DOCSLIB.ORG

Factors Affecting Commuter Rail Energy Efficiency and Its Comparison with Competing Passenger Transportation Modes

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Factors Affecting Commuter Rail Energy Efficiency and Its Comparison with Competing Passenger Transportation Modes FACTORS AFFECTING COMMUTER RAIL ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND ITS COMPARISON WITH COMPETING PASSENGER TRANSPORTATION MODES BY GIOVANNI C. DIDOMENICO THESIS Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Civil Engineering in the Graduate College of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2015 Urbana, Illinois Advisers: Professor Christopher P.L. Barkan Senior Research Engineer C. Tyler Dick, P.E. ABSTRACT As concerns about the environmental impacts and sustainability of the transportation sector continue to grow, modal energy efficiency is a factor of increasing importance when evaluating benefits and costs of transportation systems and justifying future investment. Poor assumptions on the efficiency of the system can alter the economics of investment in commuter rail. This creates a need to understand the factors affecting commuter rail energy efficiency and the comparison to competing passenger transportation modes to aid operators and decision makers in the development of new commuter rail lines and the improvement of existing services. This thesis describes analyses to further understand the factors affecting the current energy efficiency of commuter rail systems, how their efficiency may be improved through implementation of various technologies, and how their efficiency compares to competing modes of passenger transportation. After reviewing the literature, it was evident that past studies often conducted energy efficiency analyses and modal comparisons using methods that favored one energy source or competing mode by neglecting losses in the system. Therefore, four methods of energy efficiency analysis were identified and applied to 25 commuter rail systems in the United States using data from the National Transit Database (NTD). Using the same database, an analysis of trends in energy efficiency exhibited by the United States commuter rail systems was conducted. To understand the effects of congestion, traffic heterogeneity, operational parameters, and infrastructure characteristics on energy efficiency of passenger trains, single and multi- variable analyses were conducted. Simulations in Rail Traffic Controller (RTC) provided energy consumption results that were used in the statistical analyses. The results illustrated the effects of congestion due to increased freight and passenger traffic on a single-track freight-owned railroad. The effect of alternative scheduling patterns on energy intensity was analyzed through a case study of operations on one existing commuter rail line. Using the Multimodal Passenger Simulation Tool (MMPASSIM), the energy consumption of the current operations and proposed schedules of local, zonal, skip-stop and express train stopping patterns during a weekday peak period were simulated. A trade-off between improved passenger service through reduced travel times and energy consumption was evident in the results. MMPASSIM was also used to simulate the effects of technologies and strategies to increase energy efficiency and improve service ii levels. Changes such as electrification, driver advisory systems, equipment modifications, and slow zone reductions were evaluated for their effect on energy efficiency and service metrics. Finally, MMPASSIM was used to compare the energy intensity of the same commuter rail service to competing modes of passenger transportation for equivalent commuter trips. The rail service was evaluated under local, zonal, and skip-stop patterns and compared to automobile and bus trips under off-peak and peak highway congestion levels. Load factor sensitivity charts were developed, showing lines of equal energy intensity of rail and competing modes across a range of modal load factors. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My passion for passenger rail transportation may have ended as a general interest if it weren’t for the opportunity to study and conduct research with the Rail Transportation and Engineering Center (RailTEC) at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Besides the extensive railroad engineering curriculum and research program, RailTEC is led by faculty and staff that care deeply about students and their success. Not only have I received a world-class education in my time here, but I have been challenged professionally and personally. This would not have been without the efforts of Dr. Christopher P.L. Barkan and C. Tyler Dick. Dr. Barkan has redeveloped the RailTEC program to be a leader in railroad engineering education and research. C. Tyler Dick, my adviser, has been instrumental in my growth during my time here. He has an analytical mind that is brilliant at conceptualizing trends and cause-and- effect relationships. He has challenged me to work hard, do excellent research, and encouraged me when I made mistakes. This research was supported financially by the National University Rail (NURail) Center (a US DOT-OST Tier 1 University Transportation Center), the Association of American Railroads (AAR), and the National Cooperative Rail Research Program (NCRRP) of the Transportation Research Board (TRB). Special thanks are given to Gordon English and Thomas Moynihan at TranSys Research Ltd. for their collaboration and help in using MMPASSIM. I would like to thank Garrett Fullerton, who entered the program with me and continually helped me with my research and navigating graduate school in general. Mei-Cheng Shih and Ivan Atanassov were extremely helpful with the RTC cases. Nao Nishio and Taskin Sehitoglu, Undergraduate Research Assistants, helped conduct several of the analyses in this thesis. Also, my colleagues in Room B- 118 (and now 3214) deserve thanks for their friendship and fun times in and out of the office. My parents (Charles, Loretta, Mardell, and Mark) have been a great support and encouragement during my time in Champaign. I am certain I would not have been able to complete my degree, or this thesis, without their upbringing. Nancy and David, my parents-in- law, have also been a tremendous support after our move to Illinois. Finally, I owe the greatest of thanks to my wife, Brooke, who has supported me in pursuing my passion daily since we left our friends and newly-planted roots in Colorado and moved to Champaign, Illinois. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 1: Introduction ........................................................................................................... 1 Chapter 2: Literature Review .................................................................................................3 Chapter 3: Methods of Analyzing and Comparing Energy Efficiency of Passenger Rail Systems .......................................................................................29 Chapter 4: Analysis of Trends in Commuter Rail Energy Efficiency ............................... 49 Chapter 5: Effects of Congestion on Passenger Rail Energy Efficiency ...........................69 Chapter 6: Introduction to Multimodal Passenger Simulation Tool (MMPASSIM) and Creating Highway Grade Distributions and Congestion Characterizations Using GIS Tools ...................................................................................................83 Chapter 7: Influence of System Characteristics and Scheduling Patterns on Commuter Rail Energy Efficiency.........................................................................................95 Chapter 8: Effects of Energy-Saving Technologies and Service Improvements on Energy Intensity of Commuter Rail: Case Study ...........................................116 Chapter 9: Energy Intensity of Commuter Rail Compared with Competing Passenger Travel Modes: Case Study ...............................................................................128 Chapter 10: General Findings, Conclusions and Future Work .........................................139 References Cited.................................................................................................143 v CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Purpose The purpose of this research is to identify and analyze factors affecting commuter rail system energy efficiency and its comparison with competing passenger travel modes. 1.2 Background As concerns about the environmental impacts and sustainability of the transportation sector continue to grow, modal energy efficiency is increasingly important when evaluating the benefits and costs of future transportation system investment in commuter rail operations. Increased energy efficiency of passenger rail systems compared to other modes is often cited as a justification for new investment. Commuter rail is best characterized as a passenger rail service operating between a downtown area of a major city and the outlying suburban areas on conventional railroad infrastructure. In many metropolitan areas, this trackage may be shared with freight rail operations (Brock & Souleyrette 2013). Commuter rail typically moves riders longer distances within the greater metropolitan area of a city or region, compared to light or heavy rail rapid transit that more typically moves passengers within the city, or intercity passenger rail that covers longer distances between cities and metropolitan regions (Brock & Souleyrette 2013). Environmental concerns of energy efficiency and emissions reductions are integral in regional planning, especially in urban areas where highways and roads can become increasingly congested. Commuter rail in the United States (US) has experienced a renaissance in recent years, with rapid growth both in ridership and the number of systems in operation. Commuter rail ridership
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Contents December 2020 Highlights
    29 January 2021 Contents • December 2020 traffic highlights • Operating statistics table • Recent media releases December 2020 highlights Group traffic summary DECEMBER FINANCIAL YTD 2020 2019 % * 2021 2020 % *+ Passengers carried (000) 881 1,824 (51.7%) 4,003 9,040 (55.7%) Revenue Passenger Kilometres(m) 573 4,190 (86.3%) 2,678 20,021 (86.6%) Available Seat Kilometres (m) 913 4,922 (81.5%) 4,991 23,741 (79.0%) Passenger Load Factor (%) 62.8% 85.1% (22.3 pts) 53.7% 84.3% (30.6 pts) % change in reported RASK % change in underlying RASK Year-to-date RASK1 (incl. FX) (excl. FX) Group 30.7% 30.5% Short Haul 25.5% 25.3% Long Haul (27.2%) (27.6%) Please note that the available seat kilometre (capacity) numbers included in the tables within this disclosure do not include any cargo-only flights. This is because these capacity numbers are used to calculate passenger load factors and passenger RASK * % change is based on numbers prior to rounding. 1 Reported RASK (unit passenger revenue per available seat kilometre) is inclusive of foreign currency impact, and underlying RASK excludes foreign currency impact. 1 Operating statistics table Group DECEMBER FINANCIAL YTD 2020 2019 % * 2021 2020 % * Passengers carried (000) 881 1,824 (51.7%) 4,003 9,040 (55.7%) Revenue Passenger Kilometres(m) 573 4,190 (86.3%) 2,678 20,021 (86.6%) Available Seat Kilometres (m) 913 4,922 (81.5%) 4,991 23,741 (79.0%) Passenger Load Factor (%) 62.8% 85.1% (22.3 pts) 53.7% 84.3% (30.6 pts) Short Haul Total DECEMBER FINANCIAL YTD 2020 2019 % * 2021 2020 % * Passengers carried
    [Show full text]
  • COMPREHENSIVE SYSTEM ANALYSIS | Volume II: Service Plan City of Minot
    COMPREHENSIVE SYSTEM ANALYSIS | Volume II: Service Plan City of Minot City of Minot COMPREHENSIVE SYSTEM ANALYSIS Volume II: Service Plan December 2013 Nelson\Nygaard Consulting Associates Inc. | i COMPREHENSIVE SYSTEM ANALYSIS | Volume II: Service Plan City of Minot Table of Contents Page 1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................1-1 Community Outreach ............................................................................................................................. 1-2 2 Vision, Goals, and Transit Planning Principles ................................................................2-1 Vision for Transit in Minot ..................................................................................................................... 2-1 Elements of the Complete Transit System .................................................................................... 2-3 Service Allocation and Design Principles .......................................................................................... 2-7 Service Allocation Goals................................................................................................................. 2-7 Service Design Guidelines .............................................................................................................. 2-9 3 Short-Term Service Plan ...................................................................................................3-1 Route Descriptions .................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Amtrak: Overview
    Amtrak: Overview David Randall Peterman Analyst in Transportation Policy September 28, 2017 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R44973 Amtrak: Overview Summary Amtrak is the nation’s primary provider of intercity passenger rail service. It was created by Congress in 1970 to preserve some level of intercity passenger rail service while enabling private rail companies to exit the money-losing passenger rail business. It is a quasi-governmental entity, a corporation whose stock is almost entirely owned by the federal government. It runs a deficit each year, and relies on congressional appropriations to continue operations. Amtrak was last authorized in the Passenger Rail Reform and Investment Act of 2015 (Title XI of the Fixing America’s Surface Transportation (FAST Act; P.L. 114-94). That authorization expires at the end of FY2020. Amtrak’s annual appropriations do not rely on separate authorization legislation, but authorization legislation does allow Congress to set multiyear Amtrak funding goals and federal intercity passenger rail policies. Since Amtrak’s inception, Congress has been divided on the question of whether it should even exist. Amtrak is regularly criticized for failing to cover its costs. The need for federal financial support is often cited as evidence that passenger rail service is not financially viable, or that Amtrak should yield to private companies that would find ways to provide rail service profitably. Yet it is not clear that a private company could perform the same range of activities better than Amtrak does. Indeed, Amtrak was created because private-sector railroad companies in the United States lost money for decades operating intercity passenger rail service and wished to be relieved of the obligation to do so.
    [Show full text]
  • Analysis of Bus Passenger Comfort Perception Based on Passenger Load Factor and In‑Vehicle Time
    Shen et al. SpringerPlus (2016) 5:62 DOI 10.1186/s40064-016-1694-7 RESEARCH Open Access Analysis of bus passenger comfort perception based on passenger load factor and in‑vehicle time Xianghao Shen*, Shumin Feng, Zhenning Li and Baoyu Hu *Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract School of Transportation Although bus comfort is a crucial indicator of service quality, existing studies tend to Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute focus on passenger load and ignore in-vehicle time, which can also affect passengers’ of Technology, No. comfort perception. Therefore, by conducting surveys, this study examines passengers’ 73 Huanghe Road, comfort perception while accounting for both factors. Then, using the survey data, Harbin 150090, Heilongjiang, People’s Republic of China it performs a two-way analysis of variance and shows that both in-vehicle time and passenger load significantly affect passenger comfort. Then, a bus comfort model is proposed to evaluate comfort level, followed by a sensitivity analysis. The method introduced in this study has theoretical implications for bus operators attempting to improve bus service quality. Keywords: Public transport, Comfort perception, Passenger load factor, In-vehicle time Background Passenger comfort is an important index that can be used to measure the quality of pub- lic transport services and a crucial factor in residents’ choice of traffic mode (Dell’Olio et al. 2011; Eboli and Mazzula 2011). For example, the quality of life in China has been increasing over the years, which in turn has led to the demand for higher levels of trip comfort. Presently, traffic congestion has become ubiquitous in China’s metropolitan areas.
    [Show full text]
  • Butler Transit Development Plan: Business Strategies 2016
    Butler Transit Development Plan: Business Strategies 2016 Table of Contents 1. Introduction .......................................................................................................................................... 1 2. Agency Overview .................................................................................................................................. 1 3. Vision/Mission/Core Values/Strategic Goals ........................................................................................ 3 4. Challenges and Opportunities ............................................................................................................... 4 5. Key Performance Measures/Performance Targets .............................................................................. 5 5.1 Mission Statement ........................................................................................................................ 6 5.2 Strategic Goals and Objectives ..................................................................................................... 6 6. Service Guidelines/Tool Kit ................................................................................................................. 11 6.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 11 6.2 Mission Statement ...................................................................................................................... 11 6.3 Agency Strategic Goals ...............................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Information Item
    Information Item Date: October 25, 2016 To: Mayor and City Council From: Edward F. King, Director of Transit Services Subject: Fiscal Year 2015-16 Big Blue Bus Year End Performance Report Introduction Fiscal Year 2015-16 was marked by momentous adaptation of our service to meet the needs of a changing transportation marketplace within the City of Santa Monica and throughout the Big Blue Bus (BBB) service area. The most visible change in the public transportation landscape was, of course, the extension of the Expo Line to downtown Santa Monica, which has had a direct and very visible impact on mobility patterns in the City and regionally. In addition, growth in active transportation, introduction of bike share, first and last mile focus, the growth and acceptance of Uber and Lyft, advancements in autonomous vehicle technology, and other disruptive forces all contributed to dynamic shifts in how people think about their mobility needs here in Santa Monica and throughout the region. The following summary and attached report provide details on Big Blue Bus (BBB) service performance for FY2015-16 within the framework of a rapidly changing physical and cultural environment. Background In September 2013, City Council approved the Big Blue Bus service evaluation guidelines, titled “Big Blue Bus Service, Design, Performance and Evaluation Guidelines” that provided detailed recommendations for bus route and service performance metrics, a reporting calendar, and standardized methods for evaluating bus service and bus service proposals to ensure that all services are evaluated regularly for efficiency, cost effectiveness, and overall viability. Pursuant to the September 24, 2013 staff report and 1 subsequent action by Council, the following summarizes the performance for all BBB routes during Fiscal Year 2015-16.
    [Show full text]
  • Service, Design, Performance and Evaluation Guidelines
    SERVICE, DESIGN, PERFORMANCE AND EVALUATION GUIDELINES SERVICE STANDARDS – BIG BLUE BUS – 1 SERVICE STANDARDS – BIG BLUE BUS – 2 Contents 1 OVERVIEW .................................. .1.1 2 SERVICE DESIGN ............................ .2.1 2.1 Service Categories ................................................................... 2.2 2.2 Service Design Standards......................................................... 2.2 3 SERVICE PERFORMANCE ...................... 3.1 3.1 Key Performance Indicators .................................................... 3.2 4 SERVICE EVALUATION ........................ .4.1 4.1 Data Needs for Service Evaluation Process ............................4.2 4.2 Service Evaluation Schedule..................................................... 4.2 4.3 Public Input & Review............................................................... 4.3 4.4 New Service Evaluation............................................................ 4.3 4.5 Conclusion ................................................................................ 4.5 5 APPENDICES ................................ 5.1 Appendix A: Santa Monica’s Big Blue Bus Public Hearing Procedures For Major Service Or Fare Changes ............. 5.1 Appendix B: Sample Quarterly Route Performance Analysis Report......................................................... 5.3 SERVICE STANDARDS – BIG BLUE BUS Contents – i SERVICE STANDARDS – BIG BLUE BUS Contents – ii 1 Overview Santa Monica presents a unique case for transit in greater Los Angeles. While dense, it has historically
    [Show full text]
  • Data Collection Survey on Public Transportation in Sarajevo Canton, Bosnia and Herzegovina Final Report
    BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA MINISTRY OF TRAFFIC OF SARAJEVO CANTON GRAS OF SARAJEVO CANTON ←文字上 / 上から 70mm DATA COLLECTION SURVEY ←文字上 / 上から 75mm ON PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION IN SARAJEVO CANTON, BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA FINAL REPORT ←文字上 / 下から 95mm January 2020 ←文字上 / 下から 70mm JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY (JICA) NIPPON KOEI CO., LTD. EI JR 20-008 BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA MINISTRY OF TRAFFIC OF SARAJEVO CANTON GRAS OF SARAJEVO CANTON ←文字上 / 上から 70mm DATA COLLECTION SURVEY ←文字上 / 上から 75mm ON PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION IN SARAJEVO CANTON, BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA FINAL REPORT ←文字上 / 下から 95mm January 2020 ←文字上 / 下から 70mm JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY (JICA) NIPPON KOEI CO., LTD. Bosnia and Herzegovina Study Area Central Sarajevo Canton Bosnia and Herzegovina Belgrade Croatia Serbia Montenegro Bosnia and Herzegovina 0 300km © OpenStreetMap contributors Study Area：Central Sarajevo Canton Sarajevocity Tunnel M5 （Arterial road） Sarajevo Central Station Sarajevo International Airport 0 1 2 km Location of Study Area Data Collection Survey on Public Transportation in Sarajevo Canton, Bosnia and Herzegovina Final Report TABLE OF CONTENTS Location Map Table of Contents Abbreviations Glossary Chapter 1: Introduction .......................................................................................................... 1-1 Background ............................................................................................................... 1-1 Study Objective ........................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • RC-1613 Jill Adams 4
    MEASURING MICHIGAN LOCAL AND STATEWIDE TRANSIT LEVELS OF SERVICE Final Report prepared for Michigan DOT prepared by Cambridge Systematics, Inc. with Kimley-Horn and Associates, Inc. September 30, 2014 This publication is disseminated in the interest of information exchange. The Michigan Department of Transportation (hereinafter referred to as MDOT) expressly disclaims any liability, of any kind, or for any reason, that might otherwise arise out of any use of this publication or the information or data provided in the publication. MDOT further disclaims any responsibility for typographical errors or accuracy of the information provided or contained within this information. MDOT makes no warranties or representations whatsoever regarding the quality, content, completeness, suitability, adequacy, sequence, accuracy or timeliness of the information and data provided, or that the contents represent standards, specifications, or regulations. 1. Report No. 2. Government Accession No. 3. MDOT Project Manager RC-1613 Jill Adams 4. Title and Subtitle 5. Report Date Measuring Michigan Local and Statewide Transit 9/30/2014 Levels of Service 6. Performing Organization Code 7. Author(s) 8. Performing Org. Report No. Sam Van Hecke, Cambridge Systematics, Inc. David Baumgartner, Cambridge Systematics, Inc. 9. Performing Organization Name and Address 10. Work Unit No. (TRAIS) Cambridge Systematics, Inc. 100 Cambridge Park Drive, Suite 400 11. Contract No. Cambridge, MA 02140 2011-0477 11(a). Authorization No. Z2 12. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address 13. Type of Report & Period Covered Michigan Department of Transportation Final Report Office of Research and Best Practices 10/1/2013 – 9/30/2014 425 West Ottawa Street Lansing MI 48933 14.
    [Show full text]
  • Bus Rapid Transit Systems and Beyond Exploring the Limits of a Popular and Rapidly Growing Urban Transport System
    Bus rapid transit systems and beyond Exploring the limits of a popular and rapidly growing urban transport system David Sorg Advising Professor: Prof. Dr. Ulrich Weidmann, IVT ETH Zürich Supervisor: MSc ETH SD&IS Nelson Carrasco, IVT ETH Zürich Master Thesis MSc in Spatial Development and Infrastructure Systems July 2011 Bus rapid transit systems and beyond ________________________________________________________ July 2011 Acknowledgements I want to thank the following persons for their highly appreciated contributions and inputs. This work would not have been possible without their valuable support. Prof. Dr. U. Weidmann and Nelson Carrasco benevolently accepted to supervise this master thesis and assumed this task with great enthusiasm and commitment. Their con- stant and competent support, feedbacks, suggestions, and critique vitally contributed to guide and improve this work. Nicolas Leyva, Wolfgang Forderer, and Patrick Daude from the network „cities for mo- bility‟ in Stuttgart helped to develop the idea of this work. Their interest in the findings and results greatly contributed to the motivation and impetus that guided this work. Rebecca Bechstein, Flurin Feldmann, Gerold Signer, and Reto Rieder made crucial con- tributions to the quality of this work by their patient and persistent support in proofread- ing, commenting, and correcting. In exchange, they are experts in BRT systems by now. Finally, my family and close friends always provided invaluable support, backing, and motivation during my entire studies. Without their help, all this would not have been possible. References for the images on the title page: URL (2011a, b) I Bus rapid transit systems and beyond ________________________________________________________ July 2011 Table of contents Deutsche Zusammenfassung ......................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Palm Tran: Palm Beach County Surface Transportation Dept....16 X PSTA: Pinellas Suncoast Transit Authority
    PHASE TWO REPORT: DEVELOPMENT OF A LARGE BUS/SMALL BUS DECISION SUPPORT TOOL BD 549 RPWO 39 Phase Two Final Report February 2008 DEVELOPMENT OF A LARGE BUS/SMALL BUS DECISION SUPPORT TOOL Phase Two – Final Report Phase Two Final Report: Development of a Large Bus/Small Bus Decision Support Tool Final Report February 2008 Prepared for Florida Department of Transportation Prepared by National Center for Transit Research Center for Urban Transportation Research University of South Florida 4202 E. Fowler Avenue, CUT100 Tampa, FL 33620 The opinions, findings, and conclusions expressed in this publication are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the U.S. Department of Transportation or the State of Florida Department of Transportation. February 2008 ii DEVELOPMENT OF A LARGE BUS/SMALL BUS DECISION SUPPORT TOOL Phase Two – Final Report Technical Report Documentation Page 1. Report No. 2. Government Accession No. 3. Recipient's Catalog No. BD 549 RPWO 39 4. Title and Subtitle 5. Report Date Development of a Large Bus/Small Bus Decision Support February 2008 Tool 6. Performing Organization Code 7. Author(s) 8. Performing Organization Report No. Stephen L. Reich (PI), Anthony J. Ferraro, Sisinnio Concas, 2117-7713-00 Janet L. Davis 9. Performing Organization Name and Address 10. Work Unit No. (TRAIS) National Center for Transit Research (NCTR) Center for Urban Transportation Research (CUTR) – USF 11. Contract or Grant No. 4202 E. Fowler Ave., CUT100, Tampa, FL 33620 BD549-39 12. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address 13. Type of Report and Period Covered Florida Department of Transportation Final Report covering Research Center 2/13/07 – 5/1/08 605 Suwannee Street, MS 30 Tallahassee, FL 32399 14.
    [Show full text]
  • Low Carbon Land Transport and the Climate Bond Standard
    Low Carbon Land Transport and the Climate Bond Standard Background Paper to eligibility criteria Low Carbon Transport Technical Working Group Climate Bonds Standard and Certification Scheme: LC Transport Technical Working Committee Contents 1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 3 2 Leveraging climate bonds to develop low carbon transport infrastructure ................................... 4 2.1 The scale of the challenge ....................................................................................................... 4 2.2 The role of climate bonds ........................................................................................................ 4 3 Key issues in developing criteria for low carbon transport ............................................................ 6 3.1 Our starting point .................................................................................................................... 6 3.2 Issues of particular relevance to transport .............................................................................. 6 Only ambitious mitigation will decouple transport emissions from economic growth ................ 6 Dynamic systems increase the difficulty of estimating absolute emissions savings ..................... 7 Decarbonisation of the transport sector requires more than incremental change ...................... 7 Potential for radical decarbonisation is dependent on broader climate policy ...........................
    [Show full text]