The Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors of Small Ruminant Lungworm Infection in and Around Shashemene, Oromia, Ethiopia
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Int. J. Adv. Res. Biol. Sci. (2020). 7(8): 37-47 International Journal of Advanced Research in Biological Sciences ISSN: 2348-8069 www.ijarbs.com DOI: 10.22192/ijarbs Coden: IJARQG (USA) Volume 7, Issue 8 -2020 Research Article DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22192/ijarbs.2020.07.08.005 The Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors of Small Ruminant Lungworm Infection in and Around Shashemene, Oromia, Ethiopia. Nageso Hussein1, Abdulaziz Ousman2*, Faruk Amano3, Habib Hedato4, Fikadu Tesfaye5, and Ayele Beyene6 1Samara University, Faculity of Veterinary Medicine, Samara, Ethiopia. 2North Shawa Zone Yaya Gulalle District Livestock and Fishery Resource Development Office, Oromia, Ethiopia. 3West Arsi Adaba District Livestock and Fishery resource development Office, Oromia, Ethiopia. 4West Arsi Zone Siraro District Livestock and Fishery resource development Office, Oromia, Ethiopia 5Animal Health field officer at Brooke Ethiopia Project in Dodola Site, Oromia, Ethiopia. 6Arsi Zone Seru District Livestock and Fishery resource development Office, Oromia, Ethiopia Abstract A cross-sectional study were carried out from November 2018 to March 2019 in and around Shashemene, West Arsi, Oromia Regional States, Ethiopia to estimate the prevalence of lungworm infection in small ruminants, to assess associated risk factors in study area and to identify species of parasites involved by coprological examination. A total of 384 fecal samples were collected from randomly selected small ruminant (270 sheep and 114 goats) and examined for lungworm parasites. The modified Baerman techniques were implemented for the extraction of first stage larvae of lungworm. Out of 384 small ruminant examined 36 (9.4%) were found to be positive for one or more species of lungworm parasite. Lungworm species identified in small ruminant of the study area were Dictyocaulus filaria (5.5%), Protostrongylus rufescens (2.3%) and Mullerius capillaries (1.6%). Overall, 23(8.5%) sheep and 13(11.4%) goats were found infected with lungworms. Statistical significant difference was not observed in the prevalence of lungworm infection between sheep and goats (χ2=0.785, p>0.05). Highest prevalence of lungworm was recorded in young animals (10.83%) than adult (8.71%). However, age wise prevalence was not statistically significant (χ2 = 0.437, p > 0.05). Sex related lungworm infection did not have significant difference (χ2=1.756, p>0.05) with 6.5% and 10.73% prevalence in male and female respectively. Significant difference on the prevalence between different body conditioned animal were recorded; in which higher value observed in poor body conditioned small ruminant (χ2 = 6.015, P < 0.05). Generally, lungworm infection of the study area in small ruminant was low. However, lack of strategic seasonal deworming, poor management and husbandry practices may favors the increment of lungworm infection in the study area. Therefore, in order to increase profitability from small ruminants of the study area seasonal deworming, improved animal management and husbandry practice should be practiced. Keywords: Lungworm, Risk Factor, Prevalence, Shashamene And Small Ruminant 37 Int. J. Adv. Res. Biol. Sci. (2020). 7(8): 37-47 Introduction [11, 12, 13]. The larvae of P. rufescens and M. capillaris differentiated from D. filaria by their small Livestock production constitutes one of the principal size and absence of anterior cuticuar knob, while P. means of achieving improved living standards in many rufescens and M. capillaris are differentiated from regions of the developing world. In Sub-Saharan each other by their characteristic features, at the tip of African countries, livestock plays a crucial role both in their tail. P. rufescens has a wavey out line at the tip of national economies and livelihood of rural its tail, but devoid of dorsal spine, on the other hand communities [1]. It provides drought power, milk, and M. capillaris has an undulating tip and a dorsal spine meat, input for crop production and soil fertility and [12, 14]. raw material for industry [2]. Ethiopia is a country of huge livestock resources of which small stock is an Prevalence of small ruminant lungworm is different integral part of the system. The country owns an based on geographical and climatic factors of spatial estimated population of 28.29 million sheep and 29.7 area. It is host specific and common in areas of mild million goats which play an important role in the rural high rain fall and abundant grass [13]. The prevalence economy and enable the country to earn substantial of infection is low in spring and summer and rises amounts of foreign currency through export of skins rapidly in the autumn and winter [15]. According to and other byproducts [3]. Agriculture is the mainstay Gelagay [16] lungworms particularly D.filaria can of the Ethiopian economy. It employs over 80% of the suppress the immunity of the respiratory tract. The adult population and account for 45% of the GDP and pathogenic effect of lungworms depends on their 85% of the export earnings. Livestock production location within the respiratory tract, the number of performs several functions primarily as source of infective larvae ingested and the immune system of household incomes, food and animal drought power the animals [17]. for livestock producers [4]. Small ruminant provide 33% of meat and 14% of milk consumption in In many cases, the clinical sign in infected animals can Ethiopia [5]. In the central high lands where mixed be less obvious than signs of other livestock diseases. crop-livestock production system is practiced, small However, in naturally affected animals clinical signs ruminant account for 40% of cash income and 19% of like reduced growth, loss of appetite, increase the house hold meat consumption [6]. Yet these respiratory rate and coughing are usually observable species have received much less attention from [18].The incidence of parasitic disease including research and development agencies [7]. And the respiratory helminthosis varies greatly from place to economic benefits to the farmers remain marginal due place depending on the relative importance of factors to prevailing disease, poor nutrition, poor animal in Ethiopia, and proper diagnosis, treatment, control production systems and general lack of veterinary care and prevention of these parasites, therefore, critical to [2].Among the diseases impairing small ruminant enhance the economic benefit from these species of production and productivity parasitic infection is the livestock [19]. most important of which lungworm infection is vital. Lungworms are widely distributed throughout the Helminth parasites of ruminants are ubiquitous and world but they are particularly common in countries prevalent with many tropical and sub-tropical with temperate climates, and in the highlands of environments of the world providing nearly perfect tropical and subtropical countries, and it is common in conditions for their survival and development. Ethiopia [8]. However, the clinical signs they cause in infected animals can be less obvious than signs of other Lungworm infection is also called Verminous livestock diseases. Partly for this reason, infections Bronchitis or Verminous Pneumonia which caused by with gastro-intestinal and other helminthes parasites the three economically important species of lungworm are among the most neglected areas of veterinary care of sheep and goats namely, D.filaria, P.rufescens, and in much of the developing world. It has however been M. capillaries[8, 9]. The parasites are round worms established that high prevalence of the infection with (nematodes) belonging to the phylum less obvious sign associate with poor production and Nemathelminthes and grouped under unthriftness [10]. Metastrongyloidea orTrichostrongyloidea super families [10].The larvae of D.filariadiffentiated form The production loss due to helminths is associated P. rufescens and M. capillaris by having characteristic with direct consequences of clinical and subclinical cuticular knob at the anterior extremity, brownish infections resulting in low productivity due to stunted intestinal granules, large size and blunted pointed tail growth, reduced weight gain, poor feed utilization or 38 Int. J. Adv. Res. Biol. Sci. (2020). 7(8): 37-47 loss due to mortality or indirect loss associated with All the study animals were local breeds. These animals cost of treatment and control measures [20]. are maintained in small house hold flocks of mixed age for subsistence and small scale private farms for In Ethiopia, the prevalence of lungworm infection in sale. In the study area the number of goats is low sheep and goats and the species of the parasite compared to sheep population. involved have been reported by many researchers such as [6, 8, 10, 19, 21-25]. According to these studies, the 2.3. Study Design prevalence of lungworm infection in Ethiopia ranges from 13.4–73.25% in sheep and 26.5–62.7% in goats. Cross-sectional study design was implemented from Several studies have been done concerning the November 2018 to March 2019 to addresses the prevalence and economic significance of lungworm objectives of the study obtained fromfour sitesin and infection of small ruminants in Ethiopia. However, surroundings of Shashemene and animals were information on the status of lungworms of small selected proportionally by using simple random ruminant in and surrounding of Shashemene was sampling technique from these areas. The four sites lacking. wereFaji, Bishan Guracha, MelkaOda and Sole were selected from the study area. The variable of interest Therefore the objectives of this study were; considered as an output variable versus risk factors To estimate the prevalence of lungworm during the study was fecal status for larvae for small infection in the study area. ruminant lungworms. To identify the species of the lungworms infecting small ruminant of the study area. 2.4. Sampling Method and Sample Size To identify the associated risk factors of Determination lungworms in small ruminant in the study area. The study area was selected purposively based on the Materials and Methods information obtained about small ruminant lungworm studies conducted before, ecology of the study area, 2.1.