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Classificação Moderna Para Angiospermas

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Classificação Moderna Para Angiospermas 27/08/2020 BIB 0304 – Botânica para Farmácia 2020 Classificação moderna para Angiospermas Profa Déborah Yara A. C. Santos [email protected] BIB 0304 – Botânica para Farmácia 2020 Angiospermas (plantas com flores) Gametófito masculino reduzido Óvulos com dois tegumentos Gametófito feminino reduzido Formação do endosperma Elementos de tubo crivado e células companheiras Flores e frutos 1 27/08/2020 BIB 0304 – Botânica para Farmácia 2020 1. Porque agrupamos as coisas? Possibilita o entendimento da amplitude da diversidade 2. Como agrupar? Critérios procariontes eucariontes CLASSIFICAÇÃO BIB 0304 – Botânica para Farmácia 2020 Principais sistemas de classificação usados em Botânica Vários ao longo Theophrastus (370-285 aC) da história • “Pai da Botânica” • Discípulo de Aristóteles • Sistema baseado no hábito de vida • Arvores, arbustos e ervas 2 27/08/2020 BIB 0304 – Botânica para Farmácia 2020 Principais sistemas de classificação usados em Botânica Essencialismo: A classificação não é construída mas sim descoberta, pois já foi • Linneu construída por Deus Vegetais (Plantas) • Engler (1964) Critérios para classificação: • Cronquist (1968, 1981, 1988) caracteres reprodutivos Reconheceu 24 classes, uma • APG (1999, 2003, 2009, 2016) delas “plantas sem flores” BIB 0304 – Botânica para Farmácia 2020 Principais sistemas de classificação usados em Botânica • Linneu Darwin (1859) • Engler (1964) • Cronquist (1968, 1981, 1988) Quase todos os sistemas posteriores a Darwin são • APG (1999, 2003, 2009, 2016) Evolucionistas 3 27/08/2020 BIB 0304 – Botânica para Farmácia 2020 Principais sistemas de classificação usados em Botânica Primeiro sistema concebido como filogenético Sistema Evolutivo, ainda não usa cladística • Linneu Tentativa de classificação usando o maior número de caracteres possível • Engler (1964) Baseado principalmente em caracteres morfológicos • Cronquist (1968, 1981, 1988) • APG (1999, 2003, 2009, 2016) BIB 0304 – Botânica para Farmácia I Divisão Bacteriophyta Schyzomycete 2020 II Divisão Cyanophita Cyanophyceae III Divisão Glaucophyta Glaucophyceae Acrasieae IV Divisão Myxophyta Myxomycetes V Divisão Euglenophyta Cryptophyceae VI Divisão Pyrrophyta Dynophyceae Clroromonadophyceae Heterokontae VII Divisão Chrysophyta Chrysophyceae Não usem! Bacillariphyceae VIII Divisão Chlorophyta IX Divisão Charophyta Isogeneratae X Divisão Phaeophyta Heterogeneratae Cyclosporae Bangiophyceae XI Divisão Rhodophyta Florideae Psilophytopsida Archimycetes Lycopsida XV Divisão Pteridophyta Psilotopsida Phycomycetes XII Divisão Fungi Articulate Ascomycetes Filices Basidiomycetes Cycadopsida Phycolichenes Coniferopsida XVI Divisão Gymnospermae XIII Divisão Lichens Ascolichene Taxopsida Basidiolichenes Chlamydospermae Hepaticae Monocotyledoneae XIV Divisão Bryophyta XVIII Divisão Angiospermae Musci Dicotyledoneae 4 27/08/2020 BIB 0304 – Botânica para Farmácia 2020 Principais sistemas de classificação usados em Botânica Tenta estabelecer grau de parentesco porém sem métodos • Linneu claros – utiliza filogenia intuitiva Foi o sistema dominante entre as décadas de 1960 e 1980 • Engler (1964) • Cronquist (1968, 1981, 1988) • APG (1999, 2003, 2009, 2016) BIB 0304 – Botânica para Farmácia 2020 Principais sistemas de classificação usados em Botânica Magnoliophyta Tamanho dos balões reflete número de espécies 5 27/08/2020 BIB 0304 – Botânica para Farmácia 2020 Diferenças tradicionalmente apontadas entre as Classes Magnoliopsida e Liliopsida (segundo classificação de Cronquist) Dicotiledôneas vs. Monocotiledôneas Característica Magnoliopsida Liliopsida 1. Cotilédones 2 1 2. Nervação Foliar reticulada paralelinérvia 3. Câmbio presente ausente 4. Feixes do caule organizados espalhados 5. Raiz pivotante fasciculada 6. Flores 2-4 ou 5-meras trímeras 7. Pólen 3 aberturas 1 abertura BIB 0304 – Botânica para Farmácia 2020 Barroso et al. - 3 volumes Deixou como importante legado a terminologia taxonômic para o atual sistema APG (Angiosperm Phylogeny Group). Não usem! 6 27/08/2020 BIB 0304 – Botânica para Farmácia 2020 Principais sistemas de classificação usados em Botânica • Linneu • Engler (1964) • Cronquist (1968, 1981, 1988) décadas de 1980/1990 • APG (1999, 2003, 2009, 2016) Sistemas reuniam um grande número de informações Fontes de evidência: morfologia, anatomia, embriologia, palinologia, bioquímica, química, fisiologia e outras áreas... Possibilidade do uso de caracteres moleculares BIB 0304 – Botânica para Farmácia 2020 Cladística no auxilio da filogenia - Willi Hennig (1950) Sistemata alemão entomologista Escola Cladista: ferramenta de análise que ganha força na Botânica apenas na década de 1980. 7 27/08/2020 BIB 0304 – Botânica para Farmácia 2020 Sistema Cladista História evolutiva dos organismos (ancestralidade e descendência) representada e reconstruída por um diagrama hipotético Cladograma (clado = ramo) A X Y Filogenia: historia das relações de um grupo tempo Princípio: todo grupo deve ser monofilético. Partes que compõem um cladograma: raiz, ramos, nós e terminais. BIB 0304 – Botânica para Farmácia 2020 Archaeplastida Glaucophyta Rhodophyta Prasinophyta Chlorophyta outras “algas verdes” Charophyta não monofilético Marchantiophyta (hepáticas) Anthocerotophyta (antóceros) Bryophyta (musgos) “Briófitas” Lycophyta (licófitas) Monilophyta (monilófitas) Cycadophyta (cicas) Coniferophyta (coníferas) Ginkgophyta (ginkgo) Gnetophyta (gnetos) Angiospermas “Gimnospermas” Adaptado de Tree of Life Web Project ( http://tolweb.org/tree/ ) monofilético 8 27/08/2020 BIB 0304 – Botânica para Farmácia 2020 APG (Angiosperm Phylogeny Group) Grupo de cientistas compilaram dados sobre filogenias ▫ Sequencias de DNA - rbcl e atpB (cloroplasto) e 18S (nuclear) ▫ Método cladístico ▫ Proposta de classificação para as Angiospermas ▫ Sistema em vigência atualmente: critérios mais isentos de subjetividade 1999 – APG I Annals of the Missouri 2003 – APG II Botanical Garden, 85: Botanical Journal of 531-553. the Linnean Society, 141: 399-436. 2009 – APG III 2016 – APG IV Botanical Journal of Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, the Linnean Society, 161: 122-127. 181: 1-20. BIB 0304 – BotânicaAPGBIB para 0304 Farmácia – Botânica para Farmácia 2016 2020 (Angiosperm Phylogeny Group) APG IV (2016) 64 ordens 416 famílias 9 27/08/2020 BIB 0304 – Botânica para Farmácia 2020 APG (Angiosperm Phylogeny Group) Dicotiledôneas vs . Monocotiledôneas não monofilético (2) (1) BIB 0304 – Botânica para Farmácia 2020 Ter dois cotilédones no embrião não é novidade evolutiva e não pode definir um grupo 10 27/08/2020 BIB 0304 – Botânica para Farmácia 2020 Maiores detalhes: 1. Sistemática filogenética – o que é sistemática? http://eaulas.usp.br/portal/video.action?idItem=6510 2. Sistemática filogenética – construindo um cladograma http://eaulas.usp.br/portal/video.action?idItem=6511 3. Sistemática filogenética - classificação http://eaulas.usp.br/portal/video.action?idItem=6512 BIB 0304 – Botânica para Farmácia 2020 Grupos Monocotiledôneas basais Eudicotiledôneas APG (2016) 11 27/08/2020 BIB 0304 – Botânica para Farmácia 2020 Grupos basais Grande diversidade de formas Vitória-régia – flores grandes com elementos espiralados Pimenta-do-reino - flores diminutas com verticilos definidos Pólen monossulcados Vitoria amazonica Piper nigrum APG (2016) BIB 0304 – Botânica para Farmácia 2020 Grupos basais Magnoliídeas Magnoliales, Laurales, Canellales e Piperales Flores radiais, bissexuais, com muitas peças de perianto distribuídas de forma espiraladas ou em verticilos de três Estames laminares Pólen monossulcado Magnolia grandiflora APG (2016) 12 27/08/2020 BIB 0304 – Botânica para Farmácia 2020 BIB 0304 – Botânica para Farmácia Folha com venação paralelinérvea é comum, mas NÃO é 2020 uma característica de todas as monocotiledôneas. Algumas Monocotiledôneas com venação reticulada (p. ex. Araceae). Característica secundária à venação paralela. Flores trímeras Pólen monossulcado 1 cotilédone APG (2016) 13 27/08/2020 BIB 0304 – Botânica para Farmácia orquídeas 2020 banana palmeiras lírios bromélias BIB 0304 – Botânica para Farmácia cereais 2020 14 27/08/2020 BIB 0304 – Botânica para Farmácia 2020 Eudicotiledôneas 75% das angiospermas Rosídeas Asterídeas Flores 4-5mera Pólen trissulcado APG (2016) BIB 0304 – Botânica para Farmácia 2020 Eudicotiledôneas - Rosídeas Apenas caracteres moleculares delimitam este grupo Flores diclamídeas (pétalas e sépalas) Pétalas livres Mais raramente monoclamídeas ou aclamídeas 15 27/08/2020 BIB 0304 – Botânica para Farmácia 2020 BIB 0304 – Botânica para Farmácia 2020 16 27/08/2020 BIB 0304 – Botânica para Farmácia 2020 Fabaceae - grãos BIB 0304 – Botânica para Farmácia Ipomoea 2020 Convolvulaceae Eudicotiledôneas - Asterídeas Flores gamopétalas Numero reduzido de elementos florais, geralmente fundidos Óvulo unitegumentado Vaccinium Ericaceae 17 27/08/2020 BIB 0304 – Botânica para Farmácia 2020 BIB 0304 – Botânica para Farmácia 2020 18 27/08/2020 BIB 0304 – Botânica para Farmácia 2020 BIB 0304 – Botânica para Farmácia 2020 19 27/08/2020 BIB 0304 – Botânica para Farmácia 2020 BIB 0304 – Botânica para Farmácia 2020 2017 2017 2018 Judd, W.S., Campbell, C.S., Kellogg, E.A., Stevens, P.F., Donoghue, M.J. 2009. Sistemática Vegetal. Um enfoque filogenético . 3 a ed. Editora Artmed, Porto Alegre. Simpson, M.G. 2010. Plant Systematics . 2 nd ed. Elsevier Academic Press, London. 20.
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