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02-Faecal Sludge Management Manual.Indd Water Supply and Sanitation Department, Government of Maharashtra Faecal Sludge Management in Rural Areas under SBM (G) Training Manual UNITED Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), August 2018 Permission is required to reproduce any part of this publication. Permission will be freely granted to educational or nonprofit organisations. Please contact: UNICEF Office for Maharashtra, B-Wing, R2, Technopolis Building, Ground Floor, Mahakali Caves Road, Andheri (East), Mumbai, Maharashtra, India- 400 093 Content: Developed with Technical Support from UNICEF Maharashtra and PriMove, Pune. Photo: UNICEF, India and PriMove, Pune Design: Fountainhead India Water Supply and Sanitation Department, Government of Maharashtra Faecal Sludge Management in Rural Areas under SBM (G) Training Manual Training manual on Faecal Sludge Management in rural areas i Table of contents Abbreviations .......................................................................................................... v Chapter 1: About training manual .......................................................................... 1 Chapter 2: Important defi nitions ........................................................................... 5 Chapter 3: Faecal sludge management ................................................................. 7 Chapter 4: Policy and legal framework for FSM .................................................... 13 Chapter 5: Faecal sludge and septage management (FSSM) value chain ............. 17 Chapter 6: Various technical options for containment of faecal sludge ................. 21 Chapter 7: Various technical options for collection and transportation of faecal sludge ................................................................................... 29 Chapter 8: Treatment technologies for faecal sludge management ...................... 35 Chapter 9: Planning, implementation and monitoring of FSM .............................. 41 Annex 1: ............................................................................................................. 46 Annex 2: ............................................................................................................. 49 List of references .................................................................................................... 50 Training manual on Faecal Sludge Management in rural areas iii Abbreviations CSR Corporate Social Responsibility MoUD Ministry Of Urban Development DWSM District Water And Sanitation MSRLM Maharashtra State Rural Mission. Livelihood Mission FFC Fourteenth Finance ODF Open Defecation Free Commission OSSF Other Onsite Sanitation FGD Focus Group Discussion Facilities FSM Faecal Sludge Management SBCM Social Behavioural Change Management FSSM Faecal Sludge And Septage Management SBM Swachh Bharat Mission FSTPs Faecal Sludge Treatment Plant SHGs Self-Help Groups MAPET Manual Pit Emptying SLRM Solid Liquid Resource Technology Management MAVIM Mahila Arthik Vikas STPs Sewage Treatment Plant Mahamandal TTFSM Treatment Technologies For MAWTS Mirpur Agricultural Workshop Faecal Sludge Management And Training School MoEF&CC Ministry Of Environment, Forests And Climate Change Training manual on Faecal Sludge Management in rural areas v CHAPTER 1 About training manual Training manual on Faecal Sludge Management in rural areas 1 1.1 Background is an alternative pit for use when the waste is being converted into manure. However, The central and state governments, along effective waste management is required in with various public and private sector case of single pit latrines and septic tank organizations, development partners have type latrines. Once the single pits are fi lled been taking efforts to make India open up, the user has no option but to revert back defecation free. Various community driven to open defecation. In septic tanks, many missions like Nirmal Gram Puraskars, Sant times decomposition of waste does not take Gadgebaba Gram Swachhata Abhiyan, place and the waste needs to be pumped out etc. were implemented during early 2000s and treated. The septic tanks are generally to create a movement for sanitation. The not constructed with required retention sector received much needed boost with period in rural areas of Maharashtra, which introduction of Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan and leads to ineffi cient decomposition leading Swachh Bharat Mission. Through Swachh to serious health hazards. Also, there is no Bharat Mission, the central government is proper mechanism and awareness regarding aiming to make the entire country open- management of septage from institutional defecation-free (ODF) before 2nd October and community toilets. Thus, creation of 2019. effective systems for management of faecal sludge is crucial. In 2016, the government of Maharashtra declared its aim to achieve 100% elimination Presently, there is inadequate awareness and of open defecation by March 2018. For knowledge about faecal sludge management achieving the target, the state pioneered among government functionaries and innovative approaches, strengthened community. This manual has been developed institutional arrangements, ensured jointly by Water Supply and Sanitation strong focus on behaviour change and the Department, GoM, UNICEF, Mumbai and environment for learning as well as adapting PriMove, Pune for providing information and new dimensions. The state has now been guidance about faecal sludge management in declared ODF as per the baseline survey of rural areas. 2012. However, building toilets and creating infrastructure is just not enough to ensure improved sanitation and health conditions. 1.2 Content of the manual The sustainable use of toilets and effective The manual presents important defi nitions management of faecal sludge are critical regarding Faecal Sludge Management challenges for sustaining the ODF status and (FSM) followed by the status of sanitation achieving public health goals. in the state, major opportunities and challenges regarding FSM, legal provisions, The toilets in rural areas are primarily of etc., are presented in the next section. following types- twin pit, one pit, biogas Subsequently, various technology options and septic tank type. Effective waste for all components in the FSM service value management in all these types of toilets chain are described in the later sections. is critical for healthy environment. Faecal The last section of the manual discusses the sludge management in case of two pit methodology for planning, implementation type latrines is safe since the excreta is and monitoring of FSM. decomposed naturally in the pits and there 2 Training manual on Faecal Sludge Management in rural areas 1.3 Target users of this 1.4 How to use this manual manual This manual intends to appraise the The manual is targeted for use by DWSM participants about technical information, experts, BRCs, state and district KRCs, PRI legal provisions, service value chain of functionaries at various levels, offi cials and FSM, relevant technologies of containment, offi cers, SHGs contributing to ODF status collection, transportation and methodology achievement, villagers, various organizations for planning, implementation and monitoring working in the fi eld of sanitation and of FSM. For effective use of this manual, facilitators of FSM. the reader needs to read, understand and internalize the subject matter. Training manual on Faecal Sludge Management in rural areas 3 4 Training manual on Faecal Sludge Management in rural areas CHAPTER 2 Important defi nitions Training manual on Faecal Sludge Management in rural areas 5 This section presents important defi nitions septic tank or twin-pit are used to collect regarding faecal sludge management which the human waste. Since these containment need to be understood before proceeding to structures are located near to the toilets, the next chapters. these are called on-site sanitation systems. Twin pit and septic tanks both are examples 2.1 Faecal sludge of on-site sanitation systems. Faecal Sludge (FS) is the material that is collected from pit latrines, septic tanks or 2.3 Septage management other onsite sanitation facilities (OSSF) and not transported through a sewer. Faecal and faecal sludge Sludge is raw or partially digested, slurry management or semisolid in nature. It contains various harmful physical, biological, chemical Septage Management refers to the components which need to be treated comprehensive program for managing septic properly. tanks and the procedures for desludging, transporting, treating and disposing of septic 2.2 “On-site sanitation” (OSS) tank content. Faecal Sludge Management is system the collection, transport, and treatment of faecal sludge from pit latrines, septic tanks or Places where underground sewage systems are not possible, containment structures like other onsite sanitation systems. 2.4 Other important defi nitions BLACK WATER GREY WATER A mixture of urine, faeces and fl ush The total volume of water water along with anal cleansing generated from washing food, water, and/or dry cleansing clothes and dishware, as well as materials. from bathing, but not from toilets. FAECES SEPTAGE Refers to (semi-solid) excrements Refers to the solid or settled devoid of urine or water contents of septic tanks; SEWAGE SEWER General term given to the mixture An open channel or closed pipe to of water and excreta (urine and convey sewage. faeces). SEWERAGE SLUDGE All the components of a system to Refers to the settled solid matter in collect, transport and treat sewage semi-solid condition – it is usually a (including
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