La Religión: La Regla De Ocha

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La Religión: La Regla De Ocha Jorge Castellanos & Isabel Castellanos, Cultura Afrocubana, tomo 3, Universal, Miami 1992 CAPÍTULO I LA RELIGIÓN: LA REGLA DE OCHA La religión constituía el centro dominante de la protesta cultural del africano, re­ ducido a la esclavitud, bautizado y occi- dentalizado a la fuerza... ROGER BASTIDE Olorún oba tobi tobi. (Dios es el más gran­ de de los reyes.) FRASE RITUAL LUCUMÍ Jorge Castellanos & Isabel Castellanos, Cultura Afrocubana, tomo 3, Universal, Miami 1992 Jorge Castellanos & Isabel Castellanos, Cultura Afrocubana, tomo 3, Universal, Miami 1992 Una de las contribuciones más importantes de las culturas africanas a la cultura cubana es su aporte a la conformación de la religiosidad popular. Las religiones afrocubanas, ampliamente practicadas por negros y por blancos dentro y fuera de la Isla, se conocen en el país con el nombre de reglas. Y en Cuba, las reglas más importantes se hallan en relación directa con los grandes sistemas culturales afrocubanos: el lucumí, de origen yoruba y el congo de origen bantú. (Aun hoy, la cultura yoruba se extiende por todo el suroeste de Nigeria y las de origen bantú ocupan fundamentalmente la cuenca meridional del río Congo hasta el desierto de Kalahari.) En este capítulo nos ocuparemos de la Regla de Ocha, la religión lucumí, también llamada en Cuba ían/er/'a, dé procedencia yo­ ruba. En el segundo examinaremos las reglas congas (es decir, la Regla de Palo Monte o Mayombe, la Regla Kimbisa del Santo Cristo del Buen Viaje, etc.) El tercero estará dedicado a la Sociedad Secreta Abakuá, agrupación religiosa carabalí que proviene de los Efik y los Ekoi del Calabar y cuyos miembros son conocidos en Cuba como ñañigos. Antes de proseguir, empero, es indispensable establecer ciertas precisiones: estas reglas afrocubanas advienen como resultado de un prolongado proceso aculturativo entre las religiones traídas a Cuba por los esclavos y el catolicismo de sus aftios. Constituyen obviamente una muestra de la resistencia cultural del recién llegado a la abrumadora presión etnocéntrica y al empeño de absorción radical del grupo dominante. Ya vimos en el primer volumen de esta obra cómo, en su forma más extrema, esta resistencia conducía al alzamiento, a la fuga, a la cimarronería, al establecimiento áepalenques. Pero ni aun en estas comunidades rebeldes aisladas la religión, por más cerca que estuviese de las africanas ori­ ginarias, podia salvarse totalmente del influjo de la catcquesis cristiana. Porque junto al empeño de guardar limpias las raíces culturales funcionaba también la urgencia de la adaptación. Las reglas afrocubanas proceden del sincretismo: de un peculiar equilibrio entre la resistencia y la acomodación a la cultura subyuga- 11 Jorge Castellanos & Isabel Castellanos, Cultura Afrocubana, tomo 3, Universal, Miami 1992 dora. A veces esta transacción religiosa tiene la aparienciade un simple disimulo, de una suerte de careta. El dios negro se esconde detrás de las imágenes católicas. Las piedras de los orichas se encubren con el signo de la cruz. Y todos contentos. Pero el proceso de sincretismo es en realidad mucho más hondo: aunque siempre frenado por la repulsa de la asimilación, culmina en una verdadera síntesis, en una integración de las dos esferas religiosas comunicantes, en la creación de un nuevo culto. Estas interpenetraciones no presentan un carácter uniforme. En las sitúa clones rituales, por ejemplo, la mezcla se produce a menudo por simple yux­ taposición temporal. Tomemos el caso de la celebración de la gran fiesta de Babalú Ayé. En Santiago de Cuba tenía lugar ell 7 de diciembre, la fecha de San Lázaro en el santoral católico; Días antes comenzaban a prepararse los altares. El más elaborado casi siempre ocupaba un salón abierto permanentemente al público en un edificio situado al costado del Parque Céspedes (antes Plaza de Armas), en&e el Ayuntamiento y la Catedral, es decir, en el centro mismo de la ciudad. La gran ceremonia se iniciaba con la asistencia de los fieles a una misa católica matutina, donde el sacerdote oficiante muchas veces condenaba a toda voz "las supersticiones que pervierten al cristianismo", lo que los devotos del "santo" africano escuchaban con respetuosa indiferencia. Por la noche sonaban los tambores en los bembés o güemileres. La correspondencia paralela de los ritos suponía y mantenía la separación o heterogeneidad ceremonial. Los elementos católicos y los africanos, ambos necesarios, no se fundían, sino que se sucedían en el tiempo, cada uno en su pureza ortodoxa. Pero el sacerdote católico, oficiante involuntario de la fiesta afrocubana, dirigía sus palabras no al Dios cristiano sino al "santo" u oricha reverenciado, es decir, a Babalú Ayé. Tales complejidades y contradicciones en nada molestaban a los santeros y demás devotos del culto lucumí, acostumbrados como estaban a estos paralelis­ mos. En el terreno de la magia, sin embargo, la interpenetración era más común y más firme. Los negros absorbieron en Cuba muchos elementos del catolicismo popular y los incorporaron a sus prácticas. Ahí estaban a su alcance las "pode­ rosas" plegarias contra todo género de enfermedades y desastres cotidianos, a veces impresas con la imagen del ente (o "agente") católico correspondiente en papeles que se vendían hasta en la plaza del mercado. Ahí también los ex-votos en pago de los "milagros" realizados por la Virgen o ios santos. Evidentemente, los blancos disponían de poderes muy dignos de consideración. Como dice Roger Bastide sobre una situación similar en Brasil, pronto se hizo la conexión entre el mana extraordinario del catolicismo y el poder privilegiado que los blancos ejercían en la sociedad. "Esto explica por qué el negro injertó la tradición 12 Jorge Castellanos & Isabel Castellanos, Cultura Afrocubana, tomo 3, Universal, Miami 1992 católica en la suya propia, pero no antes de repensarla y reinterpretarla en términos de su magia, a la que enriquecieron y fortificaron... mezclando ritos cristianos y africanos para hacerlos más eficaces".' Aquí funciona la ley de la acumulación cuantitativa. Los factores mágicos del catolicismo popular venían a suplementar y enriquecer las técnicas mágicas procedentes del continente africano. El aché de la religión blanca reforzaba el del babalao o el mayombero, multiplicando su eficacia. Por eso -para no citar más que un ejemplo- en ciertas manipulaciones era indispensable el uso del agua bendita extraída subrepticia­ mente de un templo católico, práctica tan común que en muchas iglesias, para evitarlo, los sacristanes mantenían secas las pilas. De todas las formas de sincretismo la más conocida es la que integró el santoral católico con las deidades africanas, identificando (como hemos visto varias veces) a Changó con Santa Bárbara, a Ochún con la Virgen de la Caridad del Cobre, a Babalú-Ayé con San Lázaro, etc. Este proceso de reinterpretación comenzó posiblemente en África tan pronto se inicia la evangelizáción de los negros por los misioneros europeos. Pero aunque los factores determinantes del fenómeno sean los mismos, cada país americano con religiones africanas en su seno produjo una variante de esas equivalencias. En todas partes se identificó el carácter intercesorio del santo o de la Virgen con el mediatorio de los orichas o se estableció un paralelo entre la función de un santo como patrono de un oficio o actividad humana y la de los orichas como representa ti vos de ciertos elementos de la naturaleza (el mar, el rayo, etc.) o como patronos de algunas ocupaciones como la cacería, la metalurgia o la curación de enfermedades. Pero, sin duda, influyeron también ciertas condiciones locales. Por ejemplo: las litografías y estatuas populares en cada lugar. Por eso, el ulcerado Babalú-Ayé de la leyenda africana se identifica en Cuba con ese San Lázaro repleto de postemas de una estampa muy estimada por los católicos de la Isla, mientras en Recife, Brasil, se apareja con San Sebastián, que por otras razones también presenta el cuerpo lleno de llagas. A Obamoró (uno de los "caminos" o avatares de Obatalá) en Cuba se le viste de morado y de ahí que se le identifique con Jesús Nazareno, cuyas imágenes tradicionalmente lucen ropas de ese color. En el terreno de la vida individual, que es en definitiva donde funcionan las culturas, estos procesos aculturativos producen personalidades tan complejas en su aparente sencillez como esas negras criollas a que se refiere Lydia Cabrera en El Monte, "secretamente aleccionadas por africanos, u oriundas de África, asiduas también a las fiestas y ceremonias de la Iglesia, 'calambucas' de rosario 1. Bastide (1978), p. 278 13 Jorge Castellanos & Isabel Castellanos, Cultura Afrocubana, tomo 3, Universal, Miami 1992 y libro de misa, si sabían leer -y aun cuando no sabían, que era lo más frecuente y normal- que no perdonaban la misa del domingo y nos obligaban a rezar el Padre Nuestro aunque nos estuviésemos desplomando de sueño, a besar el pan, el pan bendito de cada día que Dios nos daba, cuando se nos caía al suelo, y a persignamos siempre que pasábamos frente a una iglesia. De aquellas morenas tan devotas y buenas católicas no hubieran podido sospechar ni remotamente muchos señores, que eran las mismas que después de rezarle en el templo, 'a estilo de blancos', a la Virgen María, a Santa Bárbara o a la Candelaria, iban a derramar con redoblado fervor, la sangre de un sacrificio sobre las piedras sagradas y vivientes que para ellas representan a esos mismos santos de la iglesia católica, pero con las exigencias, los nombres, la personalidad puramente afii- cana de Yemmu, Changó o Yansa." ^ Ese es el caso de lo que pudiera llamarse (dentro de la vida cotidiana del afrocubano) el síndrome de las dos cartillas, de que nos habla una anciana informante de Cabrera: "...Cuando yo llegaba de la escuelita, dejaba el Cristo ABC (de) la cartilla... y mi padre que era mayombero, musunde, y mi madre que era iyalocha, me esperaban con la otra cartilla..
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