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E-Posters in Academic/Scientific Conferεnces – Guidelines, Comparative Study & New Suggestions

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E-Posters in Academic/Scientific Conferεnces – Guidelines, Comparative Study & New Suggestions University of the Aegean Department of Product and Systems Design Engineering DISSERTATION: E-POSTERS IN ACADEMIC/SCIENTIFIC CONFERΕNCES – GUIDELINES, COMPARATIVE STUDY & NEW SUGGESTIONS Pissaridi Maria Anastasia 511/2004041 Supervisor: Paraskevas Papanikos Committee Members: Nikolaos Zacharopoulos Maria Simosi Syros, June 2015 DISSERTATION: E-POSTERS IN ACADEMIC/SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCES – GUIDELINES, COMPARATIVE STUDY & NEW SUGGESTIONS Supervisor: Paraskevas Papanikos Committee Members: Nikolaos Zacharopoulos Maria Simosi Pissaridi Maria Anastasia Syros, June 2015 3 ABSTRACT Conferences play a key role in getting people interested in a field together to network and exchange knowledge. The poster presentation is a commonly used format for communicating information within the academic scientific conference sector. Paper posters were the beginning but as technology and the way people work changes, posters have to be developed and implemented in order to achieve successful knowledge transfer. Incorporating aspects of information technology into poster presentations can promote an interactive learning environment for users and counter the current passive nature of poster design as an integrated approach with supplemental material is required to achieve changes in user knowledge, attitude and behaviour. After conducting literature review, research of existing e-poster providers, interviews with 5 of them and a personal evaluation in a real time conference environment results show a gradual turn towards e-posters with the medical sector pioneering. Authors, viewers and organisers embrace this new format, and the features and functions it offers, although objections exist since people have different preferences and the e-poster sector is relatively young, an average of 5 years. Pissaridi Maria Anastasia dpsd04041 4 SUMMARY Η ανάγκη των ανθρώπων να συγκεντρώνονται για να ανταλλάσσουν ιδέες, ευρήματα, έρευνες και απόψεις υπήρχε από τη δημιουργία των πρώτων πόλεων όπου φτιάχνονται με χώρους συγκέντρωσης. Με την ανάπτυξη των τελευταίων αιώνων, πανεπιστήμια και εμπορικοί οργανισμούς φτιάχνουν τέτοιους χώρους, ενώ οι μετακινήσεις διευκολύνονται με τη δημιουργία σιδηροδρομικού δικτύου. Συνέδριο, σύσκεψη, συνδιάσκεψη, σύνοδος, συμπόσιο, διάσκεψη, ημερίδα, διημερίδα, συνάντηση είναι διαφορετικές λέξεις που εκφράζουν την ίδια ανάγκη για ανθρώπους και επαγγελματίες να βρίσκονται για να διαδίδουν τη γνώση που έχουν. Η βιομηχανία των συνεδρίων άρχισε να αναπτύσσετε σε Ευρώπη και Αμερική με πολλά οφέλη, οικονομικά και όχι μόνο. Η βιομηχανία αυτή ωστόσο δεν έχει κοινώς αποδεκτή ορολογία παγκοσμίως. Σύμφωνα με τα στοιχεία του Union of International Association, με έτος ίδρυσης το 1907, πάνω από 400 χιλιάδες συναντήσεις έχουν καταγραφεί που πληρούν τα κριτήρια της Ένωσης, με χώρες όπως η Σιγκαπούρη, Ηνωμένες Πολιτείες, Κορέα, Ιαπωνία, Ισπανία, Βέλγιο, Αυστρία, Γερμανία, Γαλλία και Ηνωμένο Βασίλειο να καταλαμβάνουν τις πρώτες 10 θέσεις με τον μεγαλύτερο αριθμό συνεδρίων. Το International Congress and Convention Association, με 50 χρόνια ιστορία, καταγράφει μεταξύ άλλων και πώς μεταβάλλεται ο αριθμός των συνεδρίων ανάλογα με το αντικείμενο τους, παρατηρώντας σαφώς μεγαλύτερο αριθμό συνεδρίων στον ιατρικό κλάδο. Η κατάτμηση των συνεδρίων είτε αφορούν εθνικό ή διεθνές επίπεδο μπορεί να γίνει με διάφορα κριτήρια, όπως σκοπός του συνεδρίου ή άτομα που το επισκέπτονται. Ένα βασικό κριτήριο όμως είναι ποιος το οργανώνει, αν είναι από τον ιδιωτικό τομέα ή από ένωση επαγγελματιών. Ανάλογα με τον κλάδο αφορούν: ανθρωπιστικές, κοινωνικές, φυσικές, θετικές επιστήμες ή επαγγέλματα. Ένα συνέδριο μπορεί να διαρκέσει από λίγες ώρες μέχρι κάποιες μέρες ή βδομάδα. Μπορεί να γίνει σε ένα χώρο πανεπιστημίου, ξενοδοχείου, στο τοπικό κέντρο ή όπου αλλού μπορεί να χωρέσει ο επιθυμητός αριθμός συνέδρων. Τα συνέδρια κατατάσσονται σε ακαδημαϊκά, επαγγελματικά, εκπαιδευτικά ή που στοχεύουν σε ένα συγκεκριμένο πρόβλημα. Οι λόγοι και οι φορείς που μπορούν να οργανώσουν ένα συνέδριο ποικίλουν. Εμείς αναφερόμαστε σε ακαδημαϊκά/επιστημονικά συνέδρια, που εντάσσονται σε θεματικά, γενικά ή ανοιχτά σε επαγγελματίες και ακαδημαϊκούς. Τα συνέδρια αυτά προσελκύουν ακαδημαϊκούς, σπουδαστές, σχετικό προσωπικό, ερευνητές και άτομα που έχουν διαφορετική συσχέτιση με το θέμα, μπορεί να απαρτίζονται από 20 άτομα μέχρι και μερικές χιλιάδες και σε διαφορετικούς χώρους. Σε ένα ακαδημαϊκό συνέδριο τα συνήθη είδη παρουσιάσεων που υπάρχουν είναι η προφορική παρουσίαση, συζήτηση στρογγυλής τραπέζης ή πάνελ, εργαστήριο, poster (αφίσα) και παρουσίαση poster. Εμείς θα ασχοληθούμε με τα poster, η θέση των οποίων είναι αναγνωρισμένη στα συνέδρια παρόλο που δεν λαμβάνουν τη σημασία που τους πρέπει. Τα poster με την υβριδική τους φύση, μεταξύ εργασίας και παρουσίασης, προωθούν τη διάδοση πληροφορίας στα συνέδρια. Χρειάζεται περαιτέρω έρευνα για να διαπιστωθεί η αποτελεσματικότητα τους στη διάδοση πληροφορίας, η οποία αυξάνεται όταν συνδυάζονται και με άλλες εκπαιδευτικές παρεμβάσεις, και όταν το αισθητικό στοιχείο και ο τρόπος τοποθέτησης της πληροφορίας είναι προσεγμένος και ευχάριστος. Τα πλεονεκτήματα μιας τέτοια παρουσίασης, που ένα μεγάλο μέρος προτιμάει να γίνεται με την παρουσίαση κάποιου συντονιστή, αφορούν στο λιγότερο εχθρικό και πιο φιλικό και άμεσο περιβάλλον που λαμβάνουν χώρα. Αποτελούν έναυσμα για συζητήσεις, εποικοδομητική κριτική, αφετηρία συνεργασιών, περίληψη μιας έρευνας και πηγή πληροφορίας. Παρόλο που έχουν συνήθως την ίδια δομή με ένα επιστημονικό άρθρο είναι το οπτικό στοιχείο που τα κάνει να ξεχωρίζουν, δίνοντας τους μια πιο δημιουργική νότα και το γεγονός ότι το μήνυμα που θέλουν να περάσουν είναι εμφανές και δεν εξαρτάται 5 απόλυτα από τον τρόπο παρουσίασης όπως σε μια προφορική παρουσίαση. Οι διοργανωτές γεμίζουν χώρο και χρόνο ενώ παραμένουν παρόλο που ο παρουσιαστής τους δεν είναι δίπλα τους συνέχεια, επιτυγχάνοντας μεγαλύτερη προβολή. Το κοινό κατατάσσεται ανάλογα με τα διαφορετικά επίπεδα σχετικότητας με το αντικείμενο σε ειδικούς, ευρύτερους ειδικούς/σχετικούς με το θέμα και άτομα σε εντελώς άλλο αντικείμενο. Τα ίδια τα poster καθώς είναι έρευνα σε εξέλιξη έχουν χαμηλό ποσοστό έκδοσης της τελικής έρευνας και αυτό ίσως συμβάλει στην όχι τόσο υψηλή υπόληψη που υπάρχει για αυτά. Υπάρχει μια άτυπη αρνητική αντίληψη για την αξία τον poster σε σχέση με τις προφορικές παρουσιάσεις. Θεωρούνται κατώτερες και ότι είναι τα αποτυχημένα papers που δεν κατάφεραν να γίνουν προφορική παρουσίαση. Σε κάποια συνέδρια θεωρείται δεύτερης κατηγορίας, ενώ σε άλλο το να έχεις poster θεωρείται κατόρθωμα. Παρόλα αυτά τα poster δίνουν τη δυνατότητα εις βάθος συζήτησης σε πιο προσωπικό και ανεπίσημο επίπεδο. Η δομή και ο σχεδιασμός ενός poster έχουν σημασία για την καλύτερη σχεδίαση πληροφορίας. Τα τμήματα ενός poster συνάδουν με αυτά που χρησιμοποιούνται σε επιστημονικά άρθρα. Η μορφή, το μέγεθος και ο προσανατολισμός του poster, καθορίζονται από το ίδιο το συνέδριο, ενώ υπάρχουν στην βιβλιογραφία πολλές σχεδιαστικές προδιαγραφές, είτε αποδεδειγμένες, είτε εμπειρικές για την καλύτερη εμφάνιση του poster, που αφορούν τη γραμματοσειρά, το χρώμα, τις φωτογραφίες, τα σχεδιαγράμματα και τους πίνακες. Λόγω του μη παγιωμένου τρόπου παρουσίασης και τις διπλής τους ιδιότητας (κάτι μεταξύ paper και προφορικής παρουσίασης), τα poster άρχισαν να εξελίσσονται και να χρησιμοποιούν την τεχνολογία για να επιτύχουν ένα καλύτερο και πιο ελκυστικό αποτέλεσμα. Τα τελευταία 8 με 10 χρόνια, μεμονωμένοι πειραματισμοί έχουν καταγραφεί με την προσθήκη ψηφιακής κορνίζας, DVD player, ακουστικού υλικού, ή προσθηκών για καλύτερη συνδεσιμότητα όπως ο QR code, χρήση επαυξημένης πραγματικότητας μέχρι και εικονικό συνέδριο. Αναπόφευκτα δημιουργήθηκε η ανάγκη να ξεπεραστούν οι περιορισμοί που έχει το τυπωμένο poster, και άρχισε η εποχή των ηλεκτρονικών poster ή e-poster που προβάλλονται σε οθόνη, και η χρήση εφαρμογών σε συνέδρια. Καθώς είναι καινούριο πεδίο που επίσης προσπαθεί να προσδιοριστεί, διάφορες εταιρίες έχουν δημιουργηθεί που προσφέρουν πλατφόρμες για ηλεκτρονικά poster, με διαφορετικό τρόπο αλλά η βασική ιδέα παραμένει η ίδια. Το poster υπάρχει ηλεκτρονικά, και διατηρείται και μετά το πέρας του συνεδρίου, επιτρέπει την ενσωμάτωση οπτικοακουστικού υλικού και κάνει την εύρεση και επικοινωνία με τον συγγραφέα πολύ πιο άμεση και εύκολη. Σχεδιασμένα σκεπτόμενοι τους τρεις άμεσους χρήστες, τον συγγραφέα, που θέλει να αποφύγει την ταλαιπωρία και την οικονομική επιβάρυνση της εκτύπωσης, τον θεατή που θέλει να αναπτύξει τις γνώσεις του και τους διοργανωτές που θέλουν ένα καλό προϊόν χωρίς να χρειάζεται να επενδύσουν χρόνο και χρήμα, τα e-poster έχουν οφέλη και για τους τρεις καθώς και για το περιβάλλον αφού δεν χρησιμοποιείται πια χαρτί. Ο τρόπος που θα αγκαλιαστούν τα e-poster εξαρτάται πάρα πολύ από τον τρόπο που θα τα προωθήσουν οι διοργανωτές. Η τεχνολογία δίνει απέραντες δυνατότητες που χρειάζονται την άμεση συμμετοχή του ανθρώπου για να τις εκμεταλλευτεί στο έπακρο και να επωφεληθεί από αυτές. Στη μεταβατική εποχή που είμαστε, υπάρχει αποδεδειγμένα μια τάση υπέρ του ηλεκτρονικού poster, με το κοινό να έχει διαφορετικές αντιδράσεις ανάλογα με την άνεση του στη χρήση της τεχνολογίας. Η τελειωτική μετάβαση είναι αναπόφευκτη. Ένα καινούριο είδος έχει ήδη γεννηθεί. Pissaridi Maria Anastasia dpsd04041 6 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank my professor, Paraskeuas Papanikos for his guidence, Evangelos Karageorgos for his help and all the information he shared with me and all those who answered my questionnaires. A deep thank you to my mother, Eleni Pissaridou, and my sister, Avgusta Pissaridi, who never lost faith in me and
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