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Chronological Review on Phytochemical, Antioxidant, Antimicrobial and Clinical Studies on Biodiesel Yielding Good Luck Tree (Thevetia Peruviana)

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Chronological Review on Phytochemical, Antioxidant, Antimicrobial and Clinical Studies on Biodiesel Yielding Good Luck Tree (Thevetia Peruviana) Available online at www.ijpab.com Kumar et al Int. J. Pure App. Biosci. 5 (6): xxx-xxx (2017) ISSN: 2320 – 7051 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.18782/2320-7051.2894 ISSN: 2320 – 7051 Int. J. Pure App. Biosci. 5 (6): 1499-1514 (2017) Review Article Chronological Review on Phytochemical, Antioxidant, Antimicrobial and Clinical studies on Biodiesel Yielding Good Luck Tree (Thevetia peruviana) Ashwani Kumar*, Vani Tyagi, Beenu Rathi, Priyanka and Manisha Department of Biotechnology & Microbiology, Shri Ram College Muzaffarnagar, UP-251001, India *Corresponding Author E-mail: [email protected] Received: 24.04.2017 | Revised: 29.05.2017 | Accepted: 6.06.2017 ABSTRACT Thevetia peruviana belongs to the Apocynaceae family. Thevetia peruviana is commonly found in Asian countries, especially in India, Sri Lanka. That has been used as an anti-inflammatory, anti- microbial, and an anti-oxidant. The paper has made an attempt in presenting a comprehensive review of the fifteen years of extensive research conducted on this plant with respect to its clinical significance. A wide-ranging account of its phytoconstituents, Antioxidant, Antimicrobial and the clinical aspect are presented in this paper, In view of the many recent findings of importance with regards to this plant. A wide range of secondary metabolites have been isolated from this plant, exhibiting various and excessive array of biological activities. Extracts from the various parts of Thevetia peruviana possess useful pharmacological activities. In conclusion, Thevetia peruviana is a well studied plant of medicinal value. It has scientifically confirmed to show anti-microbial action from the oil of the plant that contains flavonoids and thevefolin isolated from seeds showed anti-cancer activity and cardiotonic activity. Plants also bearing non-edible seeds have the potentials of reclaiming wasteland and do not compete with food crops and using up of these non-conventional and non -edible feed stocks can be sustainable for biodiesel production. Key words: Thevetia peruviana, Good luck tree, Phytochemical, Antioxidant, Antimicrobial. INTRODUCTION be cultivated in wastelands. It requires Thevetia peruviana belongs to the family minimum water when it 30 is in growing Apocynaceae & it commonly known as stage. It starts flowering after 1 & a half year. Yellow oleander & Lucky nut. Thevetia After that, it blooms thrice every year. It has peruviana, called Manjarali in Tamil Nadu, is also been regarded as a rich source of a small evergreen tree (3-4 m high) cultivated biologically active compounds such as as an ornamental plant in tropical & insecticides, fungicides & bactercides, which subtropical regions of the world, including shows Thevetia peruviana plant extract, have India, Australia and China. Fruit contains 2-4 also been reported have Anti-microbial flat gray seeds, which yields about half a litre properties1. of oil from 1 kg of dry kernel. This plant can Cite this article: Kumar, A., Tyagi, V., Rathi, B., Priyanka and Manisha, Chronological Review on Phytochemical, Antioxidant, Antimicrobial and Clinical Studies on Biodiesel Yielding Good Luck Tree (Thevetia peruviana), Int. J. Pure App. Biosci. 5(6): 1499-1514 (2017). doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.18782/2320-7051.2894 Copyright © Nov.-Dec., 2017; IJPAB 1499 Kumar et al Int. J. Pure App. Biosci. 5 (6): xxx-xxx (2017) ISSN: 2320 – 7051 DESCRIPTION OF PLANT mono-alkyl esters of long chain fatty acids, PHARMACOLOGICAL more commonly methyl esters and is typically CLASSIFICATION made from nontoxic, biological resources such Botanical name Thevetia peruviana as edible and non-edible vegetable oils, animal Kingdom Plantae fats, waste cooking oils and oil from algae by Family Apocynaceae transesterification with methanol4-5. The Order Gentianales concept of biodiesel as an engine fuel dates Genus Thevetia back to 1895 when Dr. Rudolf Diesel (1858- Species peruviana 1913) developed the first diesel engine with the intention to run on vegetable oils6. He used Due to rapid population growth and economic peanut vegetable oil to demonstrate first its development, the worldwide energy demand is invention at the World Exhibition in Paris in constantly increasing. The energy demand is the year 1900. In 1912, Diesel said, “The use fulfilled mainly from the conventional energy of vegetable oils as engine fuel may seem resources like coal, petroleum and natural gas. insignificant today. But such oils may, in the Recently, due to the shortage of fossil fuels course of time, become as important as throughout the world, crude oil price increase petroleum and coal tar products of the present and contribution of these fuels to pollute the time.” This prophetic statement of Rudolf environment, biodiesel is being attracting Diesel is a reality now. It is known that increasing attention worldwide as a potential petroleum is a finite resource and that its price alternative and renewable fuel for diesel tends to increase exponentially, as its reserves engines.2-3 Biodiesel, an alternative and decrease7. renewable fuel for diesel engines, consists of Fig. 1: Yellow oleander fruits, seeds and kernels The Sanskrit names for Thevetia peruviana, (Encyclopaedia of World of Medicinal Plants). found in the encyclopaedia of medicinal plants The medicinal value of this plant ranges from 9. are Ashvaghna (अश्वाघना), Divyapusha the being an extreme cardiotonic agent 8. (दिव्यपषू ा), and Haripriya (हरिप्रिया) Fig. 2: Parts of Thevetia peruviana having fruits, flowers, mature fruits, buds and branches having fruits and flowers Copyright © Nov.-Dec., 2017; IJPAB 1500 Kumar et al Int. J. Pure App. Biosci. 5 (6): xxx-xxx (2017) ISSN: 2320 – 7051 CONSTITUENTS OF LEAF Its flowers showed presence of quercetin, Leaf extracts studied consisted of cardiac kaempferol and quercetin-7-o-galactoside. glycosides, sterols, iridoid glucosides, CONSTITUENTS OF BARK pentayclic triterpenes and a cardenolide. 7 Bark extract showed presence of four known compounds that are known from fresh cardenolide glycosides, neriifolin, thevefolin, uncrushed leaves they are, 1) neolupenyl peruvoside, and (20S) – 18, 20- acetate, 2) 11-oxours- 12-en-28-oic acid, 3) epoxydigitoxigenin α-L-thevetoside. lupeol acetate, 4) oleanolic acid, 5) ursolic CONSTITUENTS OF ROOT acid, 6) stigmast-5-en-7- one, and 7) β- Root extract showed presence of iridoids, sitosterol. theveside, theviridoside, and two new CONSTITUENTS OF SEED glucosides theviridoside identified by Chinese Seeds extract’s studied consisted of researchers namely 10-O-β- D-Glucopyranosyl cardenolide triglycosides of neriifolin, theviridoside and 3-O-β-D-Glucopyranosyl acetylneriifolin and thevetin. theviridoside. CONSTITUENTS OF FLOWER Fig. 3: Thevetin B and Thevefolin PLANT DISTRIBUTION seeds. Leaves about 10-15 cm in length linear This plant is grown up in Central& South & acute14, 15, 16. America as well as Asian countries; India, Sri CULTIVATION & PROPAGATION Lanka and tropical region also. It is a small CULTIVATION tree, leaves are green, flowers colour is yellow The cultivation of Thevetia peruviana is not or orange yellow it shows like trumpet much hard. This plant is large flowering shrub; structure. Flowers have odourless; fruits are it plants in field, gardens in a normal temperature. It does not need much deep green or black colour. Fruit size is largely maintenance. It tolerates all types of soil. it contains milky sap substance which is called Warmer condition is prone to grown of this Thevetin. Thevetin is a glycoside which plant. Green house may be used in winter presents cardiac stimulant property. But it is season17, 18, 19, 20. poisonous material. Leaves are present waxy PROPAGATION coating to reduce the water loss of the plant. Generally seeds are propagated in spring When plant turned to aged condition stem condition or early summer when spring is just change colour greenish to gray10, 11, 12, 13. turned off with hard wood cutting. In spring HABITAT condition (in a glass containing 10% bleach A large, evergreen shrub 450-600 cm tall with 90% warm water and clean seed coat are taken scented bright yellow flower in terminal cymes for 2-3 minutes; after wash seed and soak in bears triangular fleshy drupes, containing 2-4 warm water for 24 hours)21,22,23,24. Copyright © Nov.-Dec., 2017; IJPAB 1501 Kumar et al Int. J. Pure App. Biosci. 5 (6): xxx-xxx (2017) ISSN: 2320 – 7051 Biochemical and Phytochemical and Activity Antimicrobial Clinical Activity Activity Properties of Thevetia peruviana Anti-oxidant and Anti-tumour Environmental Aspects Activity Ethanomedicinal & Molecular and Biodiesel yielding Pharmacological Plant Study Fig. 4: Flow Chart for Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, Clinical, Phytochemical, and Pharmacological activity of T. peruviana NUTRITIONAL, BIOCHEMICAL, (8.5%) were found in A. catechu, T. catappa, PHYTOCHEMICAL AND E. guineensis and C. thevetia, respectively. PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITY Here, A. catechu had the highest relative fibre Proximate analysis of twelve species of fruits content of all tested fruits, E. guineensis had commonly consumed by long-tailemacaques the highest fat content, T. catappa had the (Macaca fascicularis), i.e., Arenga pinnata, highest protein content, and the total mineral Areca catechu, Terminalia catappa, Elaeis content was highest in C. thevetia25. Thevetia guineensis, Lagerstroemia tomentosa, peruviana (Pers.) K. Schum. (Apocynaceae) is Mangifera indica, Cascabela thevetia, known to possess cardioactive glycoside such Muntingia calabura, Musa sp., Artocarpus as thevetin A, thevetin
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