Flight Test of Transport Category Airplanes
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Validation of Wind Tunnel Test and Cfd Techniques for Retro-Propulsion (Retpro): Overview on a Project Within the Future Launchers Preparatory Programme (Flpp)
VALIDATION OF WIND TUNNEL TEST AND CFD TECHNIQUES FOR RETRO-PROPULSION (RETPRO): OVERVIEW ON A PROJECT WITHIN THE FUTURE LAUNCHERS PREPARATORY PROGRAMME (FLPP) D. Kirchheck, A. Marwege, J. Klevanski, J. Riehmer, A. Gulhan¨ German Aerospace Center (DLR) Supersonic and Hypersonic Technologies Department Cologne, Germany S. Karl O. Gloth German Aerospace Center (DLR) enGits GmbH Spacecraft Department Todtnau, Germany Gottingen,¨ Germany ABSTRACT and landing (VTVL) spacecraft, assisted by retro-propulsion. Up to now, in Europe, knowledge and expertise in that field, The RETPRO project is a 2-years activity, led by the Ger- though constantly growing, is still limited. Systematic stud- man Aerospace Center (DLR) in the frame of ESA’s Future ies were conducted to compare concepts for possible future Launchers Preparatory Program (FLPP), to close the gap of European launchers [2, 3], and activities on detailed inves- knowledge on aerodynamics and aero-thermodynamics of tigations of system components of VTVL re-usable launch retro-propulsion assisted landings for future concepts in Eu- vehicles (RLV) recently started in the RETALT project [4, 5]. rope. The paper gives an overview on the goals, strategy, and Nevertheless, validated knowledge on the aerodynamic current status of the project, aiming for the validation of inno- and aerothermal characteristics of such vehicles is still lim- vative WTT and CFD tools for retro-propulsion applications. ited to a small amount of experimental and numerical inves- Index Terms— RETPRO, retro-propulsion, launcher tigations mostly on lower altitude VTVL trajectories, e. g. aero-thermodynamics, wind tunnel testing, CFD validation within the CALLISTO project [6, 7, 8]. Other studies were conducted to analyze the aerothermodynamics of a simplified generic Falcon 9 geometry during its re-entry and landing 1. -
Weather and Aviation: How Does Weather Affect the Safety and Operations of Airports and Aviation, and How Does FAA Work to Manage Weather-Related Effects?
Kulesa 1 Weather and Aviation: How Does Weather Affect the Safety and Operations of Airports and Aviation, and How Does FAA Work to Manage Weather-related Effects? By Gloria Kulesa Weather Impacts On Aviation In addition, weather continues to play a significant role in a number of aviation Introduction accidents and incidents. While National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) reports ccording to FAA statistics, weather is most commonly find human error to be the the cause of approximately 70 percent direct accident cause, weather is a primary of the delays in the National Airspace contributing factor in 23 percent of all System (NAS). Figure 1 illustrates aviation accidents. The total weather impact that while weather delays declined with overall is an estimated national cost of $3 billion for NAS delays after September 11th, 2001, delays accident damage and injuries, delays, and have since returned to near-record levels. unexpected operating costs. 60000 50000 40000 30000 20000 10000 0 1 01 01 0 01 02 02 ul an 01 J ep an 02 J Mar May S Nov 01 J Mar May Weather Delays Other Delays Figure 1. Delay hours in the National Airspace System for January 2001 to July 2002. Delay hours peaked at 50,000 hours per month in August 2001, declined to less than 15,000 per month for the months following September 11, but exceeded 30,000 per month in the summer of 2002. Weather delays comprise the majority of delays in all seasons. The Potential Impacts of Climate Change on Transportation 2 Weather and Aviation: How Does Weather Affect the Safety and Operations of Airports and Aviation, and How Does FAA Work to Manage Weather-related Effects? Thunderstorms and Other Convective In-Flight Icing. -
Control and Performance During Asymmetrical Powered Flight
Control and Performance During Asymmetrical Powered Flight Detailed theoretical paper in accordance with the JAA Learning Objectives, US Federal Aviation Regulations and EASA Certification Specifications for Multi-engine Rated Pilots CPL & ATPL Based on Airplane Design Methods as taught by Aeronautical Universities and Flight Test Techniques as taught by Experimental Test Pilot Schools January 2012 Harry Horlings Lt-Col RNLAF, ret'd Graduate USAF Test Pilot School AvioConsult Independent Aircraft Expert and Consultant – Committed to Improve Aviation Safety – Copyright © 2012, AvioConsult. All rights reserved. AvioConsult Control and Performance During Asymmetrical Powered Flight The author is a retired Lt-Col of the Royal Netherlands Air Force, graduate Flight Test Engineer of the USAF Test Pilot School, Edwards Air Force Base, California, USA (Dec. 1985) and experienced private pilot. Following a career of 15 years in (experimental) flight-testing, of which the last 5 years as chief experimental flight-test, he founded AvioConsult and dedicated himself to improving the safety of aviation using his knowledge of experimental flight-testing. Copyright © 2012, AvioConsult. All rights reserved. The copyright of this paper belongs to and remains with AvioConsult unless specifically stated otherwise. By accepting this paper, the recipient agrees that neither this paper nor the information disclosed herein nor any part thereof shall be reproduced or transferred to other documents or used by or disclosed to others for any purpose except as specifically authorized in writing by AvioConsult. AvioConsult has written this paper in good faith, but no representation is made or guarantee given (either express or implied) as to the completeness of the information it contains. -
Reusable Launch Vehicle Technology Program{
Acta Astronautica Vol. 41, No. 11, pp. 777±790, 1997 # 1998 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved Printed in Great Britain PII: S0094-5765(97)00197-5 0094-5765/98 $19.00 + 0.00 REUSABLE LAUNCH VEHICLE TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM{ DELMA C. FREEMAN{ JR. and THEODORE A. TALAY} NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia 23681-0001, USA R. EUGENE AUSTIN} NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Marshall Space Flight Center, Alabama 35812-1000, USA (Received 25 April 1997) AbstractÐIndustry/NASA reusable launch vehicle (RLV) technology program eorts are underway to design, test, and develop technologies and concepts for viable commercial launch systems that also satisfy national needs at acceptable recurring costs. Signi®cant progress has been made in understanding the technical challenges of fully reusable launch systems and the accompanying management and oper- ational approaches for achieving a low-cost program. This paper reviews the current status of the RLV technology program including the DC-XA, X-33 and X-34 ¯ight systems and associated technology programs. It addresses the speci®c technologies being tested that address the technical and operability challenges of reusable launch systems including reusable cryogenic propellant tanks, composite structures, thermal protection systems, improved propul- sion, and subsystem operability enhancements. The recently concluded DC-XA test program demon- strated some of these technologies in ground and ¯ight tests. Contracts were awarded recently for both the X-33 and X-34 ¯ight demonstrator systems. The Orbital Sciences Corporation X-34 ¯ight test ve- hicle will demonstrate an air-launched reusable vehicle capable of ¯ight to speeds of Mach 8. -
Water Rocket Booklet
A guide to building and understanding the physics of Water Rockets Version 1.02 June 2007 Warning: Water Rocketeering is a potentially dangerous activity and individuals following the instructions herein do so at their own risk. Exclusion of liability: NPL Management Limited cannot exclude the risk of accident and, for this reason, hereby exclude, to the maximum extent permissible by law, any and all liability for loss, damage, or harm, howsoever arising. Contents WATER ROCKETS SECTION 1: WHAT IS A WATER ROCKET? 1 SECTION 3: LAUNCHERS 9 SECTION 4: OPTIMISING ROCKET DESIGN 15 SECTION 5: TESTING YOUR ROCKET 24 SECTION 6: PHYSICS OF A WATER ROCKET 29 SECTION 7: COMPUTER SIMULATION 32 SECTION 8: SAFETY 37 SECTION 9: USEFUL INFORMATION 38 SECTION 10: SOME INTERESTING DETAILS 40 Copyright and Reproduction Michael de Podesta hereby asserts his right to be identified as author of this booklet. The copyright of this booklet is owned by NPL. Michael de Podesta and NPL grant permission to reproduce the booklet in part or in whole for any not-for-profit educational activity, but you must acknowledge both the author and the copyright owner. Acknowledgements I began writing this guide to support people entering the NPL Water Rocket Competition. So the first acknowledgement has to be to Dr. Nick McCormick, who founded the competition many years ago and who is still the driving force behind the activity at NPL. Nick’s instinct for physics and fun has brought pleasure to thousands. The inspiration to actually begin writing this document instead of just saying that someone ought to do it, was provided by Andrew Hanson. -
A Review of Current Research in Subscale Flight Testing and Analysis of Its Main Practical Challenges
aerospace Article A Review of Current Research in Subscale Flight Testing and Analysis of Its Main Practical Challenges Alejandro Sobron * , David Lundström and Petter Krus Department of Management and Engineering, Division of Fluid and Mechatronic Systems, Linköping University, SE-58183 Linköping, Sweden; [email protected] (D.L.); [email protected] (P.K.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +46-1328-1893 Abstract: Testing of untethered subscale models, often referred to as subscale flight testing, has traditionally had a relatively minor, yet relevant use in aeronautical research and development. As recent advances in electronics, rapid prototyping and unmanned-vehicle technologies expand its capabilities and lower its cost, this experimental method is seeing growing interest across academia and the industry. However, subscale models cannot meet all similarity conditions required for simulating full-scale flight. This leads to a variety of approaches to scaling and to other alternative applications. Through a literature review and analysis of different scaling strategies, this study presents an overall picture of how subscale flight testing has been used in recent years and synthesises its main issues and practical limitations. Results show that, while the estimation of full-scale characteristics is still an interesting application within certain flight conditions, subscale models are progressively taking a broader role as low-cost technology-testing platforms with relaxed similarity constraints. Different approaches to tackle the identified practical challenges, implemented both by the authors and by other organisations, are discussed and evaluated through flight experiments. Citation: Sobron, A.; Lundström, D.; Keywords: subscale flight testing; similarity; scale model; remotely piloted aircraft; demonstration; Krus, P. -
+ Part 10: Test and Evaluation
10. Test and Evaluation 10.1 Approach Architecture Design, Development, Test, and Evaluation (DDT&E) schedule, costs, and risk are highly dependent on the integrated test and evaluation approach for each of the major elements. As a part of the Exploration Systems Architecture Study (ESAS), a top-level test and evaluation plan, including individual flight test objectives, was developed and is summarized in this section. The test and evaluation plan described here is derived from the Apollo Flight Test Program of the 1960s. A more detailed test and evaluation plan will be based on detailed verification requirements and objectives documented in specifications and verification plans. In order to support schedule, cost, and risk assessments for the reference ESAS architecture, an integrated test and evaluation plan was developed to identify the number and type of major test articles (flight and ground) and the timing and objectives of each major flight test, including facilities and equipment required to support those tests. This initial plan is based on the Apollo Program and the ESAS Ground Rules and Assumptions (GR&As)—including the human- rating requirements from NASA Procedural Requirements (NPR) 8705.2A, Human-Rating Requirements for Space Systems. 10. Test and Evaluation 645 10.2 Ground Rules and Assumptions ESAS GR&As establish the initial set of key constraints to testing. Although all ESAS GR&As are considered, the specific ones listed below are particularly significant, as they deal with schedule and testing/qualification assumptions. • The crew launch system shall facilitate crew survival using abort and escape. There will be three all-up tests of the Launch Abort System (LAS). -
APPLICATION for FLIGHT SCHOOL LICENSE Page 1 of 2 of 4Transportation9 Informationrequired by Act 327, P.A
Michigan Department APPLICATION FOR FLIGHT SCHOOL LICENSE Page 1 of 2 of 4Transportation9 Informationrequired by Act 327, P.A. of 1945 to apply for license. AERONAUTICS 00 (01/21) USE ONLY RETURN TO: DATE Michigan Department of Transportation Finance Cashier AMOUNT P. 0. Box 30648 Lansing, Ml 48909 LIC.NO. (517) 242-7771 or (517) 335-9283 EXP.DATE FEES: Initial - $25.00, Annual Renewal - $10.00, Late Renewal - $25.00. SCHOOL NAME PHONE NO. DATE I OWNER(S) SCHOOL MANAGER MAILLING ADDRESS CITY I ZIP CODE NAME OF THE AIRPORT WHERE FLIGHT SCHOOL WILL BE BASED FAX I E-MAIL Courses Offered: □ Private □ Part 141 School □ Type Ratings D Flight Instructor D Ground School □ Recreation □ Commercial D Sea Plane D Instrument □ Glider □ Sport □ Multi Engine D Airline Transport D Helicopter MAINTENANCE PERSONNEL Name Address FAA Certificate Number Chief Mechanic INSTRUCTOR FLIGHT Name Address FAA Certificate Number Chief Flight Instructor □ Instrument □ Multi Enoine □ Instrument □ Multi Enqine □ Instrument □ Multi Engine □ Instrument □ Multi Enoine □ Instrument □ Multi Engine □ Instrument □ Multi Enoine □ Instrument □ Multi Enqine Flight School Aircraft Michigan To be completed by State Registrar Aircraft Make Model N Number AERO USE ONLY Registration 1. □ Yes □ No 2. □ Yes □ No 3. □ Yes □ No 4. □ Yes □ No 5. □ Yes □ No 6. □ Yes □ No 7. □ Yes □ No MDOT4009 (01/21) Page 2 of 2 Flight School Manager Compliance Checklist and Certification Please answer the questions below. Refer to the enclosed Michigan Aeronautics Code, section 259.85 (Flight Schools) requirements. Yes No Do You: □ □ Operate from an airport licensed by the State of Michigan? □ □ Have a written commercial operating agreement with the airport at which the school is based? (Submit a copy with this application or submit airport manager signature). -
Integrated Diagnostics of Rocket Flight Control
IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE ¢ MARCH 2005, BIG SKY, MT Integrated Diagnostics of Rocket Flight Control Dimitry Gorinevsky¤, Sikandar Samary; Honeywell Labs, Fremont, CA 94539 John Bain, Honeywell Space Systems, Houston, TX 77058 and Gordon Aaseng, Honeywell Space Systems, Glendale, AZ 85308 Abstract— This paper describes an integrated approach to the approach by using simulated telemetry data for a launch parametric diagnostics demonstrated in a flight control sim- vehicle of Space Shuttle class. Faults seeded in the simula- ulation of a space launch vehicle. The proposed diagnostic tion are subsequently estimated by the VHM algorithms to approach is able to detect incipient faults despite the natural validate their performance. The estimated fault parameters masking properties of feedback in the guidance and control include air drag change from aerodynamic surface damage. loops. Estimation of time varying fault parameters uses para- This could model leading edge damage like that sustained metric vehicle-level data and detailed dynamical models. The in the Columbia Accident STS-107 mission. We also con- algorithms explicitly utilize the knowledge of fault mono- sider estimation and trending of such parameters as propul- tonicity (damage can only increase, never improve with time) sion performance, thrust vectoring actuator/gimbal wear, and where available. The developed algorithms can be applied a drift in one of GN&C sensors (pitch angle). These faults to health management of next generation space systems. We are choosen as plausible representative faults that demon- present a simulation case study of rocket ascent application strate the detection algorithm effectiveness. Development of to illustrate and validate the proposed approach. a practical VHM system would require an additional careful analysis and engineering of the fault models in the VHM al- TABLE OF CONTENTS gorithms. -
Flight Engineer Knowledge Test Guide
AC 63-1 FLIGHT ENGINEER KNOWLEDGE TEST GUIDE U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Aviation Administration 1 FLIGHT ENGINEER KNOWLEDGE TEST GUIDE 1995 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION Flight Standards Service 2 PREFACE The Flight Standards Service of the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) has developed this guide to help applicants meet the knowledge requirements for the computer administered tests for flight engineer turbojet, turboprop, and reciprocating class certification. This guide contains information about the knowledge test eligibility requirements, test descriptions, testing and retesting procedures, and sample test questions with answers. As a convenience to the applicant, the eligibility requirements for the oral and flight tests are included. Appendix 1 provides a list of reference materials and subject matter knowledge codes, and computer testing designees. Changes to the subject matter knowledge code list will be published as a separate advisory circular. The sample questions and answers in this guide are predicated on Federal Aviation Regulations (FAR's) and references that were current at the time of publication. Questions and answers in the computer administered knowledge tests are updated when changes are made to these reference materials. The flight engineer test question bank and subject matter knowledge code list for all airmen certificates and ratings, with changes, may be obtained by computer access from FedWorld at (703) 321-3339. This bulletin board service is provided by the U.S. Department of Commerce, 24 hours a day, 7 days per week. For technical assistance regarding computer requirements for this service, contact the FedWorld help desk at (703) 487-4608 from 7:30 a.m. -
FAA Guide to Low Flying Aircraft
FAA Guide to Low-Flying Aircraft The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) is the government agency responsible for aviation safety. We welcome information from citizens that will enable us to take corrective measures including legal enforcement action against individuals violating Federal Aviation Regulations (CFR). It is FAA policy to investigate citizen complaints of low-flying aircraft operated in violation of the CFR that might endanger persons or property. Remember that the FAA is a safety organization with legal enforcement responsibilities. We will need facts before we conduct an investigation. To save time, please have this information ready if you witness another low-flying aircraft. Please keep your notes: we may request a written statement. Here is the type of information we need: • Identification – Can you identify the aircraft? Was it military or civil? Was it a high or low wing aircraft? What was the color? Did you record the registration number which appears on the fuselage or tail? (On U.S. registered aircraft, that number will be preceded with a capital "N".) • Time and Place – Exactly when did the incident(s) occur? Where did this happen? What direction was the aircraft flying? • Altitude – How high or low was the aircraft flying? On what do you base your estimate? Was the aircraft level with or below the elevation of a prominent object such as a tower or building? Once we have the appropriate facts, personnel from the Flight Standards District Office (FSDO) will attempt to identify the offending aircraft operator. We can do this in several ways. For example, we can check aircraft flight records with our air traffic control information and/or sightings from other observers, such as local law enforcement officers. -
Oregon Department of Forestry Aviation Procedures Manual
2008 ODF Aviation Procedures Manual AVIATION PROCEDURES MANUAL 2008 EDITION OREGON DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY AVIATION WORKING TEAM 1 2008 ODF Aviation Procedures Manual We should all bear one thing in mind when we talk about a colleague who “rode one in”. He called upon the sum of all his knowledge and made a judgment. He believed in it so strongly that he knowingly bet his life on it. That he was mistaken in his judgment is a tragedy, not stupidity. Every supervisor and contemporary Who ever spoke to him had an opportunity To influence his judgment, so a little bit of All of us goes in with every colleague we loose. “Author unknown” 2 2008 ODF Aviation Procedures Manual AVIATION RISK MANAGEMENT ASSESSMENT CHECKLIST • Is the Flight necessary? • Who is in-charge of the mission? • Are all hazards identified and have you made them known? • Should you stop the operation or flight due to change in conditions? - Communications? - Weather/turbulence? - Confusion? - Equipment? - Conflicting priorities? - Personnel? • Is there a better way to do it? • Are you driven by an overwhelming sense of urgency? • Can you justify your actions? • Are there other aircraft in the area? • Do you have an escape route? • Are there any rules broken? • Are communications getting tense? • Are you deviating from the assigned operation of flight? The twelve questions listed above should be applied to all aviation operations at all times. If you have any questions that cause you concern, it becomes your responsibility to discontinue the operation until you are confident that you can continue safely. Aviation safety is a personal responsibility.