Armenian Leaders Mark First Republic Anniversary
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THE IMPACT of the ARMENIAN GENOCIDE on the FORMATION of NATIONAL STATEHOOD and POLITICAL IDENTITY “Today Most Armenians Do
ASHOT ALEKSANYAN THE IMPACT OF THE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ON THE FORMATION OF NATIONAL STATEHOOD AND POLITICAL IDENTITY Key words – Armenian Genocide, pre-genocide, post-genocide, national statehood, Armenian statehood heritage, political identity, civiliarchic elite, civilization, civic culture, Armenian diaspora, Armenian civiliarchy “Today most Armenians do not live in the Republic of Armenia. Indeed, most Armenians have deep ties to the countries where they live. Like a lot of us, many Armenians find themselves balancing their role in their new country with their historical and cultural roots. How far should they assimilate into their new countries? Does Armenian history and culture have something to offer Armenians as they live their lives now? When do historical and cultural memories create self-imposed limits on individuals?”1 Introduction The relevance of this article is determined, on the one hand, the multidimen- sionality of issues related to understanding the role of statehood and the political and legal system in the development of Armenian civilization, civic culture and identity, on the other hand - the negative impact of the long absence of national system of public administration and the devastating impact of the Armenian Genocide of 1915 on the further development of the Armenian statehood and civiliarchy. Armenian Genocide in Ottoman Turkey was the first ever large-scale crime against humanity and human values. Taking advantage of the beginning of World War I, the Turkish authorities have organized mass murder and deportations of Armenians from their historic homeland. Genocide divided the civiliarchy of the Armenian people in three parts: before the genocide (pre-genocide), during the genocide and after the genocide (post-genocide). -
Nagorno-Karabakh's
Nagorno-Karabakh’s Gathering War Clouds Europe Report N°244 | 1 June 2017 Headquarters International Crisis Group Avenue Louise 149 • 1050 Brussels, Belgium Tel: +32 2 502 90 38 • Fax: +32 2 502 50 38 [email protected] Preventing War. Shaping Peace. Table of Contents Executive Summary ................................................................................................................... i I. Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 1 II. Ongoing Risks of War ....................................................................................................... 2 A. Military Tactics .......................................................................................................... 4 B. Potential Humanitarian Implications ....................................................................... 6 III. Shifts in Public Moods and Policies ................................................................................. 8 A. Azerbaijan’s Society ................................................................................................... 8 1. Popular pressure on the government ................................................................... 8 2. A tougher stance ................................................................................................... 10 B. Armenia’s Society ....................................................................................................... 12 1. Public mobilisation and anger -
Sabiha Gökçen's 80-Year-Old Secret‖: Kemalist Nation
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO ―Sabiha Gökçen‘s 80-Year-Old Secret‖: Kemalist Nation Formation and the Ottoman Armenians A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Communication by Fatma Ulgen Committee in charge: Professor Robert Horwitz, Chair Professor Ivan Evans Professor Gary Fields Professor Daniel Hallin Professor Hasan Kayalı Copyright Fatma Ulgen, 2010 All rights reserved. The dissertation of Fatma Ulgen is approved, and it is acceptable in quality and form for publication on microfilm and electronically: _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ Chair University of California, San Diego 2010 iii DEDICATION For my mother and father, without whom there would be no life, no love, no light, and for Hrant Dink (15 September 1954 - 19 January 2007 iv EPIGRAPH ―In the summertime, we would go on the roof…Sit there and look at the stars…You could reach the stars there…Over here, you can‘t.‖ Haydanus Peterson, a survivor of the Armenian Genocide, reminiscing about the old country [Moush, Turkey] in Fresno, California 72 years later. Courtesy of the Zoryan Institute Oral History Archive v TABLE OF CONTENTS Signature Page…………………………………………………………….... -
Public Law Sources and Analogies of International Law
533 PUBLIC LAW SOURCES AND ANALOGIES OF INTERNATIONAL LAW Eirik Bjorge* Are the "general principles of law recognised by civilized nations" capable of adjusting to the progress and needs of the international community? This article argues that they are, and that international law needs, to a larger degree than what has been the case, to draw on principles of public law. Those principles of public law are not to supplant, but to supplement, those of private law. The article analyses four principles: the principle of legality; the principle requiring positive legal basis for state action; the principle that even the highest emanation of the executive power cannot escape judicial review; and the principle of protection of legitimate expectations. If one takes account of the needs of international law, there is no reason whatever why today we should accede to the orthodoxy that the intention behind the concept of general principles is only to authorise a court to apply the general principles of municipal jurisprudence, in particular of private law, in so far as they are applicable to relations of states – if for no other reason than the fact that international law no longer governs only relations of states. I INTRODUCTION The focus of this article is the extent to which "general principles of law recognised by civilized nations"1 are capable of adjusting to the progress and needs of the international community. The * Professor of Law, University of Bristol. 1 Statute of the International Court of Justice 892 UNTS 119 (26 June 1945), art 38(1)(c). -
JURI Committee Mission to the Hague, Netherlands
COMMITTEE ON LEGAL AFFAIRS Mission to the Netherlands 8 – 9 February 2016 PROGRAMME Monday, 8 February 8.30 Departure of coach from Brussels 10.30 Arrival in Utrecht 11.00-12.00 Meeting with representatives of the European Equality Law Network – exchange of views on gender equality law Dr Susanne Burri, specialist coordinator for gender equality, Pr Linda Senden, senior expert for gender equality and member of the executive committee, Marcel Zwamborn, general coordinator, Dr Alexandra Timmer, acting coordinator for gender equality law 12.30-13.30 Lunch with the European Equality Law Network 14.30 Departure of coach from Utrecht 15.30 Arrival in The Hague 16.00-17.00 Visit to the International Court of Justice – exchange of views on international law Philippe Couvreur, Registrar of the International Court of Justice 17.30-18.30 Visit to Eurojust – exchange of views on judicial cooperation in the EU Michèle Coninsx, President of Eurojust 18.30 Departure of coach to hotel Tuesday, 9 February 9.00 Departure of coach from hotel 9.30-10.30 Visit to the Academie voor wetgeving – exchange of views on better law-making 11.00-12.00 Visit to the Permanent Court of Arbitration – exchange of views on international arbitration Hugo Siblesz, Secretary-General of the Permanent Court of Arbitration 12.30-13.00 Informal lunch at the Ministry for Security and Justice At the invitation of the Deputy Director for European and International Affairs 13.15-13.45 Private meeting with Ard van der Steur, Minister for Security and Justice – exchange of views on -
THE BENEFITS of ETHNIC WAR Understanding Eurasia's
v53.i4.524.king 9/27/01 5:18 PM Page 524 THE BENEFITS OF ETHNIC WAR Understanding Eurasia’s Unrecognized States By CHARLES KING* AR is the engine of state building, but it is also good for busi- Wness. Historically, the three have often amounted to the same thing. The consolidation of national states in western Europe was in part a function of the interests of royal leaders in securing sufficient rev- enue for war making. In turn, costly military engagements were highly profitable enterprises for the suppliers of men, ships, and weaponry. The great affairs of statecraft, says Shakespeare’s Richard II as he seizes his uncle’s fortune to finance a war, “do ask some charge.” The distinc- tion between freebooter and founding father, privateer and president, has often been far murkier in fact than national mythmaking normally allows. Only recently, however, have these insights figured in discussions of contemporary ethnic conflict and civil war. Focused studies of the me- chanics of warfare, particularly in cases such as Sudan, Liberia, and Sierra Leone, have highlighted the complex economic incentives that can push violence forward, as well as the ways in which the easy labels that analysts use to identify such conflicts—as “ethnic” or “religious,” say—always cloud more than they clarify.1 Yet how precisely does the chaos of war become transformed into networks of profit, and how in turn can these informal networks harden into the institutions of states? Post-Soviet Eurasia provides an enlightening instance of these processes in train. In the 1990s a half dozen small wars raged across the region, a series of armed conflicts that future historians might term collectively the * The author would like to thank three anonymous referees for comments on an earlier draft of this article and Lori Khatchadourian, Nelson Kasfir, Christianne Hardy Wohlforth, Chester Crocker, and Michael Brown for helpful conversations. -
Madrid, 14 April 2009 His Excellency Mr. Philippe Couvreur
MINISTERIO DE ASUNTOSEXTERIORES Y DE COOPERACIÔN El M.inistro Madrid, 14 April 2009 His Excellency Mr. Philippe Couvreur Registrar International Court of Justice Peace Palace 2517 KJ The Hague The Netherlands Y our Excellency, In response to your letter of 20 October 2008, it is my honour to inform you that, following the Court's Ortler of 17 October 2008, the Government of Spain has decided to submit a written statement regarding the request from the United Nations General Assembly for an Advisory Opinion on the Accordance with International Law of the Unilateral fleclaration of Independence by the Provisional Institutions of Self Government of Kosovo. In this respect, I am pleased to inform you that the Kingdom of Spain will be represented in these advisory proceedings by Professor Concepci6n Escobar Hemandez, Legal Adviser of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation. Please accept, Y our Excellency, the assurances of my highest consideration. Minister of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE ACCORDANCEWITH INTERNATIONALLAW OF THE UNILATERALDECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCEBY THE PROVISIONALINSTITUTIONS OF SELF-GOVERNMENTOF KOSOVO (REQUEST FOR ADVISORY OPINION) WRITTEN STATEMENT OF THE KINGDOM OF SPAIN April, 2009 GOBIERNO MINISTERIO DE ESPANA DE ASUNTOS EXTERIORES Y DE COOPERACIÔN CONTENTS Page 1.- REQUEST FOR AN ADVISORY OPINION: GENERAL ISSUES...................... 5 1.- Introduction................................................................................................ 5 2.- The scope of the question......................................................................... -
JURI Report SPECIAL EDITION
JURI Report SPECIAL EDITION MARCH 2016 SPECIAL EDITION following the mission to Utrecht and The Hague on 8 and 9 February NEXT MEETING 2016 14-15 MARCH2016 Members of the mission: Heidi Hautala (Leader of the mission) Joëlle Bergeron JURI Website Julia Reda The mission of the Committee on Legal Affairs to Utrecht and The Hague took place over two EPRS days, 8 and 9 February 2016. It was mainly focused on the committee's competence for international law, both private and public. The mission also comprised specific meetings on the topics of better law-making, gender equality and judicial cooperation. LATEST ANALYSES The three participating Members were accompanied by a team composed of secretariat staff, political advisors and interpreters. Brussels IIa: Towards a Review Summary account of meetings The participants held a total of seven meetings during the mission: The General Principles of EU Administrative Procedural Law The Balance of EU Copyright: Impact of Exceptions and Limitations on Industries and Economic Growth The ECB's Outright Monetary Transaction Programme compatibility with the EU Law Civil Judicial Expertise in the EU: Analysis of EU Legislation and Recommendations Civil-Law Expert Reports in the EU: National Rules and Practices 1. Meeting with representatives of the European Equality Law Network The European Patent At Utrecht University, the participants held an exchange of views on gender equality law Office - State of Play with Dr Susanne Burri, specialist coordinator for gender equality, Professor Linda Senden, _________________________________________________________________________________ senior expert for gender equality and member of the executive committee, Marcel Zwamborn, general coordinator, and Dr Alexandra Timmer, acting coordinator for gender equality law. -
THE ARMENIAN Mirrorc SPECTATOR Since 1932
THE ARMENIAN MIRRORc SPECTATOR Since 1932 Volume LXXXXI, NO. 41, Issue 4683 MAY 1, 2021 $2.00 Thank You President Biden KEN MARTIN PHOTO STATEMENT BY PRESIDENT JOE BIDEN ON ARMENIAN GENOCIDE REMEMBRANCE DAY WASHINGTON — Each year on this day, we remem- ber the lives of all those who died in the Ottoman-era Ar- menian genocide and recommit ourselves to preventing such an atrocity from ever again occurring. Beginning on April 24, 1915, with the arrest of Armenian intellectuals and community leaders in Constantinople by Ottoman au- thorities, one and a half million Armenians were deported, massacred, or marched to their deaths in a campaign of ex- termination. We honor the victims of the Meds Yeghern so that the horrors of what happened are never lost to history. And we remember so that we remain ever-vigilant against the corrosive influence of hate in all its forms. Of those who survived, most were forced to find new homes and new lives around the world, including in the A large crowd turned out for the Boston April 24 commemoration. (See story inside) United States. With strength and resilience, the Armenian people survived and rebuilt their community. Over the decades Armenian immigrants have enriched the United States in countless ways, but they have never forgotten the tragic history that brought so many of their ancestors to our Armenia Delighted with US shores. We honor their story. We see that pain. We affirm the history. We do this not to cast blame but to ensure that what happened is never repeated. Recognition of Genocide Today, as we mourn what was lost, let us also turn our eyes to the future — toward the world that we wish to build trauma of the 106 year-old Genocide. -
The Armenians from Kings and Priests to Merchants and Commissars
The Armenians From Kings and Priests to Merchants and Commissars RAZMIK PANOSSIAN HURST & COMPANY, LONDON THE ARMENIANS To my parents Stephan and Sona Panossian RAZMIK PANOSSIAN The Armenians From Kings and Priests to Merchants and Commissars HURST & COMPANY,LONDON First published in the United Kingdom by C. Hurst & Co. (Publishers) Ltd, 41 Great Russell Street, London WC1B 3PL Copyright © by Razmik Panossian, 2006 All rights reserved. Printed in India The right of Razmik Panossian to be identified as the author of this volume has been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyight, Designs and Patents Act, 1988. A catalogue record for this volume is available from the British Library. ISBNs 1-85065-644-4 casebound 1-85065-788-2 paperback ‘The life of a nation is a sea, and those who look at it from the shore cannot know its depths.’—Armenian proverb ‘The man who finds his homeland sweet is still a tender beginner; he to whom every soil is as his native one is already strong; but he is perfect to whom the entire world is as a foreign land. The tender soul has fixed his love on one spot in the world; the strong man has extended his love to all places; the perfect man has extinguished his.’—Hugo of St Victor (monk from Saxony,12th century) The proverb is from Mary Matossian, The Impact of Soviet Policies in Armenia. Hugo of St Victor is cited in Edward Said, ‘Reflections on Exile’, Granta, no. 13. CONTENTS Preface and Acknowledgements page xi 1. Introduction 1 THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS AND DEFINITIONS 5 A brief overview: going beyond dichotomies 6 Questionable assumptions: homogenisation and the role of the state 10 The Armenian view 12 Defining the nation 18 — The importance of subjectivity 20 — The importance of modernity 24 — The characteristics of nations 28 2. -
Annual Report | 2019-20 Ministry of External Affairs New Delhi
Ministry of External Affairs Annual Report | 2019-20 Ministry of External Affairs New Delhi Annual Report | 2019-20 The Annual Report of the Ministry of External Affairs is brought out by the Policy Planning and Research Division. A digital copy of the Annual Report can be accessed at the Ministry’s website : www.mea.gov.in. This Annual Report has also been published as an audio book (in Hindi) in collaboration with the National Institute for the Empowerment of Persons with Visual Disabilities (NIEPVD) Dehradun. Designed and Produced by www.creativedge.in Dr. S Jaishankar External Affairs Minister. Earlier Dr S Jaishankar was President – Global Corporate Affairs at Tata Sons Private Limited from May 2018. He was Foreign Secretary from 2015-18, Ambassador to United States from 2013-15, Ambassador to China from 2009-2013, High Commissioner to Singapore from 2007- 2009 and Ambassador to the Czech Republic from 2000-2004. He has also served in other diplomatic assignments in Embassies in Moscow, Colombo, Budapest and Tokyo, as well in the Ministry of External Affairs and the President’s Secretariat. Dr S. Jaishankar is a graduate of St. Stephen’s College at the University of Delhi. He has an MA in Political Science and an M. Phil and Ph.D in International Relations from Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi. He is a recipient of the Padma Shri award in 2019. He is married to Kyoko Jaishankar and has two sons & and a daughter. Shri V. Muraleedharan Minister of State for External Affairs Shri V. Muraleedharan, born on 12 December 1958 in Kanuur District of Kerala to Shri Gopalan Vannathan Veettil and Smt. -
PUT on NOTICE: the ROLE of the DISPUTE REQUIREMENT in ASSESSING JURISDICTION and ADMISSIBILITY BEFORE the INTERNATIONAL COURT Put Notice JULIETTE MCINTYRE*
PUT ON NOTICE: THE ROLE OF THE DISPUTE REQUIREMENT IN ASSESSING JURISDICTION AND ADMISSIBILITY BEFORE THE INTERNATIONAL COURT Put Notice JULIETTE MCINTYRE* Since the International Court of Justice handed down its 2016 judgments in the Marshall Islands cases, much has been written about the cases and their consequences. This article takes a step back, to view the Court’s most recent treatment of the dispute requirement in the context of the principles developed in the Court’s previous case law. It will be argued that the ‘new’ awareness requirement is potentially no more than a manifestation of the requirement for positive opposition, but that it has been driven by the Court’s conceiving of the dispute requirement as a jurisdictional precondition and serves to impose a de facto pre-action notice requirement on parties seeking access to the Court. CONTENTS I Introduction ............................................................................................................... 2 II ‘Disputes’ before the International Court of Justice and the Principles that Determine the Existence of a Dispute ....................................................................... 4 A Irrelevance of Political Motive ..................................................................... 7 B Legal Rights .................................................................................................. 9 C Positive Opposition .................................................................................... 10 D Awareness ..................................................................................................