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The Political Geographies of Interstate Water Disputes in India Srinivas

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The Political Geographies of Interstate Water Disputes in India Srinivas The Political Geographies of Interstate Water Disputes in India Srinivas Chokkakula A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Washington 2015 Reading Committee: Matthew Sparke, Chair Victoria Lawson Sunila Kale Purnima Dhavan Program Authorized to Offer Degree: Department of Geography ©Copyright 2015 Srinivas Chokkakula University of Washington Abstract The Political Geographies of Interstate Water Disputes in India Srinivas Chokkakula Chair of the Supervisory Committee: Professor Matthew Sparke Department of Geography This dissertation explores the evolving challenges of interstate water disputes in India. It examines how the transboundary geographies of these conflicts relate in turn to the politics of dispute emergence, recurrence, and mitigation. Both formal statist spaces of contestation, and informal political spaces of nonstate engagement, are considered in this way. In contrast to a geopolitical enframing of the disputes as ‘water wars,’ I offer the perspective of an ‘anti-geopolitical eye,’ providing an embodied view from the ground-up of the relational linkages, practices, and processes mediating the political ecology of transboundary water sharing. The study uses mixed qualitative research methods involving analysis of archival sources and government reports, interviews, and field research to study the politics of interstate water disputes in India. Besides a legal and political genealogy of disputes resolution in India more generally, the study also critically examines the empirical case of the Krishna river water dispute between the states of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, and Maharashtra. The analysis is informed by the theoretical traditions of critical geopolitics, political ecology, and postcolonial analysis as they relate to state- making and democracy in India. Viewed through the lens of transboundary sharing of interstate rivers, this work describes the spatiality of the overarching postcolonial condition of India. This inquiry into the colonial present of contentious politics has led to several conclusions concerning political mobilization and the nexus between the politics of interstate water disputes and democratic politics; the particular nature of the political ecology of the disputes, and transboundary water conflicts generally; and state-making, interstate relations, and democracy in India. These conclusions offer lessons for informing interstate water dispute resolution policies: the need for reviewing the bar on the Supreme Court’s jurisdiction over interstate water disputes, and for supplementing legal approaches with appropriate institutions, practices, and governance structures to respond to the enduring challenges of interstate water disputes in a more inclusive and dynamic way. Overall, the analysis of the political ecology of interstate water disputes also offers insights for advancing efforts to theorize transboundary water conflicts. Table of Contents List of Figures.............................................................................................................. iii List of Tables ................................................................................................................iv Abbreviations................................................................................................................iv Acknowledgements......................................................................................................vii Dedication ....................................................................................................................x Chapter 1: ‘Water wars’ and interstate water disputes.................................................1 1.1. Introduction ..................................................................................................................................1 1.2. Transboundary water cooperation: the view of an ‘anti-geopolitical eye’..................................11 1.3. Transboundary water sharing: a source of conflict or cooperation? ...........................................12 1.4. Organization of the dissertation..................................................................................................24 Chapter 2: Interstate water disputes: the problem, theoretical tools, and methods....26 2.1. Interstate water disputes in India: the problem ...........................................................................27 2.2. Reframing the problem ...............................................................................................................44 2.2.1. The political geography of boundary, scale, and conflict ....................................................45 2.2.2. Political ecology ..................................................................................................................50 2.2.3. State-society, state-making, and South Asian studies..........................................................54 2.3. Methodology...............................................................................................................................62 Chapter 3: The curious case of exception: Article 262 and its history of the present 76 3.1. The curious case of exception: Article 262.................................................................................78 3.2. The history of the present: A genealogy of the exception (Article 262).....................................85 3.2.1. Princely states, politics and power relations........................................................................91 3.2.2. The making of a dominion federation: centrifugal and centripetal forces ...........................93 3.2.3. Interstate waters at the intersection of imperial interests and sovereign aspirations............97 3.3. The IRWDA 1956: Priorities of the parliament........................................................................111 3.3.1. The bar on the Supreme Court’s jurisdiction: the contentious Clause 11..........................112 3.4. Delineating disconnects: Historicizing the practices of the present..........................................121 3.4.1. Discretionary and deliberative vs. litigatory and adversarial adjudication ........................124 3.5. Conclusions ..............................................................................................................................126 3.5.1. Explaining the exception: The jurisdictional bar on interstate waters ...............................127 3.5.2. IRWDA 1956: Disconnected and degenerated practices...................................................128 3.5.3. Princely states and provincialized historiography .............................................................129 Chapter 4: A political anatomy of the Krishna river water dispute: asymmetries, ambiguities and antagonisms..................................................................132 4.1. Introduction ..............................................................................................................................132 4.2. The political and ecological context of the Krishna river .........................................................136 i 4.3. Ecological geography of the river.............................................................................................138 4.4. The Krishna river dispute: A brief overview of important milestones......................................140 4.5. Reorganizing boundaries and remaking political geographies .................................................141 4.6. Colonial histories of the Krishna disputes and entrenched asymmetries ..................................144 4.7. Post-independence politics in the Krishna dispute....................................................................153 4.7.1. Prejudice and postcolonialty..............................................................................................154 4.7.2. Boundaries, reterritorialization, and recurring disputes.....................................................158 4.7.3. The priority of appropriation rights: Historical-geographies of spatial inequities.............171 4.7.4. Technical ambiguities and limitations ...............................................................................174 4.7.5. The illusive and elusive nature of equitable apportionment: Contextual, contingent, and contentious ......................................................................................................................179 4.7.6. Contextual and contingent approach: The Spatialized politics of equity...........................185 4.7.7. Implementing tribunal awards: The crux of the conundrum..............................................188 4.8. Concluding discussion ..............................................................................................................192 4.8.1. The political ecology of perennial conflict ........................................................................193 4.8.2. Equitable apportionment: A fuzzy concept........................................................................195 4.8.3. Implementation of awards .................................................................................................197 Chapter 5: The Krishna river’s transboundary political spaces ...............................201 5.1. The mutually constituent and constructed politics of power and the politics of emancipation.203 5.2. The politics of power: Political configurations.........................................................................206
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