. (97). Hambleton (44), in his report of Heliothis virescens (Fabr.) as a pest of cotton in Peru, stressed the importance of its natural enemies and pointed out changes in cropping practices that af- fected their abundance. Wille (99) discussed the effect of organic insecticides on both predator and pest populations. Beingolea (13), Lamas (64), Simon (81), and Martin-Ravines (70) have found new predators, studied their life histories as well as those of better known predators, and used this knowledge to facilitate control of several cotton field pests. The work of Szumkowski (87, 88) in Venezuela deals espe- cially with coccinellids, including rearing and extensive field observations. Wiesmann (98), Ahmed (2), Hassanein (47), and others have investigated various phases of the predator situation on cotton in Egypt, including
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