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TESIS: Sistemática Filogenética Y Diversificación De Los Chapulines

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TESIS: Sistemática Filogenética Y Diversificación De Los Chapulines UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AUTÓNOMA DE MÉXICO Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédicas Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala Biología Evolutiva Sistemática filogenética y diversificación de los chapulines neotropicales del género Sphenarium Charpentier, 1842 (Orthoptera; Pyrgomorphidae) TESIS QUE PARA OPTAR POR EL GRADO DE: Doctor en Ciencias PRESENTA: Oscar Salomón Sanabria Urbán TUTOR PRINCIPAL: Dr. Raúl Cueva del Castillo Mendoza Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, UNAM COMITÉ TUTOR: Dr. Alberto Ken Oyama Nakagawa Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores Unidad Morelia, UNAM Dr. Antonio González Rodríguez Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad, UNAM MÉXICO, CD. MX., MARZO 2017 Agradecimientos Al Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédicas de la UNAM por haberme dado la oportunidad de realizar estudios de posgrado y desarrollar mi investigación doctoral. Al Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología por la beca otorgada con número: 419939/262893 para realizar mis estudios de doctorado y estancias de investigación internacionales. A los programas y proyectos que financiaron mi investigación: PAPIIT (IN220214) otorgado a Raúl Cueva del Castillo, U.S. National Science Foundation (IOS-1253493) otorgado a Hojun Song y The Orthopterists’ Society (Theodore J. Cohn Research Funding) otorgado a O. Salomón Sanabria Urbán. A mi tutor principal, Dr. Raúl Cueva del Castillo Mendoza, e integrantes del comité tutor, Dr. Alberto Ken Oyama Nakagawa y Dr. Antonio González Rodríguez, por haber dirigido mis estudios e investigación doctoral. I Agradecimientos a título personal A la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México por la formación, herramientas y apoyos otorgados a lo largo de mi desarrollo académico universitario. Estoy orgulloso de ser parte de máxima casa de estudios. A la Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala (Tlalnepantla, México), el Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad (Morelia, México) y The Song Laboratory of Insect Systematics and Evolution (College Station, EUA) por todo el apoyo y facilidades brindadas para la realización de mi investigación. Al Dr. Hojun Song por su invaluable guía, disposición y apoyo brindado para el desarrollo de mi investigación. A mi tutor principal Raúl Cueva del Castillo Mendoza y los doctores Alberto Ken Oyama Nakagawa, Antonio González Rodríguez y Hojun Song por toda la instrucción, motivación y amistad que me han dado. Su labor como personas y científicos me inspira y motiva a seguir en este camino. A los doctores Daniel Ignacio Piñero Dalmau, Martin García Varela, Juan José Morrone Lupi y Juan Núñez- Farfán por sus observaciones y atenciones brindadas como parte de mi jurado de examen de grado. A los curadores Enrique Mariño-Pedraza (Instituto de biología, UNAM), Mark F. O’brien (Museum of Zoology University of Michigan) y Jason D. Weintraub (Academy of Natural Science of Drexel University) por las facilidades prestadas para examinar las colecciones de ortópteros a su cargo. A Ricardo Mariño Pérez por las facilidades prestadas para la revisión del material digital de la familia Pyrgomorphidae que ha obtenido, y junto con Paolo Fontana les agradezco por haberme compartido su invaluable conocimiento sobre los ortópteros mexicanos. Al Dr. Victor Rocha Ramírez, Dra. Esther Aguilar y Sra. Lolita por la ayuda proporcionada en el trabajo de laboratorio de este proyecto. A Maribel Arenas Navarro y Wilfrido Ramírez Toro por su apoyo en la utilización de sistemas de información geográfica. A Thalía Sánchez Cruz por su ayuda en la preparación y montaje de especímenes para este estudio. A Víctor Hugo Jiménez Arcos, Aníbal Díaz de la Vega, Francisco Rivera Ortiz, Arnulfo Blanco, Ricardo Mariño Pérez, Paolo Fontana, Aline Pingarroni, Pilar Gómez Ruiz, Alejandro Calzada y Ricardo Palacios Agilar por su ayuda invaluable en mi el trabajo de campo. A todos mis amigos en la UNAM Campus Morelia, FES-Iztacala, TAMU, UCF, Tultepec y lugares aledaños por el apoyo, amistad y experiencias compartidas. II Dedicatoria Esta tesis está dedicada a mi familia. Son ustedes mi fuente principal de motivación y soy el resultado de su cariño y de sus enseñanzas. A los que siguen aquí y a los que se nos han ido muchas gracias. III Taxonomía, sistemática filogenética y diversificación de Sphenarium Índice Índice ........................................................................................................................................................ 1 Resumen ................................................................................................................................................... 3 Abstract .................................................................................................................................................... 4 Introducción general ............................................................................................................................... 5 Referencias citadas ............................................................................................................................................... 6 Capítulo 1: Integrative taxonomy reveals cryptic diversity in the Neotropical grasshoppers: taxonomy, phylogenetics, and evolution of the genus Sphenarium Charpentier, 1842 (Orthoptera; Pyrgomorphidae) .................................................................................................................................... 9 Abstract ............................................................................................................................................................... 10 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................................ 11 Materials and methods ........................................................................................................................................ 13 Material examined ......................................................................................................................................... 13 Analysis of morphology .................................................................................................................................. 13 Molecular data ............................................................................................................................................... 14 Phylogenetic analysis ..................................................................................................................................... 14 Inferences of species boundaries ................................................................................................................... 15 Results ................................................................................................................................................................ 15 Morphological analysis .................................................................................................................................. 15 Molecular data ............................................................................................................................................... 16 Phylogenetic analysis ..................................................................................................................................... 16 Divergence time estimation ............................................................................................................................ 17 Inferences of species boundaries ................................................................................................................... 17 Taxonomic description ....................................................................................................................................... 18 Description of species ......................................................................................................................................... 20 Sphenarium purpurascens Charpentier, 1842 ................................................................................................ 20 Sphenarium zapotecum Sanabria-Urbán, Song & Cueva del Castillo sp.n. ................................................... 21 Sphenarium tarascum Sanabria-Urbán, Song & Cueva del Castillo sp.n. ..................................................... 22 Sphenarium planum Bruner, 1906 ................................................................................................................. 24 Sphenarium macrophallicum Kevan and Boyle, 1977 .................................................................................. 25 Sphenarium minimum Bruner, 1906 .............................................................................................................. 26 Sphenarium infernalis Sanabria-Urbán, Song & Cueva del Castillo sp.n. .................................................... 28 Sphenarium rugosum Bruner, 1906 ............................................................................................................... 29 Sphenarium crypticum Sanabria-Urbán, Song & Cueva del Castillo sp.n. .................................................... 31 Sphenarium borrei Bolivar, 1884 .................................................................................................................. 32 Sphenarium variabile Kevan & Boyle, 1977 ................................................................................................. 34 Sphenarium mexicanum Saussure, 1859 .......................................................................................................
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